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Sodani M, Misra CS, Nigam G, Fatima Z, Kulkarni S, Rath D. MSMEG_0311 is a conserved essential polar protein involved in mycobacterium cell wall metabolism. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129583. [PMID: 38242409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell wall synthesis and cell division are two closely linked pathways in a bacterial cell which distinctly influence the growth and survival of a bacterium. This requires an appreciable coordination between the two processes, more so, in case of mycobacteria with an intricate multi-layered cell wall structure. In this study, we investigated a conserved gene cluster using CRISPR-Cas12 based gene silencing technology to show that knockdown of most of the genes in this cluster leads to growth defects. Investigating conserved genes is important as they likely perform vital cellular functions and the functional insights on such genes can be extended to other mycobacterial species. We characterised one of the genes in the locus, MSMEG_0311. The repression of this gene not only imparts severe growth defect but also changes colony morphology. We demonstrate that the protein preferentially localises to the polar region and investigate its influence on the polar growth of the bacillus. A combination of permeability and drug susceptibility assay strongly suggests a cell wall associated function of this gene which is also corroborated by transcriptomic analysis of the knockdown where a number of cell wall associated genes, particularly iniA and sigF regulon get altered. Considering the gene is highly conserved across mycobacterial species and appears to be essential for growth, it may serve as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Sodani
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chitra S Misra
- Applied Genomics Section, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurav Nigam
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Devashish Rath
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India; Applied Genomics Section, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India.
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Williams JT, Abramovitch RB. Molecular Mechanisms of MmpL3 Function and Inhibition. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:190-212. [PMID: 36809064 PMCID: PMC10171966 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria species include a large number of pathogenic organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, and various non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3) is an essential mycolic acid and lipid transporter required for growth and cell viability. In the last decade, numerous studies have characterized MmpL3 with respect to protein function, localization, regulation, and substrate/inhibitor interactions. This review summarizes new findings in the field and seeks to assess future areas of research in our rapidly expanding understanding of MmpL3 as a drug target. An atlas of known MmpL3 mutations that provide resistance to inhibitors is presented, which maps amino acid substitutions to specific structural domains of MmpL3. In addition, chemical features of distinct classes of Mmpl3 inhibitors are compared to provide insights into shared and unique features of varied MmpL3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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3
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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4
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Mokrousov I, Slavchev I, Solovieva N, Dogonadze M, Vyazovaya A, Valcheva V, Masharsky A, Belopolskaya O, Dimitrov S, Zhuravlev V, Portugal I, Perdigão J, Dobrikov GM. Molecular Insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resistance to Nitrofuranyl Amides Gained through Metagenomics-like Analysis of Spontaneous Mutants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091136. [PMID: 36145357 PMCID: PMC9504009 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed synthesis of new nitrofuranyl amides and investigated their anti-TB activity and primary genetic response of mycobacteria through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of spontaneous resistant mutants. The in vitro activity was assessed on reference strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The most active compound 11 was used for in vitro selection of spontaneous resistant mutants. The same mutations in six genes were detected in bacterial cultures grown under increased concentrations of 11 (2×, 4×, 8× MIC). The mutant positions were presented as mixed wild type and mutant alleles while increasing the concentration of the compound led to the semi-proportional and significant increase in mutant alleles. The identified genes belong to different categories and pathways. Some of them were previously reported as mediating drug resistance or drug tolerance, and counteracting oxidative and nitrosative stress, in particular: Rv0224c, fbiC, iniA, and Rv1592c. Gene-set interaction analysis revealed a certain weak interaction for gene pairs Rv1592–Rv1639c and Rv1592–Rv0224c. To conclude, this study experimentally demonstrated a multifaceted primary genetic response of M. tuberculosis to the action of nitrofurans. All three 11-treated subcultures independently presented the same six SNPs, which suggests their non-random occurrence and likely causative relationship between compound action and possible resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mokrousov
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children’s Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (G.M.D.)
| | - Ivaylo Slavchev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Natalia Solovieva
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marine Dogonadze
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Vyazovaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Violeta Valcheva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aleksey Masharsky
- Resource Center “Bio-bank Center”, Research Park of St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olesya Belopolskaya
- Resource Center “Bio-bank Center”, Research Park of St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Simeon Dimitrov
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Viacheslav Zhuravlev
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Isabel Portugal
- iMed.ULisboa–Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Perdigão
- iMed.ULisboa–Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Georgi M. Dobrikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (G.M.D.)
