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Trusz GJ. Fibroblast growth factor 21. Differentiation 2024:100793. [PMID: 38991938 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the FGF19 subfamily and acts systemically, playing a key role in inter-organ crosstalk. Ranging from metabolism, reproduction, and immunity, FGF21 is a pleiotropic hormone which contributes to various physiological processes. Although most of its production across species stems from hepatic tissues, expression of FGF21 in mice has also been identified in adipose tissue, thymus, heart, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Elevated FGF21 levels are affiliated with various diseases and conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, preeclampsia, as well as cancer. Murine knockout models are viable and show modest weight gain, while overexpression and gain-of-function models display resistance to weight gain, altered bone volume, and enhanced immunity. In addition, FGF21-based therapies are at the forefront of biopharmaceutical strategies aimed at treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume J Trusz
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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2
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Chui ZSW, Shen Q, Xu A. Current status and future perspectives of FGF21 analogues in clinical trials. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:371-384. [PMID: 38423900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) biology and pharmacology have led to the development of several long-acting FGF21 analogues and antibody-based mimetics now in various phases of clinical trials for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic comorbidities. The efficacy of these FGF21 analogues/mimetics on glycaemic control and weight loss is rather mild and inconsistent; nevertheless, several promising therapeutic benefits have been reproducibly observed in most clinical studies, including amelioration of dyslipidaemia (particularly hypertriglyceridaemia) and hepatic steatosis, reduction of biomarkers of liver fibrosis and injury, and resolution of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Evidence is emerging that combination therapy with FGF21 analogues and other hormones (such as glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP-1) can synergise their pharmacological benefits, thus maximising the therapeutic efficacy for obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Siu Wa Chui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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3
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Chen H, Lee SJ, Li R, Sura A, Suen N, Dilip A, Pomogov Y, Vuppalapaty M, Suen TT, Lu C, Post Y, Li Y. BRAIDing receptors for cell-specific targeting. eLife 2024; 12:RP90221. [PMID: 38193894 PMCID: PMC10945505 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic toxicity is a major challenge in the development of therapeutics. Consequently, cell-type-specific targeting is needed to improve on-target efficacy while reducing off-target toxicity. Here, we describe a cell-targeting system we have termed BRAID (BRidged Activation by Intra/intermolecular Division) whereby an active molecule is divided into two inactive or less active parts that are subsequently brought together via a so-called 'bridging receptor' on the target cell. This concept was validated using the WNT/β-catenin signaling system, demonstrating that a multivalent WNT agonist molecule divided into two inactive components assembled from different epitopes via the hepatocyte receptor βKlotho induces signaling specifically on hepatocytes. These data provide proof of concept for this cell-specific targeting strategy, and in principle, this may also allow activation of multiple signaling pathways where desirable. This approach has broad application potential for other receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Ryan Li
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Asmiti Sura
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | | | | | - Yan Pomogov
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Yorick Post
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Yang Li
- Surrozen IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
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4
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Crucial Regulatory Role of Organokines in Relation to Metabolic Changes in Non-Diabetic Obesity. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020270. [PMID: 36837889 PMCID: PMC9967669 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat leading to a plethora of medical complications, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia. Formerly, several physiological roles of organokines, including adipokines, hepatokines, myokines and gut hormones have been described in obesity, especially in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, and low-grade inflammation. The canonical effect of these biologically active peptides and proteins may serve as an intermediate regulatory level that connects the central nervous system and the endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine actions of organs responsible for metabolic and inflammatory processes. Better understanding of the function of this delicately tuned network may provide an explanation for the wide range of obesity phenotypes with remarkable inter-individual differences regarding comorbidities and therapeutic responses. The aim of this review is to demonstrate the role of organokines in the lipid and glucose metabolism focusing on the obese non-diabetic subgroup. We also discuss the latest findings about sarcopenic obesity, which has recently become one of the most relevant metabolic disturbances in the aging population.
