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Dahmani M, Zhu JC, Cook JH, Riley SP. Anaphylatoxin signaling activates macrophages to control intracellular Rickettsia proliferation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0253823. [PMID: 37855623 PMCID: PMC10714731 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02538-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pathogenic Rickettsia species are extremely dangerous bacteria that grow within the cytoplasm of host mammalian cells. In most cases, these bacteria are able to overpower the host cell and grow within the protected environment of the cytoplasm. However, a dramatic conflict occurs when Rickettsia encounter innate immune cells; the bacteria can "win" by taking over the host, or the bacteria can "lose" if the host cell efficiently fights the infection. This manuscript examines how the immune complement system is able to detect the presence of Rickettsia and alert nearby cells. Byproducts of complement activation called anaphylatoxins are signals that "activate" innate immune cells to mount an aggressive defensive strategy. This study enhances our collective understanding of the innate immune reaction to intracellular bacteria and will contribute to future efforts at controlling these dangerous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Dahmani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinyi C. Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack H. Cook
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean P. Riley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Subedi P, Huber K, Sterr C, Dietz A, Strasser L, Kaestle F, Hauck SM, Duchrow L, Aldrian C, Monroy Ordonez EB, Luka B, Thomsen AR, Henke M, Gomolka M, Rößler U, Azimzadeh O, Moertl S, Hornhardt S. Towards unravelling biological mechanisms behind radiation-induced oral mucositis via mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1180642. [PMID: 37384298 PMCID: PMC10298177 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1180642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Head and neck cancer (HNC) accounts for almost 890,000 new cases per year. Radiotherapy (RT) is used to treat the majority of these patients. A common side-effect of RT is the onset of oral mucositis, which decreases the quality of life and represents the major dose-limiting factor in RT. To understand the origin of oral mucositis, the biological mechanisms post-ionizing radiation (IR) need to be clarified. Such knowledge is valuable to develop new treatment targets for oral mucositis and markers for the early identification of "at-risk" patients. Methods Primary keratinocytes from healthy volunteers were biopsied, irradiated in vitro (0 and 6 Gy), and subjected to mass spectrometry-based analyses 96 h after irradiation. Web-based tools were used to predict triggered biological pathways. The results were validated in the OKF6 cell culture model. Immunoblotting and mRNA validation was performed and cytokines present in cell culture media post-IR were quantified. Results Mass spectrometry-based proteomics identified 5879 proteins in primary keratinocytes and 4597 proteins in OKF6 cells. Amongst them, 212 proteins in primary keratinocytes and 169 proteins in OKF6 cells were differentially abundant 96 h after 6 Gy irradiation compared to sham-irradiated controls. In silico pathway enrichment analysis predicted interferon (IFN) response and DNA strand elongation pathways as mostly affected pathways in both cell systems. Immunoblot validations showed a decrease in minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex proteins 2-7 and an increase in IFN-associated proteins STAT1 and ISG15. In line with affected IFN signalling, mRNA levels of IFNβ and interleukin 6 (IL-6) increased significantly following irradiation and also levels of secreted IL-1β, IL-6, IP-10, and ISG15 were elevated. Conclusion This study has investigated biological mechanisms in keratinocytes post-in vitro ionizing radiation. A common radiation signature in keratinocytes was identified. The role of IFN response in keratinocytes along with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteins could hint towards a possible mechanism for oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal Subedi
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Huber
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Sterr
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne Dietz
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Strasser
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Felix Kaestle
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Duchrow
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Aldrian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elsa Beatriz Monroy Ordonez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Luka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas R. Thomsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Henke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Rößler
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Moertl
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
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IL-1 Superfamily Member ( IL-1A, IL-1B and IL-18) Genetic Variants Influence Susceptibility and Clinical Course of Mediterranean Spotter Fever. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121892. [PMID: 36551320 PMCID: PMC9816934 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF) is one of the most common spotted fever Rickettsioses. Most cases of MSF follow a benign course, with a minority of cases being fatal. The severity of the infection depends on bacterial virulence, dose and host factors such as effective immune response and genetic background. Herein, we reported data on typing by competitive allele-specific PCR of functionally relevant polymorphisms of genes coding for MyD88 adapter-like (Mal/TIRAP) protein (rs8177374), interleukin(IL)-1 cluster (IL-1A rs1800587, IL-1B rs16944 and rs1143634) and IL-18 (rs187238), which might be crucial for an efficient immune response. The results enlighten the role that IL-1 gene cluster variants might play in susceptibility against Rickettsia conorii infection. In particular, the IL-1A rs1800587TT genotype was significantly increased in patients alone and combined in a haplotype composed by minor alleles rs1800587T, rs16944A and rs1143634A. This result was confirmed using the decision tree heuristic approach. Using this methodology, IL-1A rs1800587TT genotype was the better discrimination key among MSF patients and controls. In addition, the IL-1 gene cluster SNP genotypes containing minor alleles and IL-18 rs187238G positive genotypes were found as associated with risk of severe complications such as sepsis, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome and coma. In conclusion, these data suggest that the evaluation of IL-1A, IL-1B and IL-18 gene SNPs can add useful information on the clinical course of patients affected by Mediterranean Spotted Fever, even if further confirmatory studies will be necessary.
