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Viksna J, Cerans K, Lace L, Melkus G. Characterizing behavioural differentiation in gene regulatory networks with representation graphs. NAR Genom Bioinform 2024; 6:lqae102. [PMID: 39131820 PMCID: PMC11310862 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We introduce the formal notion of representation graphs, encapsulating the state space structure of gene regulatory network models in a compact and concise form that highlights the most significant features of stable states and differentiation processes leading to distinct stability regions. The concept has been developed in the context of a hybrid system-based gene network modelling framework; however, we anticipate that it can also be adapted to other approaches of modelling gene networks in discrete terms. We describe a practical algorithm for representation graph computation as well as two case studies demonstrating their real-world application and utility. The first case study presents models for three phage viruses. It shows that the process of differentiation into lytic and lysogenic behavioural states for all these models is described by the same representation graph despite the distinctive underlying mechanisms for differentiation. The second case study shows the advantages of our approach for modelling the process of myeloid cell differentiation from a common progenitor into different cell types. Both case studies also demonstrate the potential of the representation graph approach for deriving and validating hypotheses about regulatory interactions that must be satisfied for biologically viable behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juris Viksna
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, Raina bulvaris 29, Riga LV1459, Latvia
| | - Karlis Cerans
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, Raina bulvaris 29, Riga LV1459, Latvia
| | - Lelde Lace
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, Raina bulvaris 29, Riga LV1459, Latvia
| | - Gatis Melkus
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, Raina bulvaris 29, Riga LV1459, Latvia
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2
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Nguyen TVP, Wu Y, Yao T, Trinh JT, Zeng L, Chemla YR, Golding I. Coinfecting phages impede each other's entry into the cell. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2841-2853.e18. [PMID: 38878771 PMCID: PMC11233250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The developmental choice made by temperate phages, between cell death (lysis) and viral dormancy (lysogeny), is influenced by the relative abundance of viruses and hosts in the environment. The paradigm for this abundance-driven decision is phage lambda of E. coli, whose propensity to lysogenize increases with the number of viruses coinfecting the same bacterium. It is believed that lambda uses this number to infer whether phages or bacteria outnumber each other. However, this interpretation is premised on an accurate mapping between the extracellular phage-to-bacteria ratio and the intracellular multiplicity of infection (MOI). Here, we show this premise to be faulty. By simultaneously labeling phage capsids and genomes, we find that, while the number of phages landing on each cell reliably samples the population ratio, the number of phages entering the cell does not. Single-cell infections, performed in a microfluidic device and interpreted using a stochastic model, reveal that the probability and rate of phage entry decrease with the number of adsorbed phages. This decrease reflects an MOI-dependent perturbation to host physiology caused by phage attachment, as evidenced by compromised membrane integrity and loss of membrane potential. The dependence of entry dynamics on the surrounding medium results in a strong impact on the infection outcome, while the protracted entry of coinfecting phages increases the heterogeneity in infection outcome at a given MOI. Our findings in lambda, and similar results we obtained for phages T5 and P1, demonstrate the previously unappreciated role played by entry dynamics in determining the outcome of bacteriophage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Vu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tianyou Yao
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jimmy T Trinh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lanying Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yann R Chemla
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ido Golding
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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3
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Ye Y, Zhang L, Hong X, Chen M, Liu X, Zhou S. Interspecies ecological competition rejuvenates decayed Geobacter electroactive biofilm. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae118. [PMID: 38916438 PMCID: PMC11227281 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) exploit electroactive biofilms (EABs) for promising applications in biosensing, wastewater treatment, energy production, and chemical biosynthesis. However, during the operation of BESs, EABs inevitably decay. Seeking approaches to rejuvenate decayed EABs is critical for the sustainability and practical application of BESs. Prophage induction has been recognized as the primary reason for EAB decay. Herein, we report that introducing a competitive species of Geobacter uraniireducens suspended prophage induction in Geobacter sulfurreducens and thereby rejuvenated the decayed G. sulfurreducens EAB. The transcriptomic profile of G. sulfurreducens demonstrated that the addition of G. uraniireducens significantly affected the expression of metabolism- and stress response system-related genes and in particular suppressed the induction of phage-related genes. Mechanistic analyses revealed that interspecies ecological competition exerted by G. uraniireducens suppressed prophage induction. Our findings not only reveal a novel strategy to rejuvenate decayed EABs, which is significant for the sustainability of BESs, but also provide new knowledge for understanding phage-host interactions from an ecological perspective, with implications for developing therapies to defend against phage attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaohui Hong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Man Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Nguyen TVP, Wu Y, Yao T, Trinh JT, Zeng L, Chemla YR, Golding I. CO-INFECTING PHAGES IMPEDE EACH OTHER'S ENTRY INTO THE CELL. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543643. [PMID: 37333217 PMCID: PMC10274716 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage lambda tunes its propensity to lysogenize based on the number of viral genome copies inside the infected cell. Viral self-counting is believed to serve as a way of inferring the abundance of available hosts in the environment. This interpretation is premised on an accurate mapping between the extracellular phage-to-bacteria ratio and the intracellular multiplicity of infection (MOI). However, here we show this premise to be untrue. By simultaneously labeling phage capsids and genomes, we find that, while the number of phages landing on each cell reliably samples the population ratio, the number of phages entering the cell does not. Single-cell infections, followed in a microfluidic device and interpreted using a stochastic model, reveal that the probability and rate of individual phage entries decrease with MOI. This decrease reflects an MOI-dependent perturbation to host physiology caused by phage landing, evidenced by compromised membrane integrity and loss of membrane potential. The dependence of phage entry dynamics on the surrounding medium is found to result in a strong impact of environmental conditions on the infection outcome, while the protracted entry of co-infecting phages increases the cell-to-cell variability in infection outcome at a given MOI. Our findings demonstrate the previously unappreciated role played by entry dynamics in determining the outcome of bacteriophage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Vu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tianyou Yao
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jimmy T. Trinh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lanying Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yann R. Chemla
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ido Golding
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Evseev P, Lukianova A, Tarakanov R, Tokmakova A, Popova A, Kulikov E, Shneider M, Ignatov A, Miroshnikov K. Prophage-Derived Regions in Curtobacterium Genomes: Good Things, Small Packages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021586. [PMID: 36675099 PMCID: PMC9862828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Curtobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria within the order Actinomycetales. Some Curtobacterium species (C. flaccumfaciens, C. plantarum) are harmful pathogens of agricultural crops such as soybean, dry beans, peas, sugar beet and beetroot, which occur throughout the world. Bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) are considered to be potential curative agents to control the spread of harmful bacteria. Temperate bacteriophages integrate their genomes into bacterial chromosomes (prophages), sometimes substantially influencing bacterial lifestyle and pathogenicity. About 200 publicly available genomes of Curtobacterium species, including environmental metagenomic sequences, were inspected for the presence of sequences of possible prophage origin using bioinformatic methods. The comparison of the search results with several ubiquitous bacterial groups showed the relatively low level of the presence of prophage traces in Curtobacterium genomes. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses were undertaken for the evaluation of the evolutionary and taxonomic positioning of predicted prophages. The analyses indicated the relatedness of Curtobacterium prophage-derived sequences with temperate actinophages of siphoviral morphology. In most cases, the predicted prophages can represent novel phage taxa not described previously. One of the predicted temperate phages was induced from the Curtobacterium genome. Bioinformatic analysis of the modelled proteins encoded in prophage-derived regions led to the discovery of some 100 putative glycopolymer-degrading enzymes that contained enzymatic domains with predicted cell-wall- and cell-envelope-degrading activity; these included glycosidases and peptidases. These proteins can be considered for the experimental design of new antibacterials against Curtobacterium phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Evseev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (P.E.); (K.M.)
| | - Anna Lukianova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rashit Tarakanov
- Department of Plant Protection, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str. 49, 127434 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Tokmakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology National Research University, Institutskiy Per, 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Anastasia Popova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Eugene Kulikov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology National Research University, Institutskiy Per, 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. 60-letia Oktyabrya, 7-2, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shneider
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Ignatov
- Agrobiotechnology Department, Agrarian and Technological Institute, RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (P.E.); (K.M.)