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5
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Jin L, Yang R, Geng L, Xu A. Fibroblast Growth Factor-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity-Related Metabolic Complications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:359-382. [PMID: 36100222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-032322-093904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, which comprises 22 structurally related proteins, plays diverse roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and metabolism. Among them, two classical members (FGF1 and FGF4) and two endocrine members (FGF19 and FGF21) are important regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis, glucose/lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of these FGFs for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Several genetically engineered FGF19 and FGF21 analogs with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties have been developed and progressed into various stages of clinical trials. These FGF analogs are effective in alleviating hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and liver fibrosis in biopsy-confirmed NASH patients, whereas their antidiabetic and antiobesity effects are mildand vary greatly in different clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances in biopharmaceutical development of FGF-based therapies against obesity-related metabolic complications, highlights major challenges in clinical implementation, and discusses possible strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranyao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
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6
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Seow J, Khan H, Rosa A, Calvaresi V, Graham C, Pickering S, Pye VE, Cronin NB, Huettner I, Malim MH, Politis A, Cherepanov P, Doores KJ. A neutralizing epitope on the SD1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike targeted following infection and vaccination. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111276. [PMID: 35981534 PMCID: PMC9365860 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike is the target for neutralizing antibodies elicited following both infection and vaccination. While extensive research has shown that the receptor binding domain (RBD) and, to a lesser extent, the N-terminal domain (NTD) are the predominant targets for neutralizing antibodies, identification of neutralizing epitopes beyond these regions is important for informing vaccine development and understanding antibody-mediated immune escape. Here, we identify a class of broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind an epitope on the spike subdomain 1 (SD1) and that have arisen from infection or vaccination. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), we show that SD1-specific antibody P008_60 binds an epitope that is not accessible within the canonical prefusion states of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, suggesting a transient conformation of the viral glycoprotein that is vulnerable to neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hataf Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Annachiara Rosa
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nora B Cronin
- LonCEM Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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7
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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She QY, Bao JF, Wang HZ, Liang H, Huang W, Wu J, Zhong Y, Ling H, Li A, Qin SL. Fibroblast growth factor 21: A "rheostat" for metabolic regulation? Metabolism 2022; 130:155166. [PMID: 35183545 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 is an evolutionarily conserved factor that plays multiple important roles in metabolic homeostasis. During the past two decades, extensive investigations have improved our understanding of its delicate metabolic roles and identified its pharmacological potential to mitigate metabolic disorders. However, most clinical trials have failed to obtain the desired results, which raises issues regarding its clinical value. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is dynamically regulated by nutrients derived from food intake and hepatic/adipose release, which in turn act on the central nervous system, liver, and adipose tissues to influence food preference, hepatic glucose, and adipose fatty acid output. Based on this information, we propose that fibroblast growth factor 21 should not be considered merely an anti-hyperglycemia or anti-obesity factor, but rather a means of balancing of nutrient fluctuations to maintain an appropriate energy supply. Hence, the specific functions of fibroblast growth factor 21 in glycometabolism and lipometabolism depend on specific metabolic states, indicating that its pharmacological effects require further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Ying She
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China; Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Jing-Fu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huixin Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Wentao Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Yiwen Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Hanxin Ling
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Aiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shu-Lan Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China.
