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Delshad M, Davoodi-Moghaddam Z, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Faranoush M, Abolghasemi H, Bashash D. Translating mechanisms into therapeutic strategies for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): Lessons from clinical trials. Thromb Res 2024; 235:125-147. [PMID: 38335568 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder that causes a significant reduction in peripheral blood platelet count. Fortunately, due to an increased understanding of ITP, there have been significant improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Over the past decade, there have been a variety of proven therapeutic options available for ITP patients, including intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), Rituximab, corticosteroids, and thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). Although the effectiveness of current therapies in treating more than two-thirds of patients, still some patients do not respond well to conventional therapies or fail to achieve long-term remission. Recently, a significant advancement has been made in identifying various mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ITP, leading to the development of novel treatments targeting these pathways. It seems that new agents that target plasma cells, Bruton tyrosine kinase, FcRn, platelet desialylation, splenic tyrosine kinase, and classical complement pathways are opening new ways to treat ITP. In this study, we reviewed the pathophysiology of ITP and summarized updates in this population's management and treatment options. We also took a closer look at the 315 ongoing trials to investigate their progress status and compare the effectiveness of interventions. May our comprehensive view of ongoing clinical trials serve as a guiding beacon, illuminating the path towards future trials of different drugs in the treatment of ITP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahda Delshad
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Davoodi-Moghaddam
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faranoush
- Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolghasemi
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Gao X, Thrush JW, Gor J, Naismith JH, Owens RJ, Perkins SJ. The solution structure of the heavy chain-only C5-Fc nanobody reveals exposed variable regions that are optimal for COVID-19 antigen interactions. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105337. [PMID: 37838175 PMCID: PMC10682267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy chain-only antibodies can offer advantages of higher binding affinities, reduced sizes, and higher stabilities than conventional antibodies. To address the challenge of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, a llama-derived single-domain nanobody C5 was developed previously that has high COVID-19 virus neutralization potency. The fusion protein C5-Fc comprises two C5 domains attached to a glycosylated Fc region of a human IgG1 antibody and shows therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Here, we have characterized the solution arrangement of the molecule. Two 1443 Da N-linked glycans seen in the mass spectra of C5-Fc were removed and the glycosylated and deglycosylated structures were evaluated. Reduction of C5-Fc with 2-mercaptoethylamine indicated three interchain Cys-Cys disulfide bridges within the hinge. The X-ray and neutron Guinier RG values, which provide information about structural elongation, were similar at 4.1 to 4.2 nm for glycosylated and deglycosylated C5-Fc. To explain these RG values, atomistic scattering modeling based on Monte Carlo simulations resulted in 72,737 and 56,749 physically realistic trial X-ray and neutron structures, respectively. From these, the top 100 best-fit X-ray and neutron models were identified as representative asymmetric solution structures, similar to that of human IgG1, with good R-factors below 2.00%. Both C5 domains were solvent exposed, consistent with the functional effectiveness of C5-Fc. Greater disorder occurred in the Fc region after deglycosylation. Our results clarify the importance of variable and exposed C5 conformations in the therapeutic function of C5-Fc, while the glycans in the Fc region are key for conformational stability in C5-Fc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph W Thrush
- Department of Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Gor
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James H Naismith
- Department of Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Department of Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Perkins