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Shymialevich D, Wójcicki M, Wardaszka A, Świder O, Sokołowska B, Błażejak S. Application of Lytic Bacteriophages and Their Enzymes to Reduce Saprophytic Bacteria Isolated from Minimally Processed Plant-Based Food Products-In Vitro Studies. Viruses 2022; 15:9. [PMID: 36680050 PMCID: PMC9865725 DOI: 10.3390/v15010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate phage enzymes and apply them in vitro for eradication of the dominant saprophytic bacteria isolated from minimally processed food. Four bacteriophages-two Enterobacter-specific and two Serratia-specific, which produce lytic enzymes-were used in this research. Two methods of phage enzyme isolation were tested, namely precipitation with acetone and ultracentrifugation. It was found that the number of virions could be increased almost 100 times due to the extension of the cultivation time (72 h). The amplification of phage particles and lytic proteins was dependent on the time of cultivation. Considering the influence of isolated enzymes on the growth kinetics of bacterial hosts, proteins isolated with acetone after 72-hour phage propagation exhibited the highest inhibitory effect. The reduction of bacteria count was dependent on the concentration of enzymes in the lysates. The obtained results indicate that phages and their lytic enzymes could be used in further research aiming at the improvement of microbiological quality and safety of minimally processed food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dziyana Shymialevich
- Culture Collection of Industrial Microorganisms—Microbiological Resources Center, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wójcicki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Wardaszka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Świder
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Sokołowska
- Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Błażejak
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS–SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Lee HJ, Kim HJ, Lee SJ. Control of λ Lysogenic Escherichia coli Cells by Synthetic λ Phage Carrying cIantisense. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3829-3835. [PMID: 36326101 PMCID: PMC9680875 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacterial phage λ is a temperate phage that infects Escherichia coli and has a lytic-lysogenic life cycle. CI, a λ repressor, regulates the expression of lytic transcripts and acts as a major genetic switch that determines the lysogenic state. To manipulate the genome of phage λ, the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system was constructed in lysogenic E. coli MG1655 cells. For instance, we successfully changed cI857 to cIWT in the phage genome through Cas9-mediated single-nucleotide editing. A lytic phage was prepared by introducing an amber mutation in the middle of the cI gene, but it could not lyse lysogenic MG1655 cells. We prepared a phage expressing cI antisense mRNA by reverse substitution of the cI gene. Lysis of λ cI857 lysogenic cells occurred by the infection of the λ cIantisense. These results suggest an effective lysogenic cell control method by a synthetic phage expressing antisense mRNA of the genetic switch gene. It is expected to be applied as a tool to control harmful lysogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Joung Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology
and Institute of Microbiomics, Chung-Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology
and Institute of Microbiomics, Chung-Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology
and Institute of Microbiomics, Chung-Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
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Hungaro HM, Vidigal PMP, do Nascimento EC, Gomes da Costa Oliveira F, Gontijo MTP, Lopez MES. Genomic Characterisation of UFJF_PfDIW6: A Novel Lytic Pseudomonas fluorescens-Phage with Potential for Biocontrol in the Dairy Industry. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030629. [PMID: 35337036 PMCID: PMC8951688 DOI: 10.3390/v14030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have presented the genomic characterisation of UFJF_PfDIW6, a novel lytic Pseudomonas fluorescens-phage with potential for biocontrol in the dairy industry. This phage showed a short linear double-stranded DNA genome (~42 kb) with a GC content of 58.3% and more than 50% of the genes encoding proteins with unknown functions. Nevertheless, UFJF_PfDIW6’s genome was organised into five functional modules: DNA packaging, structural proteins, DNA metabolism, lysogenic, and host lysis. Comparative genome analysis revealed that the UFJF_PfDIW6’s genome is distinct from other viral genomes available at NCBI databases, displaying maximum coverages of 5% among all alignments. Curiously, this phage showed higher sequence coverages (38–49%) when aligned with uncharacterised prophages integrated into Pseudomonas genomes. Phages compared in this study share conserved locally collinear blocks comprising genes of the modules’ DNA packing and structural proteins but were primarily differentiated by the composition of the DNA metabolism and lysogeny modules. Strategies for taxonomy assignment showed that UFJF_PfDIW6 was clustered into an unclassified genus in the Podoviridae clade. Therefore, our findings indicate that this phage could represent a novel genus belonging to the Podoviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Moreira Hungaro
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (E.C.d.N.); (F.G.d.C.O.)
