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Csáki R, Nagaraj C, Almássy J, Khozeimeh MA, Jeremic D, Olschewski H, Dobolyi A, Hoetzenecker K, Olschewski A, Enyedi P, Lengyel M. The TREK-1 potassium channel is a potential pharmacological target for vasorelaxation in pulmonary hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38807478 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease in which chronic membrane potential (Em) depolarisation of the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) causes calcium overload, a key pathological alteration. Under resting conditions, the negative Em is mainly set by two pore domain potassium (K2P) channels, of which the TASK-1 has been extensively investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Ion channel currents and membrane potential of primary cultured human(h) PASMCs were measured using the voltage- and current clamp methods. Intracellular [Ca2+] was monitored using fluorescent microscopy. Pulmonary BP and vascular tone measurements were also performed ex vivo using a rat PAH model. KEY RESULTS TREK-1 was the most abundantly expressed K2P in hPASMCs of healthy donors and idiopathic(I) PAH patients. Background K+-current was similar in hPASMCs for both groups and significantly enhanced by the TREK activator ML-335. In donor hPASMCs, siRNA silencing or pharmacological inhibition of TREK-1 caused depolarisation, reminiscent of the electrophysiological phenotype of idiopathic PAH. ML-335 hyperpolarised donor hPASMCs and normalised the Em of IPAH hPASMCs. A close link was found between TREK-1 activity and intracellular Ca2+-signalling using a channel activator, ML-335, and an inhibitor, spadin. In the rat, ML-335 relaxed isolated pre-constricted pulmonary arteries and significantly decreased pulmonary arterial pressure in the isolated perfused lung. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that TREK-1is a key factor in Em setting and Ca2+ homeostasis of hPASMC, and therefore, essential for maintenance of a low resting pulmonary vascular tone. Thus TREK-1 may represent a new therapeutic target for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Csáki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - János Almássy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Dusan Jeremic
- Experimental Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alice Dobolyi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Experimental Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Péter Enyedi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Lengyel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Della Pietra A, Gómez Dabó L, Mikulenka P, Espinoza-Vinces C, Vuralli D, Baytekin I, Martelletti P, Giniatullin R. Mechanosensitive receptors in migraine: a systematic review. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:6. [PMID: 38221631 PMCID: PMC10788982 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder with pain profile, suggesting exaggerated mechanosensation. Mechanosensitive receptors of different families, which specifically respond to various mechanical stimuli, have gathered increasing attention due to their potential role in migraine related nociception. Understanding these mechanisms is of principal importance for improved therapeutic strategies. This systematic review comprehensively examines the involvement of mechanosensitive mechanisms in migraine pain pathways. METHODS A systematic search across the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Medline was conducted on 8th August 2023 for the period from 2000 to 2023, according to PRISMA guidelines. The review was constructed following a meticulous evaluation by two authors who independently applied rigorous inclusion criteria and quality assessments to the selected studies, upon which all authors collectively wrote the review. RESULTS We identified 36 relevant studies with our analysis. Additionally, 3 more studies were selected by literature search. The 39 papers included in this systematic review cover the role of the putative mechanosensitive Piezo and K2P, as well as ASICs, NMDA, and TRP family of channels in the migraine pain cascade. The outcome of the available knowledge, including mainly preclinical animal models of migraine and few clinical studies, underscores the intricate relationship between mechanosensitive receptors and migraine pain symptoms. The review presents the mechanisms of activation of mechanosensitive receptors that may be involved in the generation of nociceptive signals and migraine associated clinical symptoms. The gender differences of targeting these receptors as potential therapeutic interventions are also acknowledged as well as the challenges related to respective drug development. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this analysis identified key molecular players and uncovered significant gaps in our understanding of mechanotransduction in migraine. This review offers a foundation for filling these gaps and suggests novel therapeutic options for migraine treatments based on achievements in the emerging field of mechano-neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Della Pietra
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Gómez Dabó
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Petr Mikulenka
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Doga Vuralli
- Department of Neurology and Algology, Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence, Neuropsychiatry Center, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Isil Baytekin
- Department of Neurology, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Paolo Martelletti
- School of Health Sciences, Unitelma Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Kim SS, Park J, Kim E, Hwang EM, Park JY. β-COP Suppresses the Surface Expression of the TREK2. Cells 2023; 12:1500. [PMID: 37296621 PMCID: PMC10252889 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
K2P channels, also known as two-pore domain K+ channels, play a crucial role in maintaining the cell membrane potential and contributing to potassium homeostasis due to their leaky nature. The TREK, or tandem of pore domains in a weak inward rectifying K+ channel (TWIK)-related K+ channel, subfamily within the K2P family consists of mechanical channels regulated by various stimuli and binding proteins. Although TREK1 and TREK2 within the TREK subfamily share many similarities, β-COP, which was previously known to bind to TREK1, exhibits a distinct binding pattern to other members of the TREK subfamily, including TREK2 and the TRAAK (TWIK-related acid-arachidonic activated K+ channel). In contrast to TREK1, β-COP binds to the C-terminus of TREK2 and reduces its cell surface expression but does not bind to TRAAK. Furthermore, β-COP cannot bind to TREK2 mutants with deletions or point mutations in the C-terminus and does not affect the surface expression of these TREK2 mutants. These results emphasize the unique role of β-COP in regulating the surface expression of the TREK family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Seop Kim
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (S.-S.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Jimin Park
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (S.-S.K.); (J.P.)
- BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Kim
- Brain Science Institute (BSI), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Brain Science Institute (BSI), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (S.-S.K.); (J.P.)
- BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- ASTRION, Inc., Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ullrich J, Ohlhoff C, Dondapati SK, Zemella A, Kubick S. Evaluation of the Ion Channel Assembly in a Eukaryotic Cell-Free System Focusing on Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channels K2P. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076299. [PMID: 37047271 PMCID: PMC10094441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric ion channels are abundant in nature. However, the recombinant expression in cell culture-based systems remains tedious and challenging due to negative side effects, limiting the understanding of their role in health and disease. Accordingly, in this work, we demonstrate the cell-free synthesis (CFS) as an alternative platform to study the assembly of two-pore domain potassium channels (K2P) within endogenous endoplasmic reticulum-derived microsomes. Exploiting the open nature of CFS, we investigate the cotranslational translocation of TREK-2 into the microsomes and suggest a cotranslational assembly with typical single-channel behavior in planar lipid-bilayer electrophysiology. The heteromeric assembly of K2P channels is a contentious matter, accordingly we prove the successful assembly of TREK-2 with TWIK-1 using a biomolecular fluorescence complementation assay, Western blot analysis and autoradiography. The results demonstrate that TREK-2 homodimer assembly is the initial step, followed by heterodimer formation with the nascent TWIK-1, providing evidence of the intergroup heterodimerization of TREK-2 and TWIK-1 in eukaryotic CFS. Since K2P channels are involved in various pathophysiological conditions, including pain and nociception, CFS paves the way for in-depth functional studies and related pharmacological interventions. This study highlights the versatility of the eukaryotic CFS platform for investigating ion channel assembly in a native-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ullrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Ohlhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Srujan Kumar Dondapati
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne Zemella
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Huang Y, Chen SR, Pan HL. Calcineurin Regulates Synaptic Plasticity and Nociceptive Transmission at the Spinal Cord Level. Neuroscientist 2022; 28:628-638. [PMID: 34791930 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211046888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin, the predominant Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase (also known as protein phosphatase 2B), is highly expressed in immune T cells and the nervous system, including the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. It controls synaptic transmission and plasticity by maintaining the appropriate phosphorylation status of many ion channels present at presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. As such, normal calcineurin activity in neurons and synapses is mainly involved in negative feedback regulation in response to increased neuronal activity and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., cyclosporine and tacrolimus) are widely used as immunosuppressants in tissue and organ transplantation recipients and for treating autoimmune diseases but can cause severe pain in some patients. Furthermore, diminished calcineurin activity at the spinal cord level may play a major role in the transition from acute to chronic neuropathic pain after nerve injury. Restoring calcineurin activity at the spinal cord level produces long-lasting pain relief in animal models of neuropathic pain. In this article, we provide an overview of recent studies on the critical roles of calcineurin in regulating glutamate NMDA and AMPA receptors, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, potassium channels, and transient receptor potential channels expressed in the spinal dorsal horn and primary sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Huang
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Herrera-Pérez S, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Campos-Ríos A, Fernández-Fernández D, Lamas J. Antiarrhythmic calcium channel blocker verapamil inhibits trek currents in sympathetic neurons. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:997188. [PMID: 36188584 PMCID: PMC9522527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Verapamil, a drug widely used in certain cardiac pathologies, exert its therapeutic effect mainly through the blockade of cardiac L-type calcium channels. However, we also know that both voltage-dependent and certain potassium channels are blocked by verapamil. Because sympathetic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) are known to express a good variety of potassium currents, and to finely tune cardiac activity, we speculated that the effect of verapamil on these SCG potassium channels could explain part of the therapeutic action of this drug. To address this question, we decided to study, the effects of verapamil on three different potassium currents observed in SCG neurons: delayed rectifier, A-type and TREK (a subfamily of K2P channels) currents. We also investigated the effect of verapamil on the electrical behavior of sympathetic SCG neurons. Experimental Approach: We employed the Patch-Clamp technique to mouse SCG neurons in culture. Key Results: We found that verapamil depolarizes of the resting membrane potential of SCG neurons. Moreover, we demonstrated that this drug also inhibits A-type potassium currents. Finally, and most importantly, we revealed that the current driven through TREK channels is also inhibited in the presence of verapamil. Conclusion and Implications: We have shown that verapamil causes a clear alteration of excitability in sympathetic nerve cells. This fact undoubtedly leads to an alteration of the sympathetic-parasympathetic balance which may affect cardiac function. Therefore, we propose that these possible peripheral alterations in the autonomic system should be taken into consideration in the prescription of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Herrera-Pérez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Grupo de Neurofisiología Experimental y Circuitos Neuronales, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