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9
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Rebollo-Hernanz M, Aguilera Y, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Activating Effects of the Bioactive Compounds From Coffee By-Products on FGF21 Signaling Modulate Hepatic Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Energy Metabolism in vitro. Front Nutr 2022; 9:866233. [PMID: 35392289 PMCID: PMC8981461 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.866233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee by-products contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to have the capacity to modulate human metabolism. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of the main bioactive compounds in coffee by-products and two aqueous extracts from the coffee husk and silverskin on the activation of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling and the subsequent regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid and glucose metabolism. HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) were used in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cell model. The bioactive compounds from coffee by-products (50 μmol L−1) and the aqueous extracts from the coffee silverskin and coffee husk (100 μg mL−1) increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the secretion of FGF21 (1.3 to 1.9-fold). Coffee by-products' bioactive compounds counteracted inflammation and PA-triggered lipotoxicity. Oxidative stress markers (ROS, mitochondrial superoxide, and NADPH oxidase) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were modulated through the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were regulated by enhancing respiration and ATP production via PGC-1α, and the expression of oxidative phosphorylation complexes increased. Coffee by-products' bioactive compounds decreased lipid accumulation (23–41%) and fatty acid synthase activity (32–65%) and triggered carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity (1.3 to 1.7-fold) by activating AMPK and SREBP-1c pathways. The GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake were increased (58–111%), followed by a promoted glucokinase activity (55–122%), while glucose production and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity were reduced due to IRS-1/Akt1 regulation. The bioactive compounds from coffee by-products, primarily chlorogenic and protocatechuic acids, could regulate hepatic mitochondrial function and lipid and glucose metabolism by activating FGF21 and related signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yolanda Aguilera
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Martín-Cabrejas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
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10
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New insights into the role of fibroblast growth factors in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1413-1427. [PMID: 34731369 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), acknowledged as the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The characteristic pathologic hallmarks of AD-including the deposition of extracellular senile plaques (SP) formation, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss, along with prominent vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment-have been observed in patients. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), originally characterized as angiogenic factors, are a large family of signaling molecules that are implicated in a wide range of biological functions in brain development, maintenance and repair, as well as in the pathogenesis of brain-related disorders including AD. Many studies have focused on the implication of FGFs in AD pathophysiology. In this review, we will provide a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the pathogenesis of AD, and discuss the possible opportunities for targeting these molecules as novel treatment strategies in AD.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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Usui N, Yoshida M, Takayanagi Y, Nasanbuyan N, Inutsuka A, Kurosu H, Mizukami H, Mori Y, Kuro‐o M, Onaka T. Roles of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the control of depression-like behaviours after social defeat stress in male rodents. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13026. [PMID: 34472154 PMCID: PMC9285091 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) modulates energy metabolism and neuroendocrine stress responses. FGF21 synthesis is increased after environmental or metabolic challenges. Detailed roles of FGF21 in the control of behavioural disturbances under stressful conditions remain to be clarified. Here, we examined the roles of FGF21 in the control of behavioural changes after social defeat stress in male rodents. Central administration of FGF21 increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive catecholaminergic cells expressing c-Fos protein, an activity marker of neurones, in the nucleus tractus solitarius and area postrema. Double in situ hybridisation showed that some catecholaminergic neurones in the dorsal medulla oblongata expressed β-Klotho, an essential co-receptor for FGF21, in male mice. Social defeat stress increased FGF21 concentrations in the plasma of male mice. FGF21-deficient male mice showed social avoidance in a social avoidance test with C57BL/6J mice (background strain of FGF21-deficient mice) and augmented immobility behaviour in a forced swimming test after social defeat stress. On the other hand, overexpression of FGF21 by adeno-associated virus vectors did not significantly change behaviours either in wild-type male mice or FGF21-deficient male mice. The present data are consistent with the view that endogenous FGF21, possibly during the developmental period, has an inhibitory action on stress-induced depression-like behaviour in male rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Usui
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Masahide Yoshida
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Yuki Takayanagi
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Naranbat Nasanbuyan
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Ayumu Inutsuka
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosu
- Division of Anti‐aging MedicineCenter for Molecular MedicineJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic TherapeuticsCenter for Molecular MedicineJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mori