- Correspondence: (H.M.H.); (M.E.S.L.); Tel.: +55-32-2102-3804 (H.M.H.); +57-310-469-02-04 (M.E.S.L.)
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Campus da UFV, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Edilane Cristina do Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (E.C.d.N.); (F.G.d.C.O.)
| | - Felipe Gomes da Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (E.C.d.N.); (F.G.d.C.O.)
| | - Marco Túlio Pardini Gontijo
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-872, SP, Brazil;
| | - Maryoris Elisa Soto Lopez
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de Córdoba (UNICORDOBA), Córdoba 230002, Colombia
- Correspondence: (H.M.H.); (M.E.S.L.); Tel.: +55-32-2102-3804 (H.M.H.); +57-310-469-02-04 (M.E.S.L.)
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Abstract
While many viral infections are limited and eventually resolved by the host immune response or by death of the host, other viruses establish long-term relationships with the host by way of a persistent infection, that range from chronic viruses that may be eventually cleared to those that establish life-long persistent or latent infection. Viruses infecting hosts from bacteria to humans establish quiescent infections that must be reactivated to produce progeny. For mammalian viruses, most notably herpesviruses, this quiescent maintenance of viral genomes in the absence of virus replication is referred to as latency. The latent strategy allows the virus to persist quiescently within a single host until conditions indicate a need to reactivate to reach a new host or, to re-seed a reservoir within the host. Here, I review common themes in viral strategies to regulate the latent cycle and reactivate from it ranging from bacteriophage to herpesviruses with a focus on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Themes central to herpesvirus latency include, epigenetic repression of viral gene expression and mechanisms to regulate host signaling and survival. Critical to the success of a latent program are mechanisms by which the virus can "sense" fluctuations in host biology (within the host) or environment (outside the host) and make appropriate "decisions" to maintain latency or re-initiate the replicative program. The signals or environments that indicate the establishment of a latent state, the very nature of the latent state, as well as the signals driving reactivation have been topics of intense study from bacteriophage to human viruses, as these questions encompass the height of complexity in virus-host interactions-where the host and the virus coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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Boeckman J, Korn A, Yao G, Ravindran A, Gonzalez C, Gill J. Sheep in wolves’ clothing: Temperate T7-like bacteriophages and the origins of the Autographiviridae. Virology 2022; 568:86-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Halovirus HF2 Intergenic Repeat Sequences Carry Promoters. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122388. [PMID: 34960657 PMCID: PMC8707807 DOI: 10.3390/v13122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Halovirus HF2 was the first member of the Haloferacalesvirus genus to have its genome fully sequenced, which revealed two classes of intergenic repeat (IR) sequences: class I repeats of 58 bp in length, and class II repeats of 29 bp in length. Both classes of repeat contain AT-rich motifs that were conjectured to represent promoters. In the present study, nine IRs were cloned upstream of the bgaH reporter gene, and all displayed promoter activity, providing experimental evidence for the previous conjecture. Comparative genomics showed that IR sequences and their relative genomic positions were strongly conserved among other members of the same virus genus. The transcription of HF2 was also examined by the reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) method, which demonstrated very long transcripts were produced that together covered most of the genome, and from both strands. The presence of long counter transcripts suggests a regulatory role or possibly unrecognized coding potential.
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Interactions between Viral Regulatory Proteins Ensure an MOI-Independent Probability of Lysogeny during Infection by Bacteriophage P1. mBio 2021; 12:e0101321. [PMID: 34517752 PMCID: PMC8546580 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01013-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage P1 is a temperate phage which makes the lytic or lysogenic decision upon infecting bacteria. During the lytic cycle, progeny phages are produced and the cell lyses, and in the lysogenic cycle, P1 DNA exists as a low-copy-number plasmid and replicates autonomously. Previous studies at the bulk level showed that P1 lysogenization was independent of multiplicity of infection (MOI; the number of phages infecting a cell), whereas lysogenization probability of the paradigmatic phage λ increases with MOI. However, the mechanism underlying the P1 behavior is unclear. In this work, using a fluorescent reporter system, we demonstrated this P1 MOI-independent lysogenic response at the single-cell level. We further observed that the activity of the major repressor of lytic functions (C1) is a determining factor for the final cell fate. Specifically, the repression activity of P1, which arises from a combination of C1, the anti-repressor Coi, and the corepressor Lxc, remains constant for different MOI, which results in the MOI-independent lysogenic response. Additionally, by increasing the distance between phages that infect a single cell, we were able to engineer a λ-like, MOI-dependent lysogenization upon P1 infection. This suggests that the large separation of coinfecting phages attenuates the effective communication between them, allowing them to make decisions independently of each other. Our work establishes a highly quantitative framework to describe P1 lysogeny establishment. This system plays an important role in disseminating antibiotic resistance by P1-like plasmids and provides an alternative to the lifestyle of phage λ.