- *Correspondence: S. Herrera-Pérez, ; J. A. Lamas,
| | - L. Rueda-Ruzafa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | - A. Campos-Ríos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | | | - J.A. Lamas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: S. Herrera-Pérez, ; J. A. Lamas,
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7
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Khoubza L, Gilbert N, Kim EJ, Chatelain FC, Feliciangeli S, Abelanet S, Kang D, Lesage F, Bichet D. Alkaline-sensitive two-pore domain potassium channels form functional heteromers in pancreatic β-cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102447. [PMID: 36063992 PMCID: PMC9520024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore domain K+ channels (K2P channels), active as dimers, produce inhibitory currents regulated by a variety of stimuli. Among them, TWIK1-related alkalinization-activated K+ channel 1 (TALK1), TWIK1-related alkalinization-activated K+ channel 2 (TALK2), and TWIK1-related acid-sensitive K+ channel 2 (TASK2) form a subfamily of structurally related K2P channels stimulated by extracellular alkalosis. The human genes encoding these proteins are clustered at chromosomal region 6p21 and coexpressed in multiple tissues, including the pancreas. The question whether these channels form functional heteromers remained open. By analyzing single-cell transcriptomic data, we show that these channels are coexpressed in insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. Using in situ proximity ligation assay and electrophysiology, we show that they form functional heterodimers both upon heterologous expression and under native conditions in human pancreatic β-cells. We demonstrate that heteromerization of TALK2 with TALK1 or with TASK2 endows TALK2 with sensitivity to extracellular alkalosis in the physiological range. We further show that the association of TASK2 with TALK1 and TALK2 increases their unitary conductance. These results provide a new example of heteromerization in the K2P channel family expanding the range of the potential physiological and pathophysiological roles of TALK1/TALK2/TASK2 channels, not only in insulin-secreting cells but also in the many other tissues in which they are coexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamyaa Khoubza
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Gilbert
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, Valbonne, France
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Franck C Chatelain
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, Valbonne, France
| | - Sylvain Feliciangeli
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, Valbonne, France; Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Abelanet
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, Valbonne, France
| | - Dawon Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Florian Lesage
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, Valbonne, France; Inserm, Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Bichet
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, Valbonne, France
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8
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Regulation of Two-Pore-Domain Potassium TREK Channels and their Involvement in Pain Perception and Migraine. Neurosci Lett 2022; 773:136494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Mini-Review: Two Brothers in Crime - The Interplay of TRESK and TREK in Human Diseases. Neurosci Lett 2021; 769:136376. [PMID: 34852287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TWIK-related spinal cord potassium (TRESK) and TWIK-related potassium (TREK) channels are both subfamilies of the two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel group. Despite major structural, pharmacological, as well as biophysical differences, emerging data suggest that channels of these two subfamilies are functionally more closely related than previously assumed. Recent studies, for instance, indicate an assembling of TRESK and TREK subunits, leading to the formation of heterodimeric channels with different functional properties compared to homodimeric ones. Formation of tandems consisting of TRESK and TREK subunits might thus multiply the functional diversity of both TRESK and TREK activity. Based on the involvement of these channels in the pathophysiology of migraine, we here highlight the role as well as the impact of the interplay of TRESK and TREK subunits in the context of different disease settings. In this regard, we focus on their involvement in migraine and pain syndromes, as well as on their influence on (neuro-)inflammatory processes. Furthermore, we describe the potential implications for innovative therapeutic strategies that take advantage of TRESK and TREK modulation as well as obstacles encountered in the development of therapies related to the aforementioned diseases.