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Makoto Kuro‐o
- Division of Anti‐aging MedicineCenter for Molecular MedicineJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
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Yan J, Nie Y, Cao J, Luo M, Yan M, Chen Z, He B. The Roles and Pharmacological Effects of FGF21 in Preventing Aging-Associated Metabolic Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:655575. [PMID: 33869312 PMCID: PMC8044345 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.655575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continuous improvement of living standards but the lack of exercise, aging-associated metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are becoming a lingering dark cloud over society. Studies have found that metabolic disorders are near related to glucose, lipid metabolism, and cellular aging. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of the FGFs family, efficiently regulates the homeostasis of metabolism and cellular aging. By activating autophagy genes and improving inflammation, FGF21 indirectly delays cellular aging and directly exerts anti-aging effects by regulating aging genes. FGF21 can also regulate glucose and lipid metabolism by controlling metabolism-related genes, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1). Because FGF21 can regulate metabolism and cellular aging simultaneously, FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists are gradually being valued and could become a treatment approach for aging-associated metabolic diseases. However, the mechanism by which FGF21 achieves curative effects is still not known. This review aims to interpret the interactive influence between FGF21, aging, and metabolic diseases and delineate the pharmacology of FGF21, providing theoretical support for further research on FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunmeng Nie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jielu Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maoxiang Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beihui He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Liu C, Yang C. Commentary: Serum Biomarkers Are Potential Diagnosis and Treatment Targets for Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:649705. [PMID: 34163381 PMCID: PMC8215195 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.649705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cunming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Geng L, Lam KSL, Xu A. The therapeutic potential of FGF21 in metabolic diseases: from bench to clinic. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:654-667. [PMID: 32764725 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a stress-inducible hormone that has important roles in regulating energy balance and glucose and lipid homeostasis through a heterodimeric receptor complex comprising FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and β-klotho. Administration of FGF21 to rodents or non-human primates causes considerable pharmacological benefits on a cluster of obesity-related metabolic complications, including a reduction in fat mass and alleviation of hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disorders and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, native FGF21 is unsuitable for clinical use owing to poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical properties. A large number of long-acting FGF21 analogues and agonistic monoclonal antibodies for the FGFR1-β-klotho receptor complexes have been developed. Several FGF21 analogues and mimetics have progressed to early phases of clinical trials in patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and NASH. In these trials, the primary end points of glycaemic control have not been met, whereas substantial improvements were observed in dyslipidaemia, hepatic fat fractions and serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with NASH. The complexity and divergence in pharmacology and pathophysiology of FGF21, interspecies variations in FGF21 biology, the possible existence of obesity-related FGF21 resistance and endogenous FGF21 inactivation enzymes represent major obstacles to clinical implementation of FGF21-based pharmacotherapies for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S L Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Tarhani F, Heidari G, Nezami A. Evaluation of α-klotho level in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:761-765. [PMID: 32469333 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Reduced levels of α-Klotho is associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases including diabetes. In type I diabetes, decrease in Klotho leads to apoptosis of β-cells of pancreases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of α-Klotho in type I diabetic pediatric patients. Methods In this cross-sectional single centered study, 46 patients presenting type I diabetes mellitus (case group) and 78 control group under the age of 12, referred to our clinic were included in our study. Serum levels of soluble Klotho were measured by sandwich ELISA in case and control groups. Statistical analysis was conducted for the data recorded via questionnaire. Results Mean age of the patients in the case and control group was 7.65 ± 3.09 and 7 ± 2.37, respectively. Type I diabetes patients had a significant reduction in the levels of serum Klotho, as compared to controls (p<0.001). However, gender and age-based comparison between patient and control group was not significant. Conclusions This study reports a significant decrease in the serum levels of α-Klotho in type 1 diabetic patients. Low levels of Klotho can be associated with diabetic nephropathy and other comorbidities in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Tarhani
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ghobad Heidari
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Nezami
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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17