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Hao N, Agnew D, Krishna S, Dodd IB, Shearwin KE. Analysis of Infection Time Courses Shows CII Levels Determine the Frequency of Lysogeny in Phage 186. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100998. [PMID: 34681220 PMCID: PMC8538670 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered phage with properties optimised for the treatment of bacterial infections hold great promise, but require careful characterisation by a number of approaches. Phage–bacteria infection time courses, where populations of bacteriophage and bacteria are mixed and followed over many infection cycles, can be used to deduce properties of phage infection at the individual cell level. Here, we apply this approach to analysis of infection of Escherichia coli by the temperate bacteriophage 186 and explore which properties of the infection process can be reliably inferred. By applying established modelling methods to such data, we extract the frequency at which phage 186 chooses the lysogenic pathway after infection, and show that lysogenisation increases in a graded manner with increased expression of the lysogenic establishment factor CII. The data also suggest that, like phage λ, the rate of lysogeny of phage 186 increases with multiple infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hao
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (N.H.); (D.A.); (I.B.D.)
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Dylan Agnew
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (N.H.); (D.A.); (I.B.D.)
| | - Sandeep Krishna
- Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences TIFR, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India;
| | - Ian B. Dodd
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (N.H.); (D.A.); (I.B.D.)
| | - Keith E. Shearwin
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (N.H.); (D.A.); (I.B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-83135361
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14
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Characteristics and genome analysis of a novel bacteriophage IME1323_01, the first temperate bacteriophage induced from Staphylococcus caprae. Virus Res 2021; 305:198569. [PMID: 34555434 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Temperate phages play an important role in the evolution of bacteria. So far, lytic phages have been wildly reported, but there is still limited knowledge regarding temperate phages in the genome of pathogenic Staphylococcus caprae. Here we present the characteristics and genome analysis of a novel bacteriophage IME1323_01, which is the first isolated bacteriophage of S. caprae. The phage genome is a 44282-bp linear dsDNA molecule with a GC content of 34.18%, which is similar to its host. The genome of IME1323_01 is most closely related with that of temperate phage IME1318_01, whereas the homology coverage is just 34%. Genome and proteome analyses confirmed the lysogenic nature of phage IME1323_01, which encodes the typical lysogen-related proteins integrase, CI, Cro, and anti-repressor proteins. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis revealed that phage IME1323_01 is a newly discovered phage, which belongs to subfamily Azeredovirinae in the family Siphoviridae. The goal of this study is to increase our knowledge about the phages of S. caprae and expand our armamentarium against the escalating threat of pathogenic bacteria.
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15
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Abstract
Control of pathogenic bacteria by deliberate application of predatory phages has potential as a powerful therapy against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The key advantages of phage biocontrol over antibacterial chemotherapy are: (1) an ability to self-propagate inside host bacteria, (2) targeted predation of specific species or strains of bacteria, (3) adaptive molecular machinery to overcome resistance in target bacteria. However, realizing the potential of phage biocontrol is dependent on harnessing or adapting these responses, as many phage species switch between lytic infection cycles (resulting in lysis) and lysogenic infection cycles (resulting in genomic integration) that increase the likelihood of survival of the phage in response to external stress or host depletion. Similarly, host range will need to be optimized to make phage therapy medically viable whilst avoiding the potential for deleteriously disturbing the commensal microbiota. Phage training is a new approach to produce efficient phages by capitalizing on the evolved response of wild-type phages to bacterial resistance. Here we will review recent studies reporting successful trials of training different strains of phages to switch into lytic replication mode, overcome bacterial resistance, and increase their host range. This review will also highlight the current knowledge of phage training and future implications in phage applications and phage therapy and summarize the recent pipeline of the magistral preparation to produce a customized phage for clinical trials and medical applications.