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Chowdhury AA, Manohar N, Witek MA, Woldeyes MA, Majumdar R, Qian KK, Kimball WD, Xu S, Lanzaro A, Truskett TM, Johnston KP. Subclass Effects on Self-Association and Viscosity of Monoclonal Antibodies at High Concentrations. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37191356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a subclass of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on protein-protein interactions, formation of reversible oligomers (clusters), and viscosity (η) are not well understood at high concentrations. Herein, we quantify a short-range anisotropic attraction between the complementarity-determining region (CDR) and CH3 domains (KCDR-CH3) for vedolizumab IgG1, IgG2, or IgG4 subclasses by fitting small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) structure factor Seff(q) data with an extensive library of 12-bead coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations. The KCDR-CH3 bead attraction strength was isolated from the strength of long-range electrostatic repulsion for the full mAb, which was determined from the theoretical net charge and a scaling parameter ψ to account for solvent accessibility and ion pairing. At low ionic strength (IS), the strongest short-range attraction (KCDR-CH3) and consequently the largest clusters and highest η were observed with IgG1, the subclass with the most positively charged CH3 domain. Furthermore, the trend in KCDR-CH3 with the subclass followed the electrostatic interaction energy between the CDR and CH3 regions calculated with the BioLuminate software using the 3D mAb structure and molecular interaction potentials. Whereas the equilibrium cluster size distributions and fractal dimensions were determined from fits of SAXS with the MD simulations, the degree of cluster rigidity under flow was estimated from the experimental η with a phenomenological model. For the systems with the largest clusters, especially IgG1, the inefficient packing of mAbs in the clusters played the largest role in increasing η, whereas for other systems, the relative contribution from stress produced by the clusters was more significant. The ability to relate η to short-range attraction from SAXS measurements at high concentrations and to theoretical characterization of electrostatic patches on the 3D surface is not only of fundamental interest but also of practical value for mAb discovery, processing, formulation, and subcutaneous delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad A Chowdhury
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Neha Manohar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marta A Witek
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | | | - Ranajoy Majumdar
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Ken K Qian
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - William D Kimball
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Shifeng Xu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alfredo Lanzaro
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Thomas M Truskett
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Keith P Johnston
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Tang X, Wan F, Zhu Q, Ye T, Jiang X, Yang H. IgG subclass deposition in diabetic nephropathy. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:147. [PMID: 35953864 PMCID: PMC9367106 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to analyze the distribution of IgG subclass in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and its association with clinicopathological features. Methods This is a single-center retrospective study enrolling 108 patients with biopsy-proven DN. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining were applied, and clinicopathological features and renal outcomes were compared between patients with different patterns or categories of IgG subclass deposition. Results Both IgG and its subclasses colocalized with collagen IV α5 on glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and some of tubular basement membrane (TBM). IgG1 and the Mixed type were two predominant types of deposition, no matter on GBM or TBM, and IgG1 showed a much higher deposition rate on GBM than that on TBM (P = 0.004). IgG subclass deposit on multi-location was more associated with a shorter duration of nephropathy and severer tubular interstitial injury (P < 0.05). The mixed type of IgG subclass deposit on GBM was merely associated with higher levels of proteinuria, whereas the deposition on TBM was more associated with higher levels of proteinuria, lower levels of albumin, more KIM-1 positive area, and thicker TBM (P < 0.05). Survival analysis revealed that none of the pattern or the category of IgG subclass deposit was a risk factor or a renal outcome indicator. Conclusions IgG subclass was selectively deposited along GBM and/or TBM in DN, and the mixed type of IgG subclass deposition on TBM had more clinical significance than the isotype and that on GBM. IgG subclass deposition is merely a manifestation or a consequence rather than a cause in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanli Tang
- Department of Nephrology (Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease), Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Nephrology (Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease), Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Nephrology (Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease), Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Tian Ye
- Department of Nephrology (Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease), Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Nephrology (Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease), Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310007, China.