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Wang X, Zhu L, Hu J, Guo R, Ye S, Liu F, Wang D, Zhao Y, Hu A, Wang X, Guo K, Lin L. FGF21 Attenuated LPS-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior via Inhibiting the Inflammatory Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:154. [PMID: 32184729 PMCID: PMC7058797 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a serious neuropsychiatric disorder with high rates of recurrence and mortality. Many studies have supported that inflammatory processes play a central role in the etiology of depression. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) family, regulates a variety of pharmacological activities, including energy metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. In addition, recent studies showed that the administration of FGF21, a regulator of metabolic function, had therapeutic effects on mood stabilizers, indicating that FGF21 could be a common regulator of the mood response. However, few studies have highlighted the antidepressant effects of FGF21 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mice, and the anti-inflammatory mechanism of FGF21 in depression has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of the current study was to determine the antidepressant effects of recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21). The effects of rhFGF21 on depression-like behaviors and the inflammatory signaling pathway were investigated in both an LPS-induced mouse model and primary microglia in vitro. The current study demonstrated that LPS induced depressive-like behaviors, upregulated proinflammatory cytokines, and activated microglia in the mouse hippocampus and activated the inflammatory response in primary microglia, while pretreatment with rhFGF21 markedly improved depression-like behavior deficits, as shown by an increase in the total distance traveled and number of standing numbers in the open field test (OFT) and a decrease in the duration of immobility in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). Furthermore, rhFGF21 obviously suppressed expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inhibited microglial activation and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signing pathway. Moreover, coadministration of rhFGF21 with the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor PD173074 significantly reversed these protective effects, indicating that the antidepressant effects of rhFGF21 occur through FGFR1 activation. Taken together, the results of the current study demonstrated for the first time that exogenous rhFGF21 ameliorated LPS-induced depressive-like behavior by inhibiting microglial expression of proinflammatory cytokines through NF-κB suppression. This new discovery suggests rhFGF21 as a new therapeutic candidate for depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liyun Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruili Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yeli Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Aiping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiming Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
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18
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Li J, Xu C, Liu Y, Li Y, Du S, Zhang R, Sun Y, Zhang R, Wang Y, Xue H, Ni S, Asiya M, Xue G, Li Y, Shi L, Li D, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Cai B, Wang N, Yang B. Fibroblast growth factor 21 inhibited ischemic arrhythmias via targeting miR-143/EGR1 axis. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:9. [PMID: 31900593 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmia is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been shown to play an important role in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, the effects of FGF21 on ventricular arrhythmias following MI have not been addressed yet. The present study was conducted to investigate the pharmacological action of FGF21 on ventricular arrhythmias after MI. Adult male mice were administrated with or without recombinant human basic FGF21 (rhbFGF21), and the susceptibility to arrhythmias was assessed by programmed electrical stimulation and optical mapping techniques. Here, we found that rhbFGF21 administration reduced the occurrence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), improved epicardial conduction velocity and shorted action potential duration at 90% (APD90) in infarcted mouse hearts. Mechanistically, FGF21 may improve cardiac electrophysiological remodeling as characterized by the decrease of INa and IK1 current density in border zone of infarcted mouse hearts. Consistently, in vitro study also demonstrated that FGF21 may rescue oxidant stress-induced dysfunction of INa and IK1 currents in cultured ventricular myocytes. We further found that oxidant stress-induced down-regulation of early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) contributed to INa and IK1 reduction in post-infarcted hearts, and FGF21 may recruit EGR1 into the SCN5A and KCNJ2 promoter regions to up-regulate NaV1.5 and Kir2.1 expression at transcriptional level. Moreover, miR-143 was identified as upstream of EGR1 and mediated FGF21-induced EGR1 up-regulation in cardiomyocytes. Collectively, rhbFGF21 administration effectively suppressed ventricular arrhythmias in post-infarcted hearts by regulating miR-143-EGR1-NaV1.5/Kir2.1 axis, which provides novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic arrhythmias in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chaoqian Xu
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157000, China
| | - Yining Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuanshi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Sijia Du
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuehang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ronghao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hongru Xue
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Sha Ni
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Mavlikhanova Asiya
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Genlong Xue
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanyao Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ling Shi
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Desheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhenwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Benzhi Cai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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19