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16
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Hao H, Li Z, Leng C, Lu C, Luo H, Liu Y, Wu X, Liu Z, Shang L, Jing HC. Sorghum breeding in the genomic era: opportunities and challenges. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1899-1924. [PMID: 33655424 PMCID: PMC7924314 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The importance and potential of the multi-purpose crop sorghum in global food security have not yet been fully exploited, and the integration of the state-of-art genomics and high-throughput technologies into breeding practice is required. Sorghum, a historically vital staple food source and currently the fifth most important major cereal, is emerging as a crop with diverse end-uses as food, feed, fuel and forage and a model for functional genetics and genomics of tropical grasses. Rapid development in high-throughput experimental and data processing technologies has significantly speeded up sorghum genomic researches in the past few years. The genomes of three sorghum lines are available, thousands of genetic stocks accessible and various genetic populations, including NAM, MAGIC, and mutagenised populations released. Functional and comparative genomics have elucidated key genetic loci and genes controlling agronomical and adaptive traits. However, the knowledge gained has far away from being translated into real breeding practices. We argue that the way forward is to take a genome-based approach for tailored designing of sorghum as a multi-functional crop combining excellent agricultural traits for various end uses. In this review, we update the new concepts and innovation systems in crop breeding and summarise recent advances in sorghum genomic researches, especially the genome-wide dissection of variations in genes and alleles for agronomically important traits. Future directions and opportunities for sorghum breeding are highlighted to stimulate discussion amongst sorghum academic and industrial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiqing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Chuanyuan Leng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yuanming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Li Shang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hai-Chun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- Engineering Laboratory for Grass-based Livestock Husbandry, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Cortes MG, Lin Y, Zeng L, Balázsi G. From Bench to Keyboard and Back Again: A Brief History of Lambda Phage Modeling. Annu Rev Biophys 2021; 50:117-134. [PMID: 33957052 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-082020-063558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular decision making is the process whereby cells choose one developmental pathway from multiple possible ones, either spontaneously or due to environmental stimuli. Examples in various cell types suggest an almost inexhaustible plethora of underlying molecular mechanisms. In general, cellular decisions rely on the gene regulatory network, which integrates external signals to drive cell fate choice. The search for general principles of such a process benefits from appropriate biological model systems that reveal how and why certain gene regulatory mechanisms drive specific cellular decisions according to ecological context and evolutionary outcomes. In this article, we review the historical and ongoing development of the phage lambda lysis-lysogeny decision as a model system to investigate all aspects of cellular decision making. The unique generality, simplicity, and richness of phage lambda decision making render it a constant source ofmathematical modeling-aided inspiration across all of biology. We discuss the origins and progress of quantitative phage lambda modeling from the 1950s until today, as well as its possible future directions. We provide examples of how modeling enabled methods and theory development, leading to new biological insights by revealing gaps in the theory and pinpointing areas requiring further experimental investigation. Overall, we highlight the utility of theoretical approaches both as predictive tools, to forecast the outcome of novel experiments, and as explanatory tools, to elucidate the natural processes underlying experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Cortes
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA; .,Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Yiruo Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Lanying Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; .,Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Gábor Balázsi
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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18
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Abstract
Bacteriophages are the most diverse and abundant biological entities on the Earth and require host bacteria to replicate. Because of this obligate relationship, in addition to the challenging conditions of surrounding environments, phages must integrate information about extrinsic and intrinsic factors when infecting their host. This integration helps to determine whether the infection becomes lytic or lysogenic, which likely influences phage spreading and long-term survival. Although a variety of environmental and physiological clues are known to modulate lysis-lysogeny decisions, the social interplay among phages and host populations has been overlooked until recently. A growing body of evidence indicates that cell-cell communication in bacteria and, more recently, peptide-based communication among phage-phage populations, affect phage-host interactions by controlling phage lysis-lysogeny decisions and phage counter-defensive strategies in bacteria. Here, we explore and discuss the role of signal molecules as well as quorum sensing and quenching factors that mediate phage-host interactions. Our aim is to provide an overview of population-dependent mechanisms that influence phage replication, and how social communication may affect the dynamics and evolution of microbial communities, including their implications in phage therapy.
