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Ding Z, Peng L, Zeng J, Yuan K, Tang Y, Yi Q. Functions of HP1 in preventing chromosomal instability. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4017. [PMID: 38603595 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), caused by errors in the segregation of chromosomes during mitosis, is a hallmark of many types of cancer. The fidelity of chromosome segregation is governed by a sophisticated cellular signaling network, one crucial orchestrator of which is Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1). HP1 dynamically localizes to distinct sites at various stages of mitosis, where it regulates key mitotic events ranging from chromosome-microtubule attachment to sister chromatid cohesion to cytokinesis. Our evolving comprehension of HP1's multifaceted role has positioned it as a central protein in the orchestration of mitotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kejia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Yi
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Shah ET, Molloy C, Gough M, Kryza T, Samuel SG, Tucker A, Bhatia M, Ferguson G, Heyman R, Vora S, Monkman J, Bolderson E, Kulasinghe A, He Y, Gabrielli B, Hooper JD, Richard DJ, O'Byrne KJ, Adams MN. Inhibition of Aurora B kinase (AURKB) enhances the effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy against colorectal cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1196-1205. [PMID: 38287178 PMCID: PMC10991355 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) remains a core component of systemic therapy for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, response rates remain low, and development of therapy resistance is a primary issue. Combinatorial strategies employing a second agent to augment the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy is predicted to reduce the incidence of treatment resistance and increase the durability of response to therapy. METHODS Here, we employed quantitative proteomics approaches to identify novel druggable proteins and molecular pathways that are deregulated in response to 5-FU, which might serve as targets to improve sensitivity to chemotherapy. Drug combinations were evaluated using 2D and 3D CRC cell line models and an ex vivo culture model of a patient-derived tumour. RESULTS Quantitative proteomics identified upregulation of the mitosis-associated protein Aurora B (AURKB), within a network of upregulated proteins, in response to a 24 h 5-FU treatment. In CRC cell lines, AURKB inhibition with the dihydrogen phosphate prodrug AZD1152, markedly improved the potency of 5-FU in 2D and 3D in vitro CRC models. Sequential treatment with 5-FU then AZD1152 also enhanced the response of a patient-derived CRC cells to 5-FU in ex vivo cultures. CONCLUSIONS AURKB inhibition may be a rational approach to augment the effectiveness of 5-FU chemotherapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha T Shah
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Christopher Molloy
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Madeline Gough
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Selwin G Samuel
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Amos Tucker
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Maneet Bhatia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Genevieve Ferguson
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Rebecca Heyman
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Shivam Vora
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - James Monkman
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Emma Bolderson
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Yaowu He
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Kenneth J O'Byrne
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Cancer Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Mark N Adams
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Huang Y, Zhang W, Yu Z, Su H, Zeng B, Piao J, Wang J, Wu J. A Tumor Suppressive Role of CYLD as a Novel Potential DUB of Aurora B in Cervical Cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2023; 17:11795549231180832. [PMID: 37359274 PMCID: PMC10288423 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231180832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is a common leading cause of cancer related to women death worldwide. Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is known as an important tumor suppressor in various human cancers, and a deubiquitination enzyme (DUB) as well. Previously, we identified Skp2 as an E3 ligase of Aurora B ubiquitination, but the DUB of Aurora B still remains unknown. Methods Aurora B ubiquitination site is identified through in vivo ubiquitination assay. Activity of Aurora B and CENPA was detected by immunoblotting (IB) and immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Protein-to-protein interaction was investigated by immunoprecipitation (IP). Cell chromosome dynamics was monitored by live-cell time-lapse Imaging. Cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis, and cell invasion and migration assays were also performed. Protein level was checked by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in clinical cervical cancer samples. Results We identified Lysine 115 (K115) as the main Aurora B ubiquitination site for Skp2. We could also detect an interaction of Aurora B with the DUB CYLD. We found that CYLD promoted deubiquitination of Aurora B, and regulated Aurora B activity and function as well. Compared with control, we found it took more time for the cells to finish cell mitosis with CYLD over-expression. Furthermore, we found that CYLD deficiency promoted cervical cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis instead, whereas it is just opposite with CYLD over-expression. In clinical cervical cancer samples, we showed a negative correlation of CYLD expression with Aurora B activation and histological cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, there was less CYLD abundance and higher Aurora B activity in advanced cancer samples compared with early stage. Conclusions Our findings uncover CYLD as a novel potential DUB of Aurora B, which inhibits Aurora B activation and its subsequent function in cell mitosis, and also provide more evidence for its tumor suppressor function in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongkai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hexian Memorial Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Piao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu Y, Yang H, Fang Y, Xing Y, Pang X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Function and inhibition of Haspin kinase: targeting multiple cancer therapies by antimitosis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 75:445-465. [PMID: 36334086 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Haploid germ cell-specific nuclear protein kinase (Haspin) is a serine/threonine kinase as an atypical kinase, which is structurally distinct from conventional protein kinases.