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de Sousa-d'Auria C, Constantinesco F, Bayan N, Constant P, Tropis M, Daffé M, Graille M, Houssin C. Cg1246, a new player in mycolic acid biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35394419 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids are key components of the complex cell envelope of Corynebacteriales. These fatty acids, conjugated to trehalose or to arabinogalactan form the backbone of the mycomembrane. While mycolic acids are essential to the survival of some species, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, their absence is not lethal for Corynebacterium glutamicum, which has been extensively used as a model to depict their biosynthesis. Mycolic acids are first synthesized on the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane and transferred onto trehalose to give trehalose monomycolate (TMM). TMM is subsequently transported to the periplasm by dedicated transporters and used by mycoloyltransferase enzymes to synthesize all the other mycolate-containing compounds. Using a random transposition mutagenesis, we recently identified a new uncharacterized protein (Cg1246) involved in mycolic acid metabolism. Cg1246 belongs to the DUF402 protein family that contains some previously characterized nucleoside phosphatases. In this study, we performed a functional and structural characterization of Cg1246. We showed that absence of the protein led to a significant reduction in the pool of TMM in C. glutamicum, resulting in a decrease in all other mycolate-containing compounds. We found that, in vitro, Cg1246 has phosphatase activity on organic pyrophosphate substrates but is most likely not a nucleoside phosphatase. Using a computational approach, we identified important residues for phosphatase activity and constructed the corresponding variants in C. glutamicum. Surprisingly complementation with these non-functional proteins fully restored the defect in TMM of the Δcg1246 mutant strain, suggesting that in vivo, the phosphatase activity is not involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia de Sousa-d'Auria
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florence Constantinesco
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Bayan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patricia Constant
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Maryelle Tropis
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Graille
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule (BIOC), CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, IP Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, Paris, France
| | - Christine Houssin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Patel O, Brammananth R, Dai W, Panjikar S, Coppel RL, Lucet IS, Crellin PK. Crystal structure of the putative cell-wall lipoglycan biosynthesis protein LmcA from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:494-508. [PMID: 35362472 PMCID: PMC8972800 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322001772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The first crystal structure of the putative cell-wall biosynthesis protein LmcA from Mycobacterium smegmatis is reported at 1.8 Å resolution. The structure revealed an elongated β-barrel fold enclosing two distinct cavities, indicating a possible lipid-binding function in lipomannan/lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis. The bacterial genus Mycobacterium includes important pathogens, most notably M. tuberculosis, which infects one-quarter of the entire human population, resulting in around 1.4 million deaths from tuberculosis each year. Mycobacteria, and the closely related corynebacteria, synthesize a class of abundant glycolipids, the phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs). PIMs serve as membrane anchors for hyperglycosylated species, lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM), which are surface-exposed and modulate the host immune response. Previously, in studies using the model species Corynebacterium glutamicum, NCgl2760 was identified as a novel membrane protein that is required for the synthesis of full-length LM and LAM. Here, the first crystal structure of its ortholog in Mycobacterium smegmatis, MSMEG_0317, is reported at 1.8 Å resolution. The structure revealed an elongated β-barrel fold enclosing two distinct cavities and one α-helix extending away from the β-barrel core, resembling a ‘cone with a flake’ arrangement. Through xenon derivatization and structural comparison with AlphaFold2-derived predictions of the M. tuberculosis homolog Rv0227c, structural elements were identified that may undergo conformational changes to switch from ‘closed’ to ‘open’ conformations, allowing cavity access. An AlphaFold2-derived NCgl2760 model predicted a smaller β-barrel core with an enclosed central cavity, suggesting that all three proteins, which were collectively termed LmcA, may have a common mechanism of ligand binding through these cavities. These findings provide new structural insights into the biosynthetic pathway for a family of surface lipoglycans with important roles in mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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7
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Pearson C, Tindall S, Potts JR, Thomas GH, van der Woude MW. Diverse functions for acyltransferase-3 proteins in the modification of bacterial cell surfaces. Microbiology (Reading) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35253642 PMCID: PMC9558356 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The acylation of sugars, most commonly via acetylation, is a widely used mechanism in bacteria that uses a simple chemical modification to confer useful traits. For structures like lipopolysaccharide, capsule and peptidoglycan, that function outside of the cytoplasm, their acylation during export or post-synthesis requires transport of an activated acyl group across the membrane. In bacteria this function is most commonly linked to a family of integral membrane proteins – acyltransferase-3 (AT3). Numerous studies examining production of diverse extracytoplasmic sugar-containing structures have identified roles for these proteins in O-acylation. Many of the phenotypes conferred by the action of AT3 proteins influence host colonisation and environmental survival, as well as controlling the properties of biotechnologically important polysaccharides and the modification of antibiotics and antitumour drugs by Actinobacteria. Herein we present the first systematic review, to our knowledge, of the functions of bacterial AT3 proteins, revealing an important protein family involved in a plethora of systems of importance to bacterial function that is still relatively poorly understood at the mechanistic level. By defining and comparing this set of functions we draw out common themes in the structure and mechanism of this fascinating family of membrane-bound enzymes, which, due to their role in host colonisation in many pathogens, could offer novel targets for the development of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Tindall