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19
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Squires RA. Bacteriophage therapy for challenging bacterial infections: achievements, limitations and prospects for future clinical use by veterinary dermatologists. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:587-e158. [PMID: 33870572 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteriophages were discovered just over 100 years ago and have been used to treat bacterial infections in animals since the 1920s. The antimicrobial resistance crisis has led to a new surge of interest in the use of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative or supplement to antimicrobial therapy in humans and other animals. OBJECTIVES To describe the nature of bacteriophages and provide a critical review and update on the clinical use of bacteriophages in the treatment of challenging bacterial infections, with an emphasis on companion animal veterinary applications. METHODS AND MATERIALS The scientific literature on the subject was critically evaluated. Findings from the most pertinent papers have been presented in summary form and critiqued. RESULTS Over the last 20 years there has been a considerable increase in the volume and quality of publications dealing with bacteriophage therapy. Some recent papers build on excellent work published in the 1980s and describe promising veterinary applications. Challenges related particularly to the registration and approval of phage remedies will need to be overcome before phage therapy can become a mainstream tool for use in veterinary settings. Considerably more research, particularly controlled clinical trials, needs to be done. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Bacteriophage therapy is one of the most promising approaches to tackling the looming antimicrobial resistance crisis, yet substantial regulatory challenges will need to be overcome before it enters widespread use. Phage therapy also may, in the future, improve the management of challenging bacterial infections that are not necessarily multidrug-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Adrian Squires
- Discipline of Veterinary Science, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
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20
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Characterization and Genomic Analysis of ɸSHP3, a New Transposable Bacteriophage Infecting Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00019-21. [PMID: 33536173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes a novel transposable bacteriophage, ɸSHP3, continuously released by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain c31. Morphological observation and genomic analysis revealed that ɸSHP3 is a siphovirus with a 37,611-bp genome that encodes 51 putative proteins. Genomic comparisons indicated that ɸSHP3 is a B3-like transposable phage. Its genome configuration is similar to that of Pseudomonas phage B3, except for the DNA modification module. Similar to B3-like phages, the putative transposase B of ɸSHP3 is a homolog of the type two secretion component ExeA, which is proposed to serve as a potential virulence factor. Moreover, most proteins of ɸSHP3 have homologs in transposable phages, but only ɸSHP3 carries an RdgC-like protein encoded by gene 3, which exhibits exonuclease activity in vitro Two genes and their promoters coding for ɸSHP3 regulatory proteins were identified and appear to control the lytic-lysogenic switch. One of the proteins represses one promoter activity and confers immunity to ɸSHP3 superinfection in vivo The short regulatory region, in addition to the canonical bacterial promoter sequences, displays one LexA and two CpxR recognition sequences. This suggests that LexA and the CpxR/CpxA two-component system might be involved in the control of the ɸSHP3 genetic switch.IMPORTANCE S. maltophilia is an emerging global pathogenic bacterium that displays genetic diversity in both environmental and clinical strains. Transposable phages have long been known to improve the genetic diversity of bacterial strains by transposition. More than a dozen phages of S. maltophilia have been characterized. However, no transposable phage infecting S. maltophilia has been reported to date. Characterization of the first transposable phage, ɸSHP3, from S. maltophilia will contribute to our understanding of host-phage interactions and genetic diversity, especially the interchange of genetic materials among S. maltophilia.