Key findings
Functionally, Haspin is involved in important cell cycle progression, particularly in critical mitosis regulating centromeric sister chromatid cohesion during prophase and prometaphase, and subsequently ensuring proper chromosome alignment during metaphase and the normal chromosome segregation during anaphase. However, increasing evidence has demonstrated that Haspin is significantly upregulated in a variety of cancer cells in addition to normal proliferating somatic cells. Its knockdown or small molecule inhibition could prevent cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis by disrupting the regular mitotic progression. Given the specificity of its expressed tissues or cells and the uniqueness of its current known substrate, Haspin can be a promising target against cancer. Consequently, selective synthetic and natural inhibitors of Haspin have been widely developed to determine their inhibitory power for various cancer cells in vivo and in vitro.
Summary
Here our perspective includes a comprehensive review of the roles and structure of Haspin, its relatively potent and selective inhibitors and Haspin’s preliminary studies in a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Hongliu Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yongsheng Fang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yantao Xing
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Xinxin Pang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
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CCAR2 controls mitotic progression through spatiotemporal regulation of Aurora B. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:534. [PMID: 35672287 PMCID: PMC9174277 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CCAR2 (cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2) is a multifaceted protein involved in cell survival and death following cytotoxic stress. However, little is known about the physiological functions of CCAR2 in regulating cell proliferation in the absence of external stimuli. The present study shows that CCAR2-deficient cells possess multilobulated nuclei, suggesting a defect in cell division. In particular, the duration of mitotic phase was perturbed. This disturbance of mitotic progression resulted from premature loss of cohesion with the centromere, and inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint during prometaphase and metaphase. It resulted in the formation of lagging chromosomes during anaphase, leading ultimately to the activation of the abscission checkpoint to halt cytokinesis. The CCAR2-dependent mitotic progression was related to spatiotemporal regulation of active Aurora B. In conclusion, the results suggest that CCAR2 governs mitotic events, including proper chromosome segregation and cytokinetic division, to maintain chromosomal stability.
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Zhang Y, Song C, Wang L, Jiang H, Zhai Y, Wang Y, Fang J, Zhang G. Zombies Never Die: The Double Life Bub1 Lives in Mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:870745. [PMID: 35646932 PMCID: PMC9136299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.870745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When eukaryotic cells enter mitosis, dispersed chromosomes move to the cell center along microtubules to form a metaphase plate which facilitates the accurate chromosome segregation. Meanwhile, kinetochores not stably attached by microtubules activate the spindle assembly checkpoint and generate a wait signal to delay the initiation of anaphase. These events are highly coordinated. Disruption of the coordination will cause severe problems like chromosome gain or loss. Bub1, a conserved serine/threonine kinase, plays important roles in mitosis. After extensive studies in the last three decades, the role of Bub1 on checkpoint has achieved a comprehensive understanding; its role on chromosome alignment also starts to emerge. In this review, we summarize the latest development of Bub1 on supporting the two mitotic events. The essentiality of Bub1 in higher eukaryotic cells is also discussed. At the end, some undissolved questions are raised for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunlin Song
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujing Zhai
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Fang, ; Gang Zhang,
| | - Gang Zhang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Fang, ; Gang Zhang,
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Dicer promotes genome stability via the bromodomain transcriptional co-activator BRD4. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1001. [PMID: 35194019 PMCID: PMC8863982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference is required for post-transcriptional silencing, but also has additional roles in transcriptional silencing of centromeres and genome stability. However, these roles have been controversial in mammals. Strikingly, we found that Dicer-deficient embryonic stem cells have strong proliferation and chromosome segregation defects as well as increased transcription of centromeric satellite repeats, which triggers the interferon response. We conducted a CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen to restore viability and identified transcriptional activators, histone H3K9 methyltransferases, and chromosome segregation factors as suppressors, resembling Dicer suppressors identified in independent screens in fission yeast. The strongest suppressors were mutations in the transcriptional co-activator Brd4, which reversed the strand-specific transcription of major satellite repeats suppressing the interferon response, and in the histone acetyltransferase Elp3. We show that identical mutations in the second bromodomain of Brd4 rescue Dicer-dependent silencing and chromosome segregation defects in both mammalian cells and fission yeast. This remarkable conservation demonstrates that RNA interference has an ancient role in transcriptional silencing and in particular of satellite repeats, which is essential for cell cycle progression and proper chromosome segregation. Our results have pharmacological implications for cancer and autoimmune diseases characterized by unregulated transcription of satellite repeats. While RNA interference is conserved across species, small RNA pathways are very diverse. In this study, Gutbrod et al. find that non-canonical roles of Dicer in genome stability are in fact deeply conserved from yeast to humans.