| | - Haichun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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5
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Kuter DJ. Novel therapies for immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:1311-1328. [PMID: 34611885 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are successful in providing a haemostatic platelet count in over two-thirds of patients. Still, some patients have an inadequate response and there is a need for other therapies. A number of novel therapies for ITP are currently being developed based upon the current pathophysiology of ITP. Many therapies are targetted at reducing platelet destruction by decreasing anti-platelet antibody production by immunosuppression with monoclonal antibodies targetted against CD40, CD38 and the immunoproteasome or physically reducing the anti-platelet antibody concentration by inhibition of the neonatal Fc receptor. Others target the phagocytic system by inhibiting FcγR function with staphylococcal protein A, hypersialylated IgG, polymeric Fc fragments, or Bruton kinase. With a recognition that platelet destruction is also mediated by complement, inhibitors of C1s are also being tested. Inhibition of platelet desialylation may also play a role. Other novel therapies promote platelet production with new oral thrombopoietin receptor agonists or the use of low-level laser light to improve mitochondrial activity and prevent megakaryocyte apoptosis. This review will focus on these novel mechanisms for treating ITP and assess the status of treatments currently under development. Successful new treatments for ITP might also provide a pathway to treat other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kuter
- Hematology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Spiteri VA, Goodall M, Doutch J, Rambo RP, Gor J, Perkins SJ. Solution structures of human myeloma IgG3 antibody reveal extended Fab and Fc regions relative to the other IgG subclasses. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100995. [PMID: 34302810 PMCID: PMC8371214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G subclass 3 (IgG3) possesses a uniquely long hinge region that separates its Fab antigen-binding and Fc receptor-binding regions. Owing to this hinge length, the molecular structure of full-length IgG3 remains elusive, and the role of the two conserved Fc glycosylation sites are unknown. To address these issues, we subjected glycosylated and deglycosylated human myeloma IgG3 to multidisciplinary solution structure studies. Using analytical ultracentrifugation, the elongated structure of IgG3 was determined from the reduced sedimentation coefficients s020,w of 5.82 to 6.29 S for both glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG3. X-ray and neutron scattering showed that the Guinier RG values were 6.95 nm for glycosylated IgG3 and were unchanged after deglycosylation, again indicating an elongated structure. The distance distribution function P(r) showed a maximum length of 25 to 28 nm and three distinct maxima. The molecular structure of IgG3 was determined using atomistic modeling based on molecular dynamics simulations of the IgG3 hinge and Monte Carlo simulations to identify physically realistic arrangements of the Fab and Fc regions. This resulted in libraries containing 135,135 and 73,905 glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG3 structures, respectively. Comparisons with the X-ray and neutron scattering curves gave 100 best-fit models for each form of IgG3 that accounted for the experimental scattering curves. These models revealed the first molecular structures for full-length IgG3. The structures exhibited relatively restricted Fab and Fc conformations joined by an extended semirigid hinge, which explains the potent effector functions of IgG3 relative to the other subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Spiteri
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Rambo
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Gor
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Perkins
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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7
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Pastori C, Galli L, Siracusano G, Spagnuolo V, Muccini C, Mastrangelo A, Bruzzesi E, Ranzenigo M, Chiurlo M, Castagna A, Lopalco L. Serum IgG1 and IgG4 could contribute to partial control of viral rebound in chronically HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2021; 35:1549-1559. [PMID: 33993130 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies have investigated chronically infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption (ATI, analytical therapy interruption); thus, we investigated the association between some HIV-specific antibodies and viral control. DESIGN All enrolled patients were previously described in the APACHE study. Briefly, the study was conducted on HIV-1 chronically infected patients, with HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml for at least 10 years, CD4+ cell count greater than 500 cells/μl and HIV-DNA less than 100 copies/106 PBMC. The ART regimen in use at the time of ATI was resumed at confirmed viral rebound (CVR, defined as two consecutive HIV-RNA >50 copies/ml). METHODS Collection of sera and analysis of both binding antibodies (BAbs) and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) was performed at three different time points: ATI, CVR and time of viral re-suppression after ART resumption. RESULTS IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) from the four patients with highest levels of neutralization were found to block viral infection. All patients had CVR after ATI at a median time of 21 days (14-56). After ART resumption, all the enrolled patients achieved HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml in 42 days (21-98). We observed a strong increase of either BAbs and NAbs titers from ATI to viral re-suppression in one patient, who showed the longest period of virus undetectability during ATI. In this patient, BAbs and NAbs specifically belonged to both IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses, directed to env antigen. CONCLUSION env-specific NAbs and BAbs belonging to IgG1, IgG4 subclasses could be helpful to monitor long-term responses able to control virus replication and eradicate HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pastori