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Wu Y, Chen Z, Duan J, Huang K, Zhu B, Yang L, Zheng L. Serum Levels of FGF21, β-Klotho, and BDNF in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Patients With Depressive Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Single-Center Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:587492. [PMID: 33584362 PMCID: PMC7873935 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.587492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of depressive symptoms (DS) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) is significantly higher than those in healthy population, and that DS are independent risk factors for cardiovascular events. Previous studies have reported that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), β-klotho, mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF), and BDNF precursor (proBDNF) play important roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of coronary heart disease and depression. With this in mind, the present study aimed to clarify the relationship between FGF21, β-klotho, mBDNF, and proBDNF and SCAD with comorbid depression, in addition to also exploring the underlying mechanisms of these disease processes. Methods: A total of 116 patients with SCAD and 45 healthy controls were recruited. Patients with SCAD were further divided into two subgroups based on the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), which were characterized as those with no DS (NDS) and those with DS. Baseline data were collected, and serum levels of FGF21, β-klotho, mBDNF, and proBDNF were determined. Results: In SCAD patients, Gensini scores-denoting the degree of coronary arteriostenosis-were significantly greater in the DS group than in the NDS group. There was also a positive correlation between the Gensini scores and the SDS scores. Patients in the SCAD group demonstrated a lower serum FGF21. Serum β-klotho, mBDNF, and mBDNF/proBDNF were also significantly lower in the DS group than in the NDS group. Furthermore, β-klotho and mBDNF were negatively correlated with the SDS scores. Additionally, SCAD patients were divided into lower- and higher-level groups using hierarchical cluster analysis, with the results highlighting that patients in the lower mBDNF group had a higher incidence of DS. Conclusions: The depression score was positively correlated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis, and serum FGF21, β-klotho, mBDNF, and proBDNF were closely related to the development of DS in patients with SCAD. These observations suggest FGF21, β-klotho, mBDNF, and proBDNF as potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets for SCAD with co-morbid depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Zijun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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20
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Zhao L, Niu J, Lin H, Zhao J, Liu Y, Song Z, Xiang C, Wang X, Yang Y, Li X, Mohammadi M, Huang Z. Paracrine-endocrine FGF chimeras as potent therapeutics for metabolic diseases. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:462-477. [PMID: 31631034 PMCID: PMC6838362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of a clinically useful fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) hormone has been impeded by its inherent instability and weak FGF receptor (FGFR) binding affinity. There is an urgent need for innovative approaches to overcome these limitations. Methods We devised a structure-based chimerisation strategy in which we substituted the thermally labile and low receptor affinity core of FGF21 with an HS binding deficient endocrinised core derived from a stable and high receptor affinity paracrine FGF1 (FGF1ΔHBS). The thermal stability, receptor binding ability, heparan sulfate and βKlotho coreceptor dependency of the chimera were measured using a thermal shift assay, SPR, SEC-MALS and cell-based studies. The half-life, tissue distribution, glucose lowering activity and adipose tissue remodeling were analyzed in normal and diabetic mice and monkeys. Findings The melting temperature of the engineered chimera (FGF1ΔHBS-FGF21C-tail) increased by ∼22 °C relative to wild-type FGF21 (FGF21WT), and resulted in a ∼5-fold increase in half-life in vivo. The chimera also acquired an ability to bind the FGFR1c isoform – the principal receptor that mediates the metabolic actions of FGF21 – and consequently was dramatically more effective than FGF21WT in correcting hyperglycemia and in ameliorating insulin resistance in db/db mice. Our chimeric FGF21 also exerted a significant beneficial effect on glycemic control in spontaneous diabetic cynomolgus monkeys. Interpretation Our study describes a structure-based chimerisation approach that effectively mitigates both the intrinsically weak receptor binding affinities and short half-lives of endocrine FGFs, and advance the development of the FGF21 hormone into a potentially useful drug for Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Huan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Zihui Song
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Congshang Xiang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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21
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and the Adaptive Response to Nutritional Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194692. [PMID: 31546675 PMCID: PMC6801670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is considered an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related disorders due to its beneficial effects in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. FGF21 response is essential under stressful conditions and its metabolic effects depend on the inducer factor or stress condition. FGF21 seems to be the key signal which communicates and coordinates the metabolic response to reverse different nutritional stresses and restores the metabolic homeostasis. This review is focused on describing individually the FGF21-dependent metabolic response activated by some of the most common nutritional challenges, the signal pathways triggering this response, and the impact of this response on global homeostasis. We consider that this is essential knowledge to identify the potential role of FGF21 in the onset and progression of some of the most prevalent metabolic pathologies and to understand the potential of FGF21 as a target for these diseases. After this review, we conclude that more research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of FGF21 in macronutrient preference and food intake behavior, but also in β-klotho regulation and the activity of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) to uncover its therapeutic potential as a way to increase the FGF21 signaling.
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