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Yu W, Liu W, Feng Y, Zhu C. Knockdown of GSG2 Suppresses the Progression of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:26-36. [PMID: 35089075 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: As a serine/threonine kinase, Haspin (GSG2) has been reportedly associated with the development of malignant tumors. However, few studies have reported the role of GSG2 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and Methods: Based on data from the Oncomine databases, GSG2 was found to be highly expressed in CRC patients' tissues. Therefore, the expression of GSG2 in CRC cell lines was subsequently evaluated. GSG2 loss-of-function experiments were conducted by infection with a lentivirus expressing shRNAs against GSG2. Colony-formation and cell viabilities were assessed using clonogenic and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, respectively. Migration was assessed using wound-healing and transwell assays. A GSG2 inhibitor experiment was used to investigate the key role of GSG2 in CRC. Immunoprecipitation was used to investigate the interaction between GSG2 and p-H3. In addition, apoptosis was evaluated by quantifying caspase 3/7 activities, and western blot analyses were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of GSG2 in CRC. Results: GSG2 was found to be highly expressed in CRC tissues and cells. Furthermore, GSG2 knock-down suppressed proliferation, colony formation and invasion, and induced apoptosis in CRC cells. Mechanistically, GSG2 was revealed to regulate Myc, NF-κB, Snail-1, and β-catenin signaling. Conclusion: Collectively, we demonstrate that GSG2 is a potential biomarker of CRC, and that GSG2 interference suppresses the progression of CRC and promotes apoptosis in vitro. These data suggest GSG2 as a putative oncogene, but will require additional in vivo studies to confirm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Feng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunrong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Hong J, Gwon D, Jang CY. Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses cancer cell proliferation through perturbing mitotic progression. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:481-488. [PMID: 35600766 PMCID: PMC9120780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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De Grandis RA, Oliveira KM, Guedes APM, dos Santos PWS, Aissa AF, Batista AA, Pavan FR. A Novel Ruthenium(II) Complex With Lapachol Induces G2/M Phase Arrest Through Aurora-B Kinase Down-Regulation and ROS-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Prostate Adenocarcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682968. [PMID: 34249731 PMCID: PMC8264259 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lapachol is a well-studied natural product that has been receiving great interest due to its anticancer properties that target oxidative stress. In the present work, two novel lapachol-containing ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(Lap)(dppm)(bipy)]PF6 (1) and [Ru(Lap)(dppm)(phen)]PF6 (2) [Lap = lapachol, dppm = 1,1'-bis(diphosphino)methane, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenantroline] were synthesized, fully characterized, and investigated for their cellular and molecular responses on cancer cell lines. We found that both complexes exhibited a potent cytotoxic effect in a panel of cancer cell lines in monolayer cultures, as well as in a 3D model of multicellular spheroids formed from DU-145 human prostate adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, the complex (2) suppressed the colony formation, induced G2/M-phase arrest, and downregulated Aurora-B. The mechanism studies suggest that complex (2) stimulate the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggers caspase-dependent apoptosis as a result of changes in expression of several genes related to cell proliferation and caspase-3 and -9 activation. Interestingly, we found that N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a ROS scavenger, suppressed the generation of intracellular ROS induced by complex (2), and decreased its cytotoxicity, indicating that ROS-mediated DNA damage leads the DU-145 cells into apoptosis. Overall, we highlighted that coordination of lapachol to phosphinic ruthenium(II) compounds considerably improves the antiproliferative activities of resulting complexes granting attractive selectivity to human prostate adenocarcinoma cells. The DNA damage response to ROS seems to be involved in the induction of caspase-mediated cell death that plays an important role in the complexes' cytotoxicity. Upon further investigations, this novel class of lapachol-containing ruthenium(II) complexes might indicate promising chemotherapeutic agents for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rone A. De Grandis
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
- School of Medicine, University of Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Katia M. Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre F. Aissa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alzir A. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Fernando R. Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
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11