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Laura Galli
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Gabriel Siracusano
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonella Castagna
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
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8
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Spiteri VA, Doutch J, Rambo RP, Gor J, Dalby PA, Perkins SJ. Solution structure of deglycosylated human IgG1 shows the role of C H2 glycans in its conformation. Biophys J 2021; 120:1814-1834. [PMID: 33675758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunoglobulin G (IgG) class is the most prevalent antibody in serum, with the IgG1 subclass being the most abundant. IgG1 is composed of two Fab regions connected to a Fc region through a 15-residue hinge peptide. Two glycan chains are conserved in the Fc region in IgG; however, their importance for the structure of intact IgG1 has remained unclear. Here, we subjected glycosylated and deglycosylated monoclonal human IgG1 (designated as A33) to a comparative multidisciplinary structural study of both forms. After deglycosylation using peptide:N-glycosidase F, analytical ultracentrifugation showed that IgG1 remained monomeric and the sedimentation coefficients s020,w of IgG1 decreased from 6.45 S by 0.16-0.27 S. This change was attributed to the reduction in mass after glycan removal. X-ray and neutron scattering revealed changes in the Guinier structural parameters after deglycosylation. Although the radius of gyration (RG) was unchanged, the cross-sectional radius of gyration (RXS-1) increased by 0.1 nm, and the commonly occurring distance peak M2 of the distance distribution curve P(r) increased by 0.4 nm. These changes revealed that the Fab-Fc separation in IgG1 was perturbed after deglycosylation. To explain these changes, atomistic scattering modeling based on Monte Carlo simulations resulted in 123,284 and 119,191 trial structures for glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG1 respectively. From these, 100 x-ray and neutron best-fit models were determined. For these, principal component analyses identified five groups of structural conformations that were different for glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG1. The Fc region in glycosylated IgG1 showed a restricted range of conformations relative to the Fab regions, whereas the Fc region in deglycosylated IgG1 showed a broader conformational spectrum. These more variable Fc conformations account for the loss of binding to the Fcγ receptor in deglycosylated IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Spiteri
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Rambo
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Gor
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Perkins
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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9
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Root AR, Guntas G, Katragadda M, Apgar JR, Narula J, Chang CS, Hanscom S, McKenna M, Wade J, Meade C, Ma W, Guo Y, Liu Y, Duan W, Hendershot C, King AC, Zhang Y, Sousa E, Tam A, Benard S, Yang H, Kelleher K, Jin F, Piche-Nicholas N, Keating SE, Narciandi F, Lawrence-Henderson R, Arai M, Stochaj WR, Svenson K, Mosyak L, Lam K, Francis C, Marquette K, Wroblewska L, Zhu HL, Sheehan AD, LaVallie ER, D’Antona AM, Betts A, King L, Rosfjord E, Cunningham O, Lin L, Sapra P, Tchistiakova L, Mathur D, Bloom L. Discovery and optimization of a novel anti-GUCY2c x CD3 bispecific antibody for the treatment of solid tumors. MAbs 2021; 13:1850395. [PMID: 33459147 PMCID: PMC7833764 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1850395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the discovery and optimization of a novel T cell retargeting anti-GUCY2C x anti-CD3ε bispecific antibody for the treatment of solid tumors. Using a combination of hybridoma, phage display and rational design protein engineering, we have developed a fully humanized and manufacturable CD3 bispecific antibody that demonstrates favorable pharmacokinetic properties and potent in vivo efficacy. Anti-GUCY2C and anti-CD3ε antibodies derived from mouse hybridomas were first humanized into well-behaved human variable region frameworks with full retention of binding and T-cell mediated cytotoxic activity. To address potential manufacturability concerns, multiple approaches were taken in parallel to optimize and de-risk the two antibody variable regions. These approaches included structure-guided rational mutagenesis and phage display-based optimization, focusing on improving stability, reducing polyreactivity and self-association potential, removing chemical liabilities and proteolytic cleavage sites, and de-risking immunogenicity. Employing rapid library construction methods as well as automated phage display and high-throughput protein production workflows enabled efficient generation of an optimized bispecific antibody with desirable manufacturability properties, high stability, and low nonspecific binding. Proteolytic cleavage and deamidation in complementarity-determining regions were also successfully addressed. Collectively, these improvements translated to a molecule with potent single-agent in vivo efficacy in a tumor cell line adoptive transfer model and a cynomolgus monkey pharmacokinetic profile (half-life>4.5 days) suitable for clinical development. Clinical evaluation of PF-07062119 is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Root
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jatin Narula
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sara Hanscom
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jason Wade
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caryl Meade
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weijun Ma
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yongjing Guo
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weili Duan
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy C. King