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10
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Mathie A, Veale EL, Golluscio A, Holden RG, Walsh Y. Pharmacological Approaches to Studying Potassium Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 267:83-111. [PMID: 34195873 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the pharmacology of potassium channels from the perspective of these channels as therapeutic targets. Firstly, we describe the three main families of potassium channels in humans and disease states where they are implicated. Secondly, we describe the existing therapeutic agents which act on potassium channels and outline why these channels represent an under-exploited therapeutic target with potential for future drug development. Thirdly, we consider the evidence desired in order to embark on a drug discovery programme targeting a particular potassium channel. We have chosen two "case studies": activators of the two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel TREK-2 (K2P10.1), for the treatment of pain and inhibitors of the voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3, for use in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. We describe the evidence base to suggest why these are viable therapeutic targets. Finally, we detail the main technical approaches available to characterise the pharmacology of potassium channels and identify novel regulatory compounds. We draw particular attention to the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay initiative (CiPA, https://cipaproject.org ) project for cardiac safety, as an example of what might be both desirable and possible in the future, for ion channel regulator discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Mathie
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK. .,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK. .,School of Engineering, Arts, Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK.
| | - Emma L Veale
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Alessia Golluscio
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Robyn G Holden
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Yvonne Walsh
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK
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11
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Singh S, Agarwal P, Ravichandiran V. Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel in Neurological Disorders. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:367-380. [PMID: 34169340 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
K2P channel is the leaky potassium channel that is critical to keep up the negative resting membrane potential for legitimate electrical conductivity of the excitable tissues. Recently, many substances and medication elements are discovered that could either straightforwardly or in a roundabout way influence the 15 distinctive K+ ion channels including TWIK, TREK, TASK, TALK, THIK, and TRESK. Opening and shutting of these channels or any adjustment in their conduct is thought to alter the pathophysiological condition of CNS. There is no document available till now to explain in detail about the molecular mechanism of agents acting on K2P channel. Accordingly, in this review we cover the current research and mechanism of action of these channels, we have also tried to mention the detailed effect of drugs and how the channel behavior changes by focusing on recent advances regarding activation and modulation of ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial Area, Hajipur, District, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India.
| | - Punita Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial Area, Hajipur, District, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial Area, Hajipur, District, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
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12
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Khoubza L, Chatelain FC, Feliciangeli S, Lesage F, Bichet D. Physiological roles of heteromerization: focus on the two-pore domain potassium channels. J Physiol 2021; 599:1041-1055. [PMID: 33347640 DOI: 10.1113/jp279870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium channels form the largest family of ion channels with more than 80 members involved in cell excitability and signalling. Most of them exist as homomeric channels, whereas specific conditions are required to obtain heteromeric channels. It is well established that heteromerization of voltage-gated and inward rectifier potassium channels affects their function, increasing the diversity of the native potassium currents. For potassium channels with two pore domains (K2P ), homomerization has long been considered the rule, their polymodal regulation by a wide diversity of physical and chemical stimuli being responsible for the adaptation of the leak potassium currents to cellular needs. This view has recently evolved with the accumulation of evidence of heteromerization between different K2P subunits. Several functional intragroup and intergroup heteromers have recently been identified, which contribute to the functional heterogeneity of this family. K2P heteromerization is involved in the modulation of channel expression and trafficking, promoting functional and signalling diversity. As illustrated in the Abstract Figure, heteromerization of TREK1 and TRAAK provides the cell with more possibilities of regulation. It is becoming increasingly evident that K2P heteromers contribute to important physiological functions including neuronal and cardiac excitability. Since heteromerization also affects the pharmacology of K2P channels, this understanding helps to establish K2P heteromers as new therapeutic targets for physiopathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamyaa Khoubza
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, 660 route des Lucioles 06650 Valbonne, France
| | - Franck C Chatelain
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, 660 route des Lucioles 06650 Valbonne, France
| | - Sylvain Feliciangeli
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, 660 route des Lucioles 06650 Valbonne, France.,Inserm, 101 rue de Tolbiac, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Florian Lesage
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, 660 route des Lucioles 06650 Valbonne, France.,Inserm, 101 rue de Tolbiac, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bichet
- Université côte d'Azur, IPMC CNRS UMR7275, Laboratory of Excellence ICST, 660 route des Lucioles 06650 Valbonne, France
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