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Divekar NS, Davis-Roca AC, Zhang L, Dernburg AF, Wignall SM. A degron-based strategy reveals new insights into Aurora B function in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009567. [PMID: 34014923 PMCID: PMC8172070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely conserved kinase Aurora B regulates important events during cell division. Surprisingly, recent work has uncovered a few functions of Aurora-family kinases that do not require kinase activity. Thus, understanding this important class of cell cycle regulators will require strategies to distinguish kinase-dependent from independent functions. Here, we address this need in C. elegans by combining germline-specific, auxin-induced Aurora B (AIR-2) degradation with the transgenic expression of kinase-inactive AIR-2. Through this approach, we find that kinase activity is essential for AIR-2’s major meiotic functions and also for mitotic chromosome segregation. Moreover, our analysis revealed insight into the assembly of the ring complex (RC), a structure that is essential for chromosome congression in C. elegans oocytes. AIR-2 localizes to chromosomes and recruits other components to form the RC. However, we found that while kinase-dead AIR-2 could load onto chromosomes, other components were not recruited. This failure in RC assembly appeared to be due to a loss of RC SUMOylation, suggesting that there is crosstalk between SUMOylation and phosphorylation in building the RC and implicating AIR-2 in regulating the SUMO pathway in oocytes. Similar conditional depletion approaches may reveal new insights into other cell cycle regulators. During cell division, chromosomes must be accurately partitioned to ensure the proper distribution of genetic material. In mitosis, chromosomes are duplicated once and then divided once, generating daughter cells with the same amount of genetic material as the original cell. Conversely, during meiosis chromosomes are duplicated once and divided twice, to cut the chromosome number in half to generate eggs and sperm. One important protein that is required for both mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation is the kinase Aurora B, which phosphorylates a variety of other cell division proteins. However, previous research has shown that some kinases have functions that are independent of their ability to phosphorylate other proteins. Thus, fully understanding how Aurora B regulates cell division requires methods to test whether its various functions require kinase activity. We designed and implemented such a strategy in the model organism C. elegans, by depleting Aurora B from meiotically and mitotically-dividing cells, leaving in place a kinase-inactive version. This work has lent insight into how Aurora B regulates cell division in C. elegans, and also serves as a proof of principle for our approach, which can now be applied to study other essential cell division kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S. Divekar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amanda C. Davis-Roca
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Liangyu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Abby F. Dernburg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Wignall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Zhou J, Nie W, Yuan J, Zhang Z, Mi L, Wang C, Huang R. GSG2 knockdown suppresses cholangiocarcinoma progression by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:91. [PMID: 33846801 PMCID: PMC8042665 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common type of hepatocellular carcinoma characterized by high aggressiveness and extremely poor patient prognosis. The germ cell-specific gene 2 protein (GSG2) is a histone H3 threonine-3 kinase required for normal mitosis. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of GSG2 in the progression and development of CCA remain elusive. In the present study, the association between GSG2 and CCA was elucidated. Firstly, we demonstrated that GSG2 was overexpressed in CCA specimens and HCCC-9810 and QBC939 cells by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. It was further revealed that high expression of GSG2 in CCA had significant clinical significance in predicting disease deterioration. Subsequently, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and migration were measured by MTT, flow cytometry, and wound healing assays, respectively in vitro. The results demonstrated that downregulation of GSG2 decreased proliferation, promoted apoptosis, arrested the cell cycle and weakened migration in the G2 phase of CCA cells. Additionally, GSG2 knockdown inhibited CCA cell migration by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins, such as N-cadherin and vimentin. Mechanistically, GSG2 exerted effects on CCA cells by modulating the PI3K/Akt, CCND1/CDK6 and MAPK9 signaling pathways. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that GSG2 knockdown suppressed tumor growth. In summary, GSG2 was involved in the progression of CCA, suggesting that GSG2 may be a potential therapeutic target for CCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Wanpin Nie
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Yuan
- Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Liangliang Mi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Ranglang Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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13
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Aurora Kinase B Inhibition: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071981. [PMID: 33915740 PMCID: PMC8037052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinase B (AURKB) is a mitotic serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the aurora kinase family along with aurora kinase A (AURKA) and aurora kinase C (AURKC). AURKB is a member of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and plays a role in cell cycle progression. Deregulation of AURKB is observed in several tumors and its overexpression is frequently linked to tumor cell invasion, metastasis and drug resistance. AURKB has emerged as an attractive drug target leading to the development of small molecule inhibitors. This review summarizes recent findings pertaining to the role of AURKB in tumor development, therapy related drug resistance, and its inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. We discuss AURKB inhibitors that are in preclinical and clinical development and combination studies of AURKB inhibition with other therapeutic strategies.
