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Ha KS. Transglutaminase 2 in diabetes mellitus: Unraveling its multifaceted role and therapeutic implications for vascular complications. Theranostics 2024; 14:2329-2344. [PMID: 38646650 PMCID: PMC11024853 DOI: 10.7150/thno.95742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, a severe metabolic disease characterized by chronic hypoglycemia, poses debilitating and life-threatening risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications, including blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, and limb amputation. Addressing these complications is paramount, urging the development of interventions targeting diabetes-associated vascular dysfunctions. To effectively combat diabetes, a comprehensive understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying complications and identification of precise therapeutic targets are imperative. Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) is a multifunctional enzyme implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, fibrosis, and inflammatory conditions. TGase2 has recently emerged as a key player in both the pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention of diabetic complications. This review highlights TGase2 as a therapeutic target for diabetic complications and explores TGase2 inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach in their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Korea
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2
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Application of elastin-like biopolymer-conjugated C-peptide hydrogel for systemic long-term delivery against diabetic aortic dysfunction. Acta Biomater 2020; 118:32-43. [PMID: 33035695 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to their short half-lives, repeated administration of anti-hyperglycemic drugs can cause pain, discomfort, tissue damage, and infection in diabetic patients. Therefore, there is a need to develop long-term drug delivery systems to treat diabetes and its complications. C-peptide can prevent diabetic complications, including diabetic vasculopathy, but its clinical application is limited by its short half-life. Here, we developed K9-C-peptide (human C-peptide conjugated to an elastin-like biopolymer) and investigated its long-term influence on hyperglycemia-induced vascular dysfunction using an aortic endothelium model in diabetic mice. Using pharmacokinetics and in vivo imaging, we found that subcutaneously injected K9-C-peptide formed a hydrogel depot that slowly released human C-peptide into the blood circulation for 19 days. Administration of K9-C-peptide, human C-peptide, or K8 polypeptide had no effect on body weight or blood glucose levels. The slow release of C-peptide from K9-C-peptide hydrogels provided prolonged prevention of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial apoptosis in a hyperglycemia-induced vascular dysfunction model using the diabetic mouse aorta. Subcutaneous administration of unbound human C-peptide and K8 polypeptide were used as negative controls and had no effects. These results suggest that K9-C-peptide is suitable for the long-term delivery of human C-peptide for treating vascular dysfunction in diabetic patients.
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Fan JJ, Hsu WH, Lee KH, Chen KC, Lin CW, Lee YLA, Ko TP, Lee LT, Lee MT, Chang MS, Cheng CH. Dietary Flavonoids Luteolin and Quercetin Inhibit Migration and Invasion of Squamous Carcinoma through Reduction of Src/Stat3/S100A7 Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8110557. [PMID: 31731716 PMCID: PMC6912538 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are well-known antioxidants and have shown the ability to prevent tumor formation and recurrence. Especially in dietary flavonoids, they have provided convenience and consistence of intake for long-term prevention of tumor formation. Previous reports suggested that S100 calcium-binding protein A7 (S100A7) might activate epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling and promote the metastasis of tumor cells; however, the regulatory signaling was unclear. In this study, we found that S100A7 was highly expressed in cancer cells and could be reduced by luteolin (Lu) and quercetin (Qu) through Src/Stat3 signaling. We found that the protein levels of S100A7, phosphorylated Src (p-Src), and p-Stat3 were increased in A431-III cells. Flavonoids Lu and Qu reduce protein levels of p-Src, p-Stat3 and S100A7 in A431-III cells. Treatment of A431-III cells with Src inhibitor SU6656 and Stat3 inhibitor S3I-201 also reduced the protein levels of S100A7. Transactivation activity of 5′-upstream regions of S100A7 was activated by Stat3 but was reduced by treatment with Lu, Qu, SU6656 and S3I-201. The treatment also reduced the migratory and invasive abilities of A431-III cells. In a further analysis of EMT markers, the protein level of E-cad increased and that of Twist decreased after treatment with the inhibitors and flavonoids. Overexpression of S100A7 decreased the protein level of E-cad and increased the Twist level, whereas knockdown of S100A7 had the opposite effects. Treatment with S3I-201, Lu and Qu, compared to the control, were found to decrease metastasis of tumor cells in zebrafish larvae. These results suggest that Lu and Qu may inhibit Src/Stat3/S100A7 signaling to reduce tumorigenesis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhen-Jia Fan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11561, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11034, Taiwan;
| | - Kuen-Haur Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11034, Taiwan;
- Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11034, Taiwan
| | - Ku-Chung Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11034, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11034, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Yu-Lin A Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC 27704, USA;
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-P.K.); (M.-T.L.)