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | | | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, UK
- York Biomedical Institute, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | - Marjan W. van der Woude
- Hull York Medical School, Heslington, UK
- York Biomedical Institute, University of York, Heslington, UK
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MmpA, a Conserved Membrane Protein Required for Efficient Surface Transport of Trehalose Lipids in Corynebacterineae. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121760. [PMID: 34944401 PMCID: PMC8698533 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell walls of bacteria of the genera Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium contain high levels of (coryno)mycolic acids. These very long chain fatty acids are synthesized on the cytoplasmic leaflet of the inner membrane (IM) prior to conjugation to the disaccharide, trehalose, and transport to the periplasm. Recent studies on Corynebacterium glutamicum have shown that acetylation of trehalose monohydroxycorynomycolate (hTMCM) promotes its transport across the inner membrane. Acetylation is mediated by the membrane acetyltransferase, TmaT, and is dependent on the presence of a putative methyltransferase, MtrP. Here, we identify a third protein that is required for the acetylation and membrane transport of hTMCM. Deletion of the C. glutamicum gene NCgl2761 (Rv0226c in Mycobacterium tuberculosis) abolished synthesis of acetylated hTMCM (AcTMCM), resulting in an accumulation of hTMCM in the inner membrane and reduced synthesis of trehalose dihydroxycorynomycolate (h2TDCM), a major outer membrane glycolipid. Complementation with the NCgl2761 gene, designated here as mmpA, restored the hTMCM:h2TDCM ratio. Comprehensive lipidomic analysis of the ΔtmaT, ΔmtrP and ΔmmpA mutants revealed strikingly similar global changes in overall membrane lipid composition. Our findings suggest that the acetylation and membrane transport of hTMCM is regulated by multiple proteins: MmpA, MtrP and TmaT, and that defects in this process lead to global, potentially compensatory changes in the composition of inner and outer membranes.
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Jackson M, Stevens CM, Zhang L, Zgurskaya HI, Niederweis M. Transporters Involved in the Biogenesis and Functionalization of the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5124-5157. [PMID: 33170669 PMCID: PMC8107195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biology of mycobacteria is dominated by a complex cell envelope of unique composition and structure and of exceptionally low permeability. This cell envelope is the basis of many of the pathogenic features of mycobacteria and the site of susceptibility and resistance to many antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. This review is focused on the transporters that assemble and functionalize this complex structure. It highlights both the progress and the limits of our understanding of how (lipo)polysaccharides, (glyco)lipids, and other bacterial secretion products are translocated across the different layers of the cell envelope to their final extra-cytoplasmic location. It further describes some of the unique strategies evolved by mycobacteria to import nutrients and other products through this highly impermeable barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Casey M. Stevens
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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The role of transport proteins in the production of microbial glycolipid biosurfactants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1779-1793. [PMID: 33576882 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Several microorganisms are currently being used as production platform for glycolipid biosurfactants, providing a greener alternative to chemical biosurfactants. One of the reasons why these processes are commercially competitive is the fact that microbial producers can efficiently export their product to the extracellular environment, reaching high product titers. Glycolipid biosynthetic genes are often found in a dedicated cluster, amidst which genes encoding a dedicated transporter committed to shuttle the glycolipid to the extracellular environment are often found, as is the case for many other secondary metabolites. Knowing this, one can rely on gene clustering features to screen for novel putative transporters, as described and performed in this review. The above strategy proves to be very powerful to identify glycolipid transporters in fungi but is less valid for bacterial systems. Indeed, the genetics of these export systems are currently largely unknown, but some hints are given. Apart from the direct export of the glycolipid, several other transport systems have an indirect effect on glycolipid production. Specific importers dictate which hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates can be used for production and influence the final yields. In eukaryotes, cellular compartmentalization allows the assembly of glycolipid building blocks in a highly specialized and efficient way. Yet, this requires controlled transport across intracellular membranes. Next to the direct export of glycolipids, the current state of the art regarding this indirect involvement of transporter systems in microbial glycolipid synthesis is summarized in this review. KEY POINTS: • Transporters are directly and indirectly involved in microbial glycolipid synthesis. • Yeast glycolipid transporters are found in their biosynthetic gene cluster. • Hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrate uptake influence microbial glycolipid synthesis.
