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Jiang Y, Chang Z, Xu Y, Zhan X, Wang Y, Gao M. Advances in molecular enzymology of β-1,3-glucanases: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135349. [PMID: 39242004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
β-1,3-Glucanases are essential enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of β-1,3-glucans, with significant biological and industrial relevance. These enzymes are derived from diverse sources, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, each exhibiting unique substrate specificities and biochemical properties. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the natural sources and ecological roles of β-1,3-glucanases, exploring their enzymatic properties such as optimal pH, temperature, molecular weight, isoelectric points, and kinetic parameters, which are crucial for understanding their functionality and stability. Advances in molecular enzymology are discussed, focusing on gene cloning, expression in systems like Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris, and structural-functional relationships. The reaction mechanisms and the role of non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules in enhancing substrate hydrolysis are examined. Industrial applications of β-1,3-glucanases are highlighted, including the production of β-1,3-glucooligosaccharides, uses in the food industry, biological control of plant pathogens, and nutritional roles. This review aims to provide a foundation for future research, improving the efficiency and robustness of β-1,3-glucanases for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jiang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zepeng Chang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Minjie Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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2
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You Y, Kong H, Li C, Gu Z, Ban X, Li Z. Carbohydrate binding modules: Compact yet potent accessories in the specific substrate binding and performance evolution of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108365. [PMID: 38677391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are independent non-catalytic domains widely found in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and they play an essential role in the substrate binding process of CAZymes by guiding the appended catalytic modules to the target substrates. Owing to their precise recognition and selective affinity for different substrates, CBMs have received increasing research attention over the past few decades. To date, CBMs from different origins have formed a large number of families that show a variety of substrate types, structural features, and ligand recognition mechanisms. Moreover, through the modification of specific sites of CBMs and the fusion of heterologous CBMs with catalytic domains, improved enzymatic properties and catalytic patterns of numerous CAZymes have been achieved. Based on cutting-edge technologies in computational biology, gene editing, and protein engineering, CBMs as auxiliary components have become portable and efficient tools for the evolution and application of CAZymes. With the aim to provide a theoretical reference for the functional research, rational design, and targeted utilization of novel CBMs in the future, we systematically reviewed the function-related characteristics and potentials of CAZyme-derived CBMs in this review, including substrate recognition and binding mechanisms, non-catalytic contributions to enzyme performances, module modifications, and innovative applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Haocun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China.
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Kuga T, Sunagawa N, Igarashi K. Effect of Free Cysteine Residues to Serine Mutation on Cellodextrin Phosphorylase. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2024; 71:37-46. [PMID: 38863949 PMCID: PMC11163329 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2023_0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP) plays a key role in energy-efficient cellulose metabolism of anaerobic bacteria by catalyzing phosphorolysis of cellodextrin to produce cellobiose and glucose 1-phosphate, which can be utilized for glycolysis without consumption of additional ATP. As the enzymatic phosphorolysis reaction is reversible, CDP is also employed to produce cellulosic materials in vitro. However, the enzyme is rapidly inactivated by oxidation, which hinders in vitro utilization in aerobic environments. It has been suggested that the cysteine residues of CDP, which do not form disulfide bonds, are responsible for the loss of activity, and the aim of the present work was to test this idea. For this purpose, we replaced all 11 free cysteine residues of CDP from Acetivibrio thermocellus (formerly known as Clostridium thermocellum) with serine, which structurally resembles cysteine in our previous work. Herein, we show that the resulting CDP variant, named CDP-CS, has comparable activity to the wild-type enzyme, but shows increased stability to oxidation during long-term storage. X-Ray crystallography indicated that the mutations did not markedly alter the overall structure of the enzyme. Ensemble refinement of the crystal structures of CDP and CDP-CS indicated that the C372S and C625S mutations reduce structural fluctuations in the protein main chain, which may contribute to the increased stability of CDP-CS to oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kuga
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Naoki Sunagawa
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Liu H, Huang M, Wei S, Wang X, Zhao Y, Han Z, Ye X, Li Z, Ji Y, Cui Z, Huang Y. Characterization of a multi-domain exo-β-1,3-galactanase from Paenibacillus xylanexedens. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131413. [PMID: 38582482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
β-1,3-Galactanases selectively degrade β-1,3-galactan, thus it is an attractive enzyme technique to map high-galactan structure and prepare galactooligosaccharides. In this work, a gene encoding exo-β-1,3-galactanase (PxGal43) was screened form Paenibacillus xylanexedens, consisting of a GH43 domain, a CBM32 domain and α-L-arabinofuranosidase B (AbfB) domain. Using β-1,3-galactan (AG-II-P) as substrate, the recombined enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) exhibited an optimal activity at pH 7.0 and 30 °C. The enzyme was thermostable, retaining >70 % activity after incubating at 50 °C for 2 h. In addition, it showed high tolerance to various metal ions, denaturants and detergents. Substrate specificity indicated that PxGal43 hydrolysis only β-1,3-linked galactosyl oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, releasing galactose as an exo-acting manner. The function of the CBM32 and AbfB domain was revealed by their sequential deletion and suggested that their connection to the catalytic domain was crucial for the oligomerization, catalytic activity, substrate binding and thermal stability of PxGal43. The substrate docking and site-directed mutagenesis proposed that Glu191, Gln244, Asp138 and Glu81 served as the catalytic acid, catalytic base, pKa modulator, and substrate identifier in PxGal43, respectively. These results provide a better understanding and optimization of multi-domain bacterial GH43 β-1,3-galactanase for the degradation of arabinogalactan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Ji