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14
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Guo R, Wang W, Yu L, Zhu Z, Tu P. Different regulatory effects of CD40 ligand and B-cell activating factor on the function of B cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107337. [PMID: 33401206 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) play important roles in the function of B cells. However, the difference of their regulatory effects remains obscure. In this study, we used anti-CD40 to imitate CD40L and investigated the different regulatory effects of CD40L and BAFF on the function of B cells. In the functional analyses, both anti-CD40 and BAFF significantly enhanced the survival and differentiation of B cells, and slightly increased the activation and proliferation. However, in the transcriptome analysis, anti-CD40 and BAFF exerted very different regulation on the gene expression profile of B cells. Anti-CD40 upregulated the expression of genes related to the adaptive immune function of B cells, but BAFF enhanced the genes associated with the innate immune function. Furthermore, the effect analysis of the combination of anti-CD40 or BAFF with anti-IgM also demonstrated that anti-CD40 could cooperate with anti-IgM to promote the proliferation of B cells, but BAFF could not do it. The mechanism study revealed that the different effects of anti-CD40 and BAFF on B cells were resulting from the different modulation on NF-кB, ERK1/2, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Collectively, the results suggest that CD40L mainly promotes adaptive immune function of B cells, but BAFF primarily enhances innate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Guo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lanzhi Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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15
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How HP1 Post-Translational Modifications Regulate Heterochromatin Formation and Maintenance. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061460. [PMID: 32545538 PMCID: PMC7349378 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) is a highly conserved protein that has been used as a classic marker for heterochromatin. HP1 binds to di- and tri-methylated histone H3K9 and regulates heterochromatin formation, functions and structure. Besides the well-established phosphorylation of histone H3 Ser10 that has been shown to modulate HP1 binding to chromatin, several studies have recently highlighted the importance of HP1 post-translational modifications and additional epigenetic features for the modulation of HP1-chromatin binding ability and heterochromatin formation. In this review, we summarize the recent literature of HP1 post-translational modifications that have contributed to understand how heterochromatin is formed, regulated and maintained.
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16
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Kim S, Kim NH, Park JE, Hwang JW, Myung N, Hwang KT, Kim YA, Jang CY, Kim YK. PRMT6-mediated H3R2me2a guides Aurora B to chromosome arms for proper chromosome segregation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:612. [PMID: 32001712 PMCID: PMC6992762 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinase Aurora B forms the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) together with Borealin, INCENP, and Survivin to mediate chromosome condensation, the correction of erroneous spindle-kinetochore attachments, and cytokinesis. Phosphorylation of histone H3 Thr3 by Haspin kinase and of histone H2A Thr120 by Bub1 concentrates the CPC at the centromere. However, how the CPC is recruited to chromosome arms upon mitotic entry is unknown. Here, we show that asymmetric dimethylation at Arg2 on histone H3 (H3R2me2a) by protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) recruits the CPC to chromosome arms and facilitates histone H3S10 phosphorylation by Aurora B for chromosome condensation. Furthermore, in vitro assays show that Aurora B preferentially binds to the H3 peptide containing H3R2me2a and phosphorylates H3S10. Our findings indicate that the long-awaited key histone mark for CPC recruitment onto mitotic chromosomes is H3R2me2a, which is indispensable for maintaining appropriate CPC levels in dynamic translocation throughout mitosis. The proteins of the chromosomal passenger complex help chromosomes condense before cell division, but how this complex arrives at chromosomes was not known. Here the authors show that PRMT6 methylates histone H3 to recruit the chromosomal passenger complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Won Hwang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeon Myung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Young Jang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Kee Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
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