| | - Lang-Ta Lee
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 20301, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Ting Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-P.K.); (M.-T.L.)
| | - Mau-Sun Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (M.-S.C.); Tel.: +886-2-27361661 (ext. 3156) (C.-H.C.); +886-2-33669837 (M.-S.C.)
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11034, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (C.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (M.-S.C.); Tel.: +886-2-27361661 (ext. 3156) (C.-H.C.); +886-2-33669837 (M.-S.C.)
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Array-based Investigation of Amino Acids Responsible for Regulation of Transamidase and Kinase Activities of Transglutaminase 2. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-019-3307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cheng Y, Wang B, Lu F, Ahmed MA, Han JH, Na SH, Ha KS, Park WS, Hong SH, Han ET. Identification and characterization of Pv50, a novel Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:176. [PMID: 30999945 PMCID: PMC6474066 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax contains approximately 5400 coding genes, more than 40% of which code for hypothetical proteins that have not been functionally characterized. In a previous preliminary screening using pooled serum samples, numerous hypothetical proteins were selected from among those that were highly transcribed in the schizont-stage of parasites, and highly antigenic P. vivax candidates including hypothetical proteins were identified. However, their immunological and functional activities in P. vivax remain unclear. From these candidates, we investigated a P. vivax 50-kDa protein (Pv50, PVX_087140) containing a highly conserved signal peptide that shows high transcription levels in blood-stage parasites. Results Recombinant Pv50 was expressed in a cell-free expression system and used for IgG prevalence analysis of patients with vivax malaria and healthy individuals. Immune responses were analyzed in immunized mice and mouse antibodies were used to detect the subcellular localization of the protein in blood-stage parasites by immunofluorescence assay. A protein array method was used to evaluate protein-protein interactions to predict protein functional activities during the invasion of parasites into erythrocytes. Recombinant Pv50 showed IgG prevalence in patient samples with a sensitivity of 42.9% and specificity of 93.8% compared to that in healthy individuals. The non-cytophilic antibodies IgG1 and IgG3 were the major components involved in the antibody response in Pv50-immunized mice. Pv50 localized on the surface of merozoites and a specific interaction between Pv50 and PvMSP1 was detected, suggesting that Pv50-PvMSP1 forms a heterodimeric complex in P. vivax. Conclusions Increased immune responses caused by native P. vivax parasites were detected, confirming its immunogenic effects. This study provides a method for detecting new malaria antigens, and Pv50 may be a vivax malaria vaccine candidate with PvMSP1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3434-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Atique Ahmed
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Jung SH, Jeon HY, Lee SH, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. On-chip dual enzyme activity assay to investigate regulation of the transamidase and kinase activities of transglutaminase 2. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jung SH, Kwon MH, Lee SH, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. High-throughput investigation of transglutaminase 2 kinase regulation using a novel cysteine-modified peptide array. Anal Biochem 2018; 559:62-70. [PMID: 30165045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) kinase has emerged as an important regulator of apoptosis as well as chromatin structure and function; however, details about the pathophysiological functions of TGase2 kinase have been limited because of the lack of a suitable activity assay for systematic investigation of TGase2 kinase regulation in a high-throughput manner. Thus, we developed a novel on-chip TGase2 kinase activity assay using a cysteine-modified insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3-derived peptide (CMI peptide) on an array platform. This peptide array-based activity assay was reproducible, with a detection limit of 2.127 μg/ml. We successfully applied this assay to investigate the effects of thiol-reactive compounds and divalent cations on TGase2 kinase by determining the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50). Thiol-reactive compounds inhibited TGase2 kinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values ranging from 0.125 to 5.550 mM. Divalent metal cations also showed a concentration-dependent inhibition, with IC50 values ranging from 0.005 to 1.937 mM; however, Ca2+ had no effect on TGase2 kinase activity. Thus, this novel kinase activity assay using the CMI peptide array described here is suitable for systematic investigation of TGase2 kinase regulation and may be useful for investigating the roles of TGase2 kinase in pathogenesis of kinase-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Seong-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, South Korea.