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Gao J, Zheng H, Wang X, Li Y. Characterization of a novel GH26 β-mannanase from Paenibacillus polymyxa and its application in the production of mannooligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110197. [PMID: 36680817 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel glycoside hydrolase family 26 β-mannanase gene ppman26a was cloned from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1. The full-length enzyme PpMan26A and its truncated products CBM35pp (aa 35-328) and PpMan26A-Δ205 (aa 206-656) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. PpMan26A hydrolyzed locust bean gum, guar gum, konjac gum and ivory nut mannan, with the highest specific activity toward konjac gum. The Km and kcat values for konjac gum were 2.13 mg/mL and 416.66 s-1, respectively. The oligosaccharides fraction obtained from the hydrolysis of konjac gum by PpMan26A was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF-MS). The degradation products were mainly mannooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of 3-8. CBM35pp exerted strong binding activity toward mannans but without β-mannanase activity. PpMan26A-Δ205, with the deletion of the N-terminal CBM domain, showed lower substrate binding capacity, resulting in reduced enzymatic activity and thermostability. This study complements our understanding of GH26 β-mannanases and expands the potential industrial application of PpMan26A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| | - Haolei Zheng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Yumei Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
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Kikuchi A, Hara K, Yoshimi Y, Soga K, Takahashi D, Kotake T. In vivo structural modification of type II arabinogalactans with fungal endo-β-1, 6-galactanase in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1010492. [PMID: 36438144 PMCID: PMC9682044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are mysterious extracellular glycoproteins in plants. Although AGPs are highly conserved, their molecular functions remain obscure. The physiological importance of AGPs has been extensively demonstrated with β-Yariv reagent, which specifically binds to AGPs and upon introduction into cells, causes various deleterious effects including growth inhibition and programmed cell death. However, structural features of AGPs that determine their functions have not been identified with β-Yariv reagent. It is known that AGPs are decorated with large type II arabinogalactans (AGs), which are necessary for their functions. Type II AGs consist of a β-1,3-galactan main chain and β-1,6-galactan side chains with auxiliary sugar residues such as L-arabinose and 4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid. While most side chains are short, long side chains such as β-1,6-galactohexaose (β-1,6-Gal6) also exist in type II AGs. To gain insight into the structures important for AGP functions, in vivo structural modification of β-1,6-galactan side chains was performed in Arabidopsis. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a fungal endo-β-1,6-galactanase, Tv6GAL, that degrades long side chains specifically under the control of dexamethasone (Dex). Two of 6 transgenic lines obtained showed more than 40 times activity of endo-β-1,6-galactanase when treated with Dex. Structural analysis indicated that long side chains such as β-1,6-Gal5 and β-1,6-Gal6 were significantly reduced compared to wild-type plants. Tv6GAL induction caused retarded growth of seedlings, which had a reduced amount of cellulose in cell walls. These results suggest that long β-1,6-galactan side chains are necessary for normal cellulose synthesis and/or deposition as their defect affects cell growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Kikuchi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Green Bioscience Research Center, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Villa-Rivera MG, Cano-Camacho H, López-Romero E, Zavala-Páramo MG. The Role of Arabinogalactan Type II Degradation in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730543. [PMID: 34512607 PMCID: PMC8424115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactans (AGs) are structural polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. A small proportion of the AGs are associated with hemicellulose and pectin. Furthermore, AGs are associated with proteins forming the so-called arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which can be found in the plant cell wall or attached through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor to the plasma membrane. AGPs are a family of highly glycosylated proteins grouped with cell wall proteins rich in hydroxyproline. These glycoproteins have important and diverse functions in plants, such as growth, cellular differentiation, signaling, and microbe-plant interactions, and several reports suggest that carbohydrate components are crucial for AGP functions. In beneficial plant-microbe interactions, AGPs attract symbiotic species of fungi or bacteria, promote the development of infectious structures and the colonization of root tips, and furthermore, these interactions can activate plant defense mechanisms. On the other hand, plants secrete and accumulate AGPs at infection sites, creating cross-links with pectin. As part of the plant cell wall degradation machinery, beneficial and pathogenic fungi and bacteria can produce the enzymes necessary for the complete depolymerization of AGs including endo-β-(1,3), β-(1,4) and β-(1,6)-galactanases, β-(1,3/1,6) galactanases, α-L-arabinofuranosidases, β-L-arabinopyranosidases, and β-D-glucuronidases. These hydrolytic enzymes are secreted during plant-pathogen interactions and could have implications for the function of AGPs. It has been proposed that AGPs could prevent infection by pathogenic microorganisms because their degradation products generated by hydrolytic enzymes of pathogens function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) eliciting the plant defense response. In this review, we describe the structure and function of AGs and AGPs as components of the plant cell wall. Additionally, we describe the set of enzymes secreted by microorganisms to degrade AGs from AGPs and its possible implication for plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Horacio Cano-Camacho
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Zavala-Páramo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
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