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Cronan JE. Lipoic acid attachment to proteins: stimulating new developments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0000524. [PMID: 38624243 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00005-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYLipoic acid-modified proteins are essential for central metabolism and pathogenesis. In recent years, the Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis lipoyl assembly pathways have been modified and extended to archaea and diverse eukaryotes including humans. These extensions include a new pathway to insert the key sulfur atoms of lipoate, several new pathways of lipoate salvage, and a novel use of lipoic acid in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Other advances are the modification of E. coli LplA for studies of protein localization and protein-protein interactions in cell biology and in enzymatic removal of lipoate from lipoyl proteins. Finally, scenarios have been put forth for the evolution of lipoate assembly in archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Cronan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Scattolini A, Grammatoglou K, Nikitjuka A, Jirgensons A, Mansilla MC, Windshügel B. Substrate Analogues Entering the Lipoic Acid Salvage Pathway via Lipoate-Protein Ligase 2 Interfere with Staphylococcus aureus Virulence. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2172-2182. [PMID: 38724014 PMCID: PMC11184557 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is an essential cofactor in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, required for the function of several multienzyme complexes such as oxoacid dehydrogenases. Prokaryotes either synthesize LA or salvage it from the environment. The salvage pathway in Staphylococcus aureus includes two lipoate-protein ligases, LplA1 and LplA2, as well as the amidotransferase LipL. In this study, we intended to hijack the salvage pathway by LA analogues that are transferred via LplA2 and LipL to the E2 subunits of various dehydrogenases, thereby resulting in nonfunctional enzymes that eventually impair viability of the bacterium. Initially, a virtual screening campaign was carried out to identify potential LA analogues that bind to LplA2. Three selected compounds affected S. aureus USA300 growth in minimal medium at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 10 μg/mL. Further analysis of the most potent compound (Lpl-004) revealed its transfer to E2 subunits of dehydrogenase complexes and a negative impact on its functionality. Growth impairment caused by Lpl-004 treatment was restored by adding products of the lipoate-dependent enzyme complexes. In addition, Caenorhabditis elegans infected with LpL-004-treated USA300 demonstrated a significantly expanded lifespan compared to worms infected with untreated bacteria. Our results provide evidence that LA analogues exploiting the LA salvage pathway represent an innovative strategy for the development of novel antimicrobial substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertina Scattolini
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas
y Técnicas, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2000FHQ Rosario, Argentina
- Departamento
de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y
Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional
de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Anna Nikitjuka
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - María Cecilia Mansilla
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas
y Técnicas, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2000FHQ Rosario, Argentina
- Departamento
de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y
Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional
de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Björn Windshügel
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Discovery
Research ScreeningPort, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
- School
of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Scattolini A, Lavatelli A, Vacchina P, Lambruschi DA, Mansilla MC, Uttaro AD. Functional characterization of the first lipoyl-relay pathway from a parasitic protozoan. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1352-1365. [PMID: 35484915 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is a sulfur-containing cofactor covalently attached to key enzymes of central metabolism in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. LA can be acquired by scavenging, mediated by a lipoate ligase, or de novo synthesized by a pathway requiring an octanoyltransferase and a lipoate synthase. A more complex pathway, referred to as "lipoyl-relay", requires two additional proteins, GcvH, the glycine cleavage system H subunit, and an amidotransferase. This route was described so far in Bacillus subtilis and related Gram positive bacteria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Homo sapiens and Caenorhabditis elegans. Using collections of S. cerevisiae and B. subtilis mutants, defective in LA metabolism, we gathered evidence that allow us to propose for the first time that lipoyl-relay pathways are also present in parasitic protozoa. By a reverse genetic approach, we assigned octanoyltransferase and amidotransferase activity to the products of Tb927.11.9390 (TblipT) and Tb927.8.630 (TblipL) genes of Trypanosoma brucei, respectively. The B. subtilis model allowed us to identify the parasite amidotransferase as the target of lipoate analogues like 8-bromo octanoic acid, explaining the complete loss of protein lipoylation and growth impairment caused by this compound in T. cruzi. This model could be instrumental for the screening of selective and more efficient chemotherapies against trypanosomiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertina Scattolini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.,Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Ocampo y Esmeralda, Predio CONICET (S2000FHQ) Rosario, Argentina
| | - Antonela Lavatelli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics
| | - Paola Vacchina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
| | - Daniel A Lambruschi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
| | - María C Mansilla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.,Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Ocampo y Esmeralda, Predio CONICET (S2000FHQ) Rosario, Argentina
| | - Antonio D Uttaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.,Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Ocampo y Esmeralda, Predio CONICET (S2000FHQ) Rosario, Argentina
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Jin J, Chen H, Wang N, Zhu K, Liu H, Shi D, Xin J, Liu H. A Novel Lipoate-Protein Ligase, Mhp-LplJ, Is Required for Lipoic Acid Metabolism in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:631433. [PMID: 33584596 PMCID: PMC7873978 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.631433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoic acid is a conserved cofactor necessary for the activation of several critical enzyme complexes in the aerobic metabolism of 2-oxoacids and one-carbon metabolism. Lipoate metabolism enzymes are key for lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage. In this study, we found that Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) Mhp-Lpl, which had been previously shown to have lipoate-protein ligase activity against glycine cleavage system H protein (GcvH) in vitro, did not lipoylate the lipoate-dependent subunit of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (PdhD). Further studies indicated that a new putative lipoate-protein ligase in M. hyopneumoniae, MHP_RS00640 (Mhp-LplJ), catalyzes free lipoic acid attachment to PdhD in vitro. In a model organism, Mhp-LplJ exhibited lipoate and octanoate ligase activities against PdhD. When the enzyme activity of Mhp-LplJ was disrupted by lipoic acid analogs, 8-bromooctanoic acid (8-BrO) and 6,8-dichlorooctanoate (6,8-diClO), M. hyopneumoniae growth was arrested in vitro. Taken together, these results indicate that Mhp-LplJ plays a vital role in lipoic acid metabolism of M. hyopneumoniae, which is of great significance to further understand the metabolism of M. hyopneumoniae and develop new antimicrobials against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and SUSTech-HKU Joint Laboratories for Matrix Biology and Diseases, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kemeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Kingchow, China
| | - Dongfang Shi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Henggui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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