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Sousa
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy Tam
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan Benard
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Han Yang
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Fang Jin
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Maya Arai
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Lidia Mosyak
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - H. Lily Zhu
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alison Betts
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay King
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Edward Rosfjord
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | - Laura Lin
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | - Divya Mathur
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Laird Bloom
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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den Boer MA, Greisch JF, Tamara S, Bondt A, Heck AJR. Selectivity over coverage in de novo sequencing of IgGs. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11886-11896. [PMID: 33520151 PMCID: PMC7814886 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03438j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although incredibly diverse in specificity, millions of unique Immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules in the human antibody repertoire share most of their amino acid sequence. These constant parts of IgG do not yield any useful information in attempts to sequence antibodies de novo. Therefore, methods focusing solely on the variable regions and providing unambiguous sequence reads are strongly advantageous. We report a mass spectrometry-based method that uses electron capture dissociation (ECD) to provide straightforward-to-read sequence ladders for the variable parts of both the light and heavy chains, with a preference for the functionally important CDR3. We optimized this method on the therapeutic antibody Trastuzumab and demonstrate its applicability on two monoclonal quartets of the four IgG subclasses, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The method is based on proteolytically separating the variable F(ab')2 part from the conserved Fc part, whereafter the F(ab')2 portions are mass-analyzed and fragmented by ECD. Pure ECD, without additional collisional activation, leads to straightforward-to-read sequence tags covering the CDR3 of both the light and heavy chains. Using molecular modelling and structural analysis, we discuss and explain this selective fragmentation behavior and describe how structural features of the different IgG subclasses lead to distinct fragmentation patterns. Overall, we foresee that pure ECD on F(ab')2 or Fab molecules can become a valuable tool for the de novo sequencing of serum antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics , Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands . .,Netherlands Proteomics Center , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Francois Greisch
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics , Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands . .,Netherlands Proteomics Center , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics , Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands . .,Netherlands Proteomics Center , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bondt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics , Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands . .,Netherlands Proteomics Center , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics , Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands . .,Netherlands Proteomics Center , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Anti-complement factor H autoantibodies may be protective in lupus nephritis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:1-8. [PMID: 32387092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the role of anti-CFH autoantibodies in lupus nephritis based on a well-defined cohort. METHODS One hundred twenty patients with biopsy-proven active lupus nephritis were collected as the discovery cohort, sixty patients served as the validation cohort, thirty-four patients with SLE without renal involvement (NR-SLE) were as disease controls, and thirty healthy donors were also included. The anti-CFH autoantibodies and IgG subclasses were detected by ELISA, and epitopes were evaluated by western blot. Anti-CFH autoantibodies were purified by affinity chromatography column, and the interference on the biofunctions of CFH was further studied by the C3b binding assay and cofactor activity assay in vitro. RESULTS The prevalence of anti-CFH autoantibodies in lupus nephritis was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (8.3% (10/120) vs. 0% (0/30), P = 0.017), and no significant difference was found between the discovery and the validation group (8.3% (10/120) vs. 11.7% (7/60), P = 0.268) or the discovery and the NR-SLE group (8.3% (10/120) vs. 11.8% (4/34), P = 0.231). The subclass was mainly IgG2 (7/10), and major epitopes were in the middle (8/10 in SCRs 11-14) and N-terminal (7/10 in SCRs 1-4) regions of CFH. Patients with anti-CFH autoantibodies had a significantly lower prevalence of acute kidney injury (0% (0/10) vs. 40.0%(4/10), P = 0.025), lower serum creatinine levels (0.76 (0.40, 1.06) vs. 1.43 (0.46, 11.15), mg/dL, P = 0.023), and higher hemoglobin levels (113.8 ± 24.63 vs. 90.0 ± 22.53, g/L, P = 0.037) than those who were negative after further stratified analysis. A functional study showed that anti-CFH autoantibodies purified from patients with lupus nephritis could improve the binding between CFH and C3b, and also enhance the cofactor activity of CFH in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CFH autoantibodies were detected in patients with lupus nephritis in approximately 10% of patients with polyepitopes and IgG2 subclass predominance. Patients with anti-CFH autoantibodies presented with milder renal damage, and the purified autoantibodies could enhance the C3b binding and CFI cofactor activity of CFH in vitro, which suggested a protective role in the lupus nephritis.