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21
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Rijal K, Prasad A, Das D. Protein hourglass: Exact first passage time distributions for protein thresholds. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:052413. [PMID: 33327114 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.052413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein thresholds have been shown to act as an ancient timekeeping device, such as in the time to lysis of Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage λ. The time taken for protein levels to reach a particular threshold for the first time is defined as the first passage time (FPT) of the protein synthesis system, which is a stochastic quantity. The first few moments of the distribution of first passage times were known earlier, but an analytical expression for the full distribution was not available. In this work, we derive an analytical expression for the first passage times for a long-lived protein. This expression allows us to calculate the full distribution not only for cases of no self-regulation, but also for both positive and negative self-regulation of the threshold protein. We show that the shape of the distribution matches previous experimental data on λ-phage lysis time distributions. We also provide analytical expressions for the FPT distribution with non-zero degradation in Laplace space. Furthermore, we study the noise in the precision of the first passage times described by coefficient of variation (CV) of the distribution as a function of the protein threshold value. We show that under conditions of positive self-regulation, the CV declines monotonically with increasing protein threshold, while under conditions of linear negative self-regulation, there is an optimal protein threshold that minimizes the noise in the first passage times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Rijal
- Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ashok Prasad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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22
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Trinh JT, Shao Q, Guan J, Zeng L. Emerging heterogeneous compartments by viruses in single bacterial cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3813. [PMID: 32732913 PMCID: PMC7393140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial organization of biological processes allows for variability in molecular outcomes and coordinated development. Here, we investigate how organization underpins phage lambda development and decision-making by characterizing viral components and processes in subcellular space. We use live-cell and in situ fluorescence imaging at the single-molecule level to examine lambda DNA replication, transcription, virion assembly, and resource recruitment in single-cell infections, uniting key processes of the infection cycle into a coherent model of phage development encompassing space and time. We find that different viral DNAs establish separate subcellular compartments within cells, which sustains heterogeneous viral development in single cells. These individual phage compartments are physically separated by the E. coli nucleoid. Our results provide mechanistic details describing how separate viruses develop heterogeneously to resemble single-cell phenotypes. Here, the authors apply live-cell and in situ fluorescence imaging at the single-molecule level to examine lambda DNA replication in single cells, finding that individual phage DNAs sequester host factors to their own vicinity and confine their replicated DNAs into separate compartments, suggesting that phage decision-making transcripts are spatially organized in separate compartments to allow distinct subcellular decisions to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy T Trinh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Qiuyan Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jingwen Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Plant Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lanying Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Molecular and Environmental Plant Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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23
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Badawy S, Pajunen MI, Haiko J, Baka ZAM, Abou-Dobara MI, El-Sayed AKA, Skurnik M. Identification and Functional Analysis of Temperate Siphoviridae Bacteriophages of Acinetobacter baumannii. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060604. [PMID: 32486497 PMCID: PMC7354433 DOI: 10.3390/v12060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that presents a serious clinical challenge due to its increasing resistance to all available antibiotics. Phage therapy has been introduced recently to treat antibiotic-incurable A. baumannii infections. In search for new A. baumannii specific bacteriophages, 20 clinical A. baumannii strains were used in two pools in an attempt to enrich phages from sewage. The enrichment resulted in induction of resident prophage(s) and three temperate bacteriophages, named vB_AbaS_fEg-Aba01, vB_AbaS_fLi-Aba02 and vB_AbaS_fLi-Aba03, all able to infect only one strain (#6597) of the 20 clinical strains, were isolated. Morphological characteristics obtained by transmission electron microscopy together with the genomic information revealed that the phages belong to the family Siphoviridae. The ca. 35 kb genomic sequences of the phages were >99% identical to each other. The linear ds DNA genomes of the phages contained 10 nt cohesive end termini, 52–54 predicted genes, an attP site and one tRNA gene each. A database search revealed an >99% identical prophage in the genome of A. baumannii strain AbPK1 (acc. no. CP024576.1). Over 99% identical prophages were also identified from two of the original 20 clinical strains (#5707 and #5920) and both were shown to be spontaneously inducible, thus very likely being the origins of the isolated phages. The phage vB_AbaS_fEg-Aba01 was also able to lysogenize the susceptible strain #6597 demonstrating that it was fully functional. The phages showed a very narrow host range infecting only two A. baumannii strains. In conclusion, we have isolated and characterized three novel temperate Siphoviridae phages that infect A.baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Badawy
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (S.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34511 New Damietta, Egypt; (Z.A.M.B.); (M.I.A.-D.); (A.K.A.E.-S.)
| | - Maria I. Pajunen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (S.B.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Johanna Haiko
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Zakaria A. M. Baka
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34511 New Damietta, Egypt; (Z.A.M.B.); (M.I.A.-D.); (A.K.A.E.-S.)
| | - Mohamed I. Abou-Dobara
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34511 New Damietta, Egypt; (Z.A.M.B.); (M.I.A.-D.); (A.K.A.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed K. A. El-Sayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34511 New Damietta, Egypt; (Z.A.M.B.); (M.I.A.-D.); (A.K.A.E.-S.)
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (S.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2941-26464
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