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Genome-wide identification of novel genes involved in Corynebacteriales cell envelope biogenesis using Corynebacterium glutamicum as a model. PLoS One 2021; 15:e0240497. [PMID: 33383576 PMCID: PMC7775120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacteriales are Actinobacteria that possess an atypical didermic cell envelope. One of the principal features of this cell envelope is the presence of a large complex made up of peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acids. This covalent complex constitutes the backbone of the cell wall and supports an outer membrane, called mycomembrane in reference to the mycolic acids that are its major component. The biosynthesis of the cell envelope of Corynebacteriales has been extensively studied, in particular because it is crucial for the survival of important pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is therefore a key target for anti-tuberculosis drugs. In this study, we explore the biogenesis of the cell envelope of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a non-pathogenic Corynebacteriales, which can tolerate dramatic modifications of its cell envelope as important as the loss of its mycomembrane. For this purpose, we used a genetic approach based on genome-wide transposon mutagenesis. We developed a highly effective immunological test based on the use of anti-cell wall antibodies that allowed us to rapidly identify bacteria exhibiting an altered cell envelope. A very large number (10,073) of insertional mutants were screened by means of this test, and 80 were finally selected, representing 55 different loci. Bioinformatics analyses of these loci showed that approximately 60% corresponded to genes already characterized, 63% of which are known to be directly involved in cell wall processes, and more specifically in the biosynthesis of the mycoloyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex. We identified 22 new loci potentially involved in cell envelope biogenesis, 76% of which encode putative cell envelope proteins. A mutant of particular interest was further characterized and revealed a new player in mycolic acid metabolism. Because a large proportion of the genes identified by our study is conserved in Corynebacteriales, the library described here provides a new resource of genes whose characterization could lead to a better understanding of the biosynthesis of the envelope components of these bacteria.
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12
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Daher W, Leclercq LD, Viljoen A, Karam J, Dufrêne YF, Guérardel Y, Kremer L. O-Methylation of the Glycopeptidolipid Acyl Chain Defines Surface Hydrophobicity of Mycobacterium abscessus and Macrophage Invasion. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2756-2770. [PMID: 32857488 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus, an emerging pathogen responsible for severe lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients, displays either smooth (S) or rough (R) morphotypes. The S-to-R transition is associated with reduced levels of glycopeptidolipid (GPL) production and is correlated with increased pathogenicity in animal and human hosts. While the structure of GPL is well established, its biosynthetic pathway is incomplete. In addition, the biological functions of the distinct structural parts of this complex lipid remain elusive. Herein, the fmt gene encoding a putative O-methyltransferase was deleted in the M. abscessus S variant. Subsequent biochemical and structural analyses demonstrated that methoxylation of the fatty acyl chain of GPL was abrogated in the Δfmt mutant, and this defect was rescued upon complementation with a functional fmt gene. In contrast, the introduction of fmt derivatives mutated at residues essential for methyltransferase activity failed to complement GPL defects, indicating that fmt encodes an O-methyltransferase. Unexpectedly, phenotypic analyses showed that Δfmt was more hydrophilic than its parental progenitor, as demonstrated by hexadecane-aqueous buffer partitioning and atomic force microscopy experiments with hydrophobic probes. Importantly, the invasion rate of THP-1 macrophages by Δfmt was reduced by 50% when compared to the wild-type strain. Together, these results indicate that Fmt O-methylates the lipid moiety of GPL and plays a substantial role in conditioning the surface hydrophobicity of M. abscessus as well as in the early steps of the interaction between the bacilli and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Daher
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, IRIM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Louis-David Leclercq
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jona Karam
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yann Guérardel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, IRIM, 34293 Montpellier, France
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