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Atosuo J, Karhuvaara O, Suominen E, Vilén L, Nuutila J, Putus T. Indoor exposure to Streptomyces albus and Aspergillus versicolor elevates the levels of spore-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 serum antibodies in building users - A new ELISA-based assay for exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134335. [PMID: 31518785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Moisture-indicative microbes in buildings are associated with a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild irritation to severe clinical illnesses. These symptoms are caused principally by dried, dormant and dead microbe material like spores, mycelium and microbe metabolites, leading to the activation of the immune system and formation of the antigen-specific immunoglobulins. This activation presumably takes place through the respiratory track and is a normal immune reaction against pathogenic invaders. During continuous exposure, a prolonged state of inflammation will follow, and this forms a considerable health risk for a building's occupant. A new ELISA system utilizing spores from two species Streptomyces albus and Aspergillus versicolor as an antigen was developed to reveal the related immunological processes. In 159 persons, microbial exposure was observed to increase the levels of spore-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 serum antibody levels of individuals residing in microbe-dense buildings compared with the control reference buildings. No differences were detected in the levels of S. albus- and A. versicolor-specific serum IgA or IgM levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Atosuo
- The Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Environmental Medicine and Occupational Health, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Outi Karhuvaara
- The Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Environmental Medicine and Occupational Health, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eetu Suominen
- The Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Environmental Medicine and Occupational Health, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Vilén
- Environmental Medicine and Occupational Health, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Nuutila
- The Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Putus
- Environmental Medicine and Occupational Health, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Wright DW, Elliston ELK, Hui GK, Perkins SJ. Atomistic Modeling of Scattering Curves for Human IgG1/4 Reveals New Structure-Function Insights. Biophys J 2019; 117:2101-2119. [PMID: 31708160 PMCID: PMC6895691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small angle x-ray and neutron scattering are techniques that give solution structures for large macromolecules. The creation of physically realistic atomistic models from known high-resolution structures to determine joint x-ray and neutron scattering best-fit structures offers a, to our knowledge, new method that significantly enhances the utility of scattering. To validate this approach, we determined scattering curves for two human antibody subclasses, immunoglobulin G (IgG) 1 and IgG4, on five different x-ray and neutron instruments to show that these were reproducible, then we modeled these by Monte Carlo simulations. The two antibodies have different hinge lengths that connect their antigen-binding Fab and effector-binding Fc regions. Starting from 231,492 and 190,437 acceptable conformations for IgG1 and IgG4, respectively, joint x-ray and neutron scattering curve fits gave low goodness-of-fit R factors for 28 IgG1 and 2748 IgG4 structures that satisfied the disulphide connectivity in their hinges. These joint best-fit structures showed that the best-fit IgG1 models had a greater separation between the centers of their Fab regions than those for IgG4, in agreement with their hinge lengths of 15 and 12 residues, respectively. The resulting asymmetric IgG1 solution structures resembled its crystal structure. Both symmetric and asymmetric solution structures were determined for IgG4. Docking simulations with our best-fit IgG4 structures showed greater steric clashes with its receptor to explain its weaker FcγRI receptor binding compared to our best-fit IgG1 structures with fewer clashes and stronger receptor binding. Compared to earlier approaches for fitting molecular antibody structures by solution scattering, we conclude that this joint fit approach based on x-ray and neutron scattering data, combined with Monte Carlo simulations, significantly improved our understanding of antibody solution structures. The atomistic nature of the output extended our understanding of known functional differences in Fc receptor binding between IgG1 and IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Wright
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L K Elliston
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gar Kay Hui
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Perkins
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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