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Jung SH, Kong DH, Jeon HY, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Systematic investigation of protein kinase A substrate proteins using on-chip protein kinase kinetic profiling. Analyst 2017; 142:2239-2246. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02682f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An on-chip protein kinase assay for profiling kinase kinetic parameters by introducing the substrate affinity (Km) and the phosphorylation rate (Vp) under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine
- Kangwon-Do 24341
- Korea
| | - Deok-Hoon Kong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine
- Kangwon-Do 24341
- Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine
- Kangwon-Do 24341
- Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine
- Kangwon-Do 24341
- Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine
- Kangwon-Do 24341
- Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine
- Kangwon-Do 24341
- Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine
- Kangwon-Do 24341
- Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine
- Kangwon-Do 24341
- Korea
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Identification of transglutaminase 2 kinase substrates using a novel on-chip activity assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 82:40-8. [PMID: 27040940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in a wide variety of cellular processes through its multifunctional activities. TG2 kinase has emerged as an important regulator of apoptosis, as well as of chromatin structure and function. However, systematic investigation of TG2 kinase substrates is limited due to a lack of a suitable TG2 kinase activity assays. Thus, we developed a novel on-chip TG2 kinase activity assay for quantitative determination of TG2 kinase activity and for screening TG2 kinase substrate proteins in a high-throughput manner. Quantitative TG2 kinase activity was determined by selective detection of substrate protein phosphorylation on the surface of well-type amine arrays. The limit of detection (LOD) of this assay was 4.34μg/ml. We successfully applied this new activity assay to the kinetic analysis of 27 TG2-related proteins for TG2 kinase activity in a high-throughput manner and determined Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) of these proteins. We used the Km values and cellular locations of the TG2-related proteins to construct a substrate affinity map for TG2 kinase. Therefore, this on-chip TG2 kinase activity assay has a strong potential for the systematic investigation of substrate proteins and will be helpful for studying new physiological functions.
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Sensitive array-based assay for determination of serological protein kinase A autoantibody levels based on its antigen protein activation. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:127-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Alonso-Sarduy L, De Los Rios P, Benedetti F, Vobornik D, Dietler G, Kasas S, Longo G. Real-time monitoring of protein conformational changes using a nano-mechanical sensor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103674. [PMID: 25077809 PMCID: PMC4117498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins can switch between different conformations in response to stimuli, such as pH or temperature variations, or to the binding of ligands. Such plasticity and its kinetics can have a crucial functional role, and their characterization has taken center stage in protein research. As an example, Topoisomerases are particularly interesting enzymes capable of managing tangled and supercoiled double-stranded DNA, thus facilitating many physiological processes. In this work, we describe the use of a cantilever-based nanomotion sensor to characterize the dynamics of human topoisomerase II (Topo II) enzymes and their response to different kinds of ligands, such as ATP, which enhance the conformational dynamics. The sensitivity and time resolution of this sensor allow determining quantitatively the correlation between the ATP concentration and the rate of Topo II conformational changes. Furthermore, we show how to rationalize the experimental results in a comprehensive model that takes into account both the physics of the cantilever and the dynamics of the ATPase cycle of the enzyme, shedding light on the kinetics of the process. Finally, we study the effect of aclarubicin, an anticancer drug, demonstrating that it affects directly the Topo II molecule inhibiting its conformational changes. These results pave the way to a new way of studying the intrinsic dynamics of proteins and of protein complexes allowing new applications ranging from fundamental proteomics to drug discovery and development and possibly to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livan Alonso-Sarduy
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, School of Basic Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo De Los Rios
- Laboratory of Statistical Biophysics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Basic Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Benedetti
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, School of Basic Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dusan Vobornik
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, School of Basic Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, School of Basic Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Kasas
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, School of Basic Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, School of Basic Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Comparative characterization of direct and indirect substrate probes for on-chip transamidating activity assay of transglutaminases. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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