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Gareil N, Gervais A, Macaisne N, Chevreux G, Canman JC, Andreani J, Dumont J. An unconventional TOG domain is required for CLASP localization. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3522-3528.e7. [PMID: 37516114 PMCID: PMC10443533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic linker-associated proteins (CLASPs) form a conserved family of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that maintain microtubules in a growing state by promoting rescue while suppressing catastrophe.1 CLASP function involves an ordered array of tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domains and binding to multiple protein partners via a conserved C-terminal domain (CTD).2,3 In migrating cells, CLASPs concentrate at the cortex near focal adhesions as part of cortical microtubule stabilization complexes (CMSCs), via binding of their CTD to the focal adhesion protein PHLDB2/LL5β.4,5 Cortical CLASPs also stabilize a subset of microtubules, which stimulate focal adhesion turnover and generate a polarized microtubule network toward the leading edge of migrating cells. CLASPs are also recruited to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) via an interaction between their CTD and the Golgin protein GCC185.6 This allows microtubule growth toward the leading edge of migrating cells, which is required for Golgi organization, polarized intracellular transport, and cell motility.7 In dividing cells, CLASPs are essential at kinetochores for efficient chromosome segregation and anaphase spindle integrity.8,9 Both CENP-E and ASTRIN bind and target CLASPs to kinetochores,10,11 although the CLASP domain required for this interaction is not known. Despite its high evolutionary conservation, the CTD remains structurally uncharacterized. Here, we find that the CTD can be structurally modeled as a TOG domain. We identify a surface-exposed and conserved arginine residue essential for CLASP CTD interaction with partner proteins. Together, our results provide a structural mechanism by which the CLASP CTD directs diverse sub-cellular localizations throughout the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Gareil
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alison Gervais
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Macaisne
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Chevreux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julie C Canman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jessica Andreani
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University of Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Julien Dumont
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France.
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2
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The explorations of dynamic interactions of paxillin at the focal adhesions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 1870:140825. [PMID: 35926716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paxillin is one of the most important adapters in integrin-mediated adhesions that performs numerous crucial functions relying on its dynamic interactions. Its structural behavior serves different purposes, providing a base for several activities. The various domains of paxillin display different functions in the whole process of cell movements and have a significant role in cell adhesion, migration, signal transmission, and protein-protein interactions. On the other hand, some paxillin-associated proteins provide a unique spatiotemporal mechanism for regulating its dynamic characteristics in the tissue homeostasis and make it a more complex and decisive protein at the focal adhesions. This review briefly describes the structural adaptations and molecular mechanisms of recruitment of paxillin into adhesions, explains paxillin's binding dynamics and impact on adhesion stability and turnover, and reveals a variety of paxillin-associated regulatory mechanisms and how paxillin is embedded into the signaling networks.
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Ramella M, Ribolla LM, de Curtis I. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation at the Plasma Membrane-Cytosol Interface: Common Players in Adhesion, Motility, and Synaptic Function. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167228. [PMID: 34487789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Networks of scaffold proteins and enzymes assemble at the interface between the cytosol and specific sites of the plasma membrane, where these networks guide distinct cellular functions. Some of these plasma membrane-associated platforms (PMAPs) include shared core components that are able to establish specific protein-protein interactions, to produce distinct supramolecular assemblies regulating dynamic processes as diverse as cell adhesion and motility, or the formation and function of neuronal synapses. How cells organize such dynamic networks is still an open question. In this review we introduce molecular networks assembling at the edge of migrating cells, and at pre- and postsynaptic sites, which share molecular players that can drive the assembly of biomolecular condensates. Very recent experimental evidence has highlighted the emerging role of some of these multidomain/scaffold proteins belonging to the GIT, liprin-α and ELKS/ERC families as drivers of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The data point to an important role of LLPS: (i) in the formation of PMAPs at the edge of migrating cells, where LLPS appears to be involved in promoting protrusion and the turnover of integrin-mediated adhesions, to allow forward cell translocation; (ii) in the assembly of the presynaptic active zone and of the postsynaptic density deputed to the release and reception of neurotransmitter signals, respectively. The recent results indicate that LLPS at cytosol-membrane interfaces is suitable not only for the regulation of active cellular processes, but also for the continuous spatial rearrangements of the molecular interactions involved in these dynamic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ramella
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Lucrezia Maria Ribolla
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ivan de Curtis
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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4
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Xie X, Liang M, Yu C, Wei Z. Liprin-α-Mediated Assemblies and Their Roles in Synapse Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653381. [PMID: 33869211 PMCID: PMC8044993 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain's functions, such as memory and learning, rely on synapses that are highly specialized cellular junctions connecting neurons. Functional synapses orchestrate the assembly of ion channels, receptors, enzymes, and scaffold proteins in both pre- and post-synapse. Liprin-α proteins are master scaffolds in synapses and coordinate various synaptic proteins to assemble large protein complexes. The functions of liprin-αs in synapse formation have been largely uncovered by genetic studies in diverse model systems. Recently, emerging structural and biochemical studies on liprin-α proteins and their binding partners begin to unveil the molecular basis of the synaptic assembly. This review summarizes the recent structural findings on liprin-αs, proposes the assembly mechanism of liprin-α-mediated complexes, and discusses the liprin-α-organized assemblies in the regulation of synapse formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqiao Xie
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingfu Liang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Yu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Liang M, Jin G, Xie X, Zhang W, Li K, Niu F, Yu C, Wei Z. Oligomerized liprin-α promotes phase separation of ELKS for compartmentalization of presynaptic active zone proteins. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108901. [PMID: 33761347 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic scaffold proteins (e.g., liprin-α, ELKS, RIM, and RIM-BP) orchestrate ion channels, receptors, and enzymes at presynaptic terminals to form active zones for neurotransmitter release. The underlying mechanism of the active zone assembly remains elusive. Here, we report that liprin-α proteins have the potential to oligomerize through the N-terminal coiled-coil region. Our structural and biochemical characterizations reveal that a gain-of-function mutation promotes the self-assembly of the coiled coils in liprin-α2 by disrupting intramolecular interactions and promoting intermolecular interactions. By enabling multivalent interactions with ELKS proteins, the oligomerized coiled-coil region of liprin-α2 enhances the phase separation of the ELKS N-terminal segment. We further show that liprin-α2, by regulating the interplay between two phase separations of ELKS and RIM/RIM-BP, controls the protein distributions. These results imply that the complicated protein-protein interactions allow liprin-α to function with the active zone scaffolds and compartmentalize protein assemblies to achieve comprehensive functions in the active zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Liang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gaowei Jin
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xingqiao Xie
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Kaiyue Li
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fengfeng Niu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Cong Yu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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Michael E, Polydorides S, Promponas VJ, Skourides P, Archontis G. Recognition of LD motifs by the focal adhesion targeting domains of focal adhesion kinase and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2-beta: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Proteins 2020; 89:29-52. [PMID: 32776636 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2-beta (PYK2) are implicated in cancer progression and metastasis and represent promising biomarkers and targets for cancer therapy. FAK and PYK2 are recruited to focal adhesions (FAs) via interactions between their FA targeting (FAT) domains and conserved segments (LD motifs) on the proteins Paxillin, Leupaxin, and Hic-5. A promising new approach for the inhibition of FAK and PYK2 targets interactions of the FAK domains with proteins that promote localization at FAs. Advances toward this goal include the development of surface plasmon resonance, heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC-NMR) and fluorescence polarization assays for the identification of fragments or compounds interfering with the FAK-Paxillin interaction. We have recently validated this strategy, showing that Paxillin mimicking polypeptides with 2 to 3 LD motifs displace FAK from FAs and block kinase-dependent and independent functions of FAK, including downstream integrin signaling and FA localization of the protein p130Cas. In the present work we study by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations the recognition of peptides with the Paxillin and Leupaxin LD motifs by the FAK-FAT and PYK2-FAT domains. Our simulations and free-energy analysis interpret experimental data on binding of Paxillin and Leupaxin LD motifs at FAK-FAT and PYK2-FAT binding sites, and assess the roles of consensus LD regions and flanking residues. Our results can assist in the design of effective inhibitory peptides of the FAK-FAT: Paxillin and PYK2-FAT:Leupaxin complexes and the construction of pharmacophore models for the discovery of potential small-molecule inhibitors of the FAK-FAT and PYK2-FAT focal adhesion based functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Michael
- Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Vasilis J Promponas
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paris Skourides
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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