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Mediterranean Spotted Fever: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6040172. [PMID: 34698275 PMCID: PMC8544691 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is an emerging tick-borne rickettsiosis of the spotted fever group (SFG), endemic in the Mediterranean basin. By virtue of technological innovations in molecular genetics, it has been determined that the causative agent of MSF is Rickettsia conorii subspecies conorii. The arthropod vector of this bacterium is the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The true nature of the reservoir of R. conorii conorii has not been completely deciphered yet, although many authors theorize that the canine population, other mammals, and the ticks themselves could potentially contribute as reservoirs. Typical symptoms of MSF include fever, maculopapular rash, and a characteristic eschar (“tache noire”). Atypical clinical features and severe multi-organ complications may also be present. All of these manifestations arise from the disseminated infection of the endothelium by R. conorii conorii. Several methods exist for the diagnosis of MSF. Serological tests are widely used and molecular techniques have become increasingly available. Doxycycline remains the treatment of choice, while preventive measures are focused on modification of human behavior and vector control strategies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of MSF.
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Mathieu NA, Paparisto E, Barr SD, Spratt DE. HERC5 and the ISGylation Pathway: Critical Modulators of the Antiviral Immune Response. Viruses 2021; 13:1102. [PMID: 34207696 PMCID: PMC8228270 DOI: 10.3390/v13061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells have developed an elaborate network of immunoproteins that serve to identify and combat viral pathogens. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a 15.2 kDa tandem ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is used by specific E1-E2-E3 ubiquitin cascade enzymes to interfere with the activity of viral proteins. Recent biochemical studies have demonstrated how the E3 ligase HECT and RCC1-containing protein 5 (HERC5) regulates ISG15 signaling in response to hepatitis C (HCV), influenza-A (IAV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Taken together, the potent antiviral activity displayed by HERC5 and ISG15 make them promising drug targets for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics that can augment the host antiviral response. In this review, we examine the emerging role of ISG15 in antiviral immunity with a particular focus on how HERC5 orchestrates the specific and timely ISGylation of viral proteins in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Mathieu
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA;
| | - Ermela Paparisto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Stephen D. Barr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Donald E. Spratt
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA;
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Revisiting Ehrlichia ruminantium Replication Cycle Using Proteomics: The Host and the Bacterium Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061144. [PMID: 34073568 PMCID: PMC8229282 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rickettsiales Ehrlichia ruminantium, the causal agent of the fatal tick-borne disease Heartwater, induces severe damage to the vascular endothelium in ruminants. Nevertheless, E. ruminantium-induced pathobiology remains largely unknown. Our work paves the way for understanding this phenomenon by using quantitative proteomic analyses (2D-DIGE-MS/MS, 1DE-nanoLC-MS/MS and biotin-nanoUPLC-MS/MS) of host bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAE) during the in vitro bacterium intracellular replication cycle. We detect 265 bacterial proteins (including virulence factors), at all time-points of the E. ruminantium replication cycle, highlighting a dynamic bacterium–host interaction. We show that E. ruminantium infection modulates the expression of 433 host proteins: 98 being over-expressed, 161 under-expressed, 140 detected only in infected BAE cells and 34 exclusively detected in non-infected cells. Cystoscape integrated data analysis shows that these proteins lead to major changes in host cell immune responses, host cell metabolism and vesicle trafficking, with a clear involvement of inflammation-related proteins in this process. Our findings led to the first model of E. ruminantium infection in host cells in vitro, and we highlight potential biomarkers of E. ruminantium infection in endothelial cells (such as ROCK1, TMEM16K, Albumin and PTPN1), which may be important to further combat Heartwater, namely by developing non-antibiotic-based strategies.
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Narra HP, Sahni A, Walker DH, Sahni SK. Recent research milestones in the pathogenesis of human rickettsioses and opportunities ahead. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:753-765. [PMID: 32691620 PMCID: PMC7787141 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by pathogenic Rickettsia species continue to scourge human health across the globe. From the point of entry at the site of transmission by arthropod vectors, hematogenous dissemination of rickettsiae occurs to diverse host tissues leading to 'rickettsial vasculitis' as the salient feature of pathogenesis. This perspective article accentuates recent breakthrough developments in the context of host-pathogen-vector interactions during rickettsial infections. The subtopics include potential exploitation of circulating macrophages for spread, identification of new entry mechanisms and regulators of actin-based motility, appreciation of metabolites acquired from and effectors delivered into the host, importance of the toxin-antitoxin module in host-cell interactions, effects of the vector microbiome on rickettsial transmission, and niche-specific riboregulation and adaptation. Further research on these aspects will advance our understanding of the biology of rickettsiae as intracellular pathogens and should enable design and development of new approaches to counter rickettsioses in humans and other hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema P Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Abha Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Quantitative Proteomics of the Endothelial Secretome Identifies RC0497 as Diagnostic of Acute Rickettsial Spotted Fever Infections. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:306-322. [PMID: 31955791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mediterranean spotted fever is a reemerging acute tick-borne infection produced by the α-proteobacterium, Rickettsia conorii. Rickettsia conorii infects vascular endothelial cells producing disseminated plasma leakage, manifesting as nonspecific fever, headache, and maculopapular rash. Because there are no available tests of early infection, Mediterranean spotted fever is often undiagnosed and untreated, resulting in significant mortality. To address this critical need, we have applied a quantitative proteomics pipeline for analyzing the secretome of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Of the 104 proteins whose abundance changed significantly in the R. conorii-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells' secretome, 46 proteins were up-regulated: 45 were host secreted proteins (including cytokines), and 1 was a rickettsial protein, the putative N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase RC0497. Proteins with sequence highly homologous to RC0497 were found to be shared by many species of the spotted fever group rickettsiae, but not typhus group rickettsiae. Quantitative targeted proteomics studies of plasma from a mouse model of sublethal and lethal R. conorii identified RC0497 in the blood, and its circulating levels were proportionally associated with infection outcome. Finally, the presence of RC0497 in the serum samples from a cohort of humans presenting with acute rickettsioses was confirmed. The detection of RC0497 has the potential to be a sensitive and specific marker for acute rickettsial spotted rickettsioses.
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Wang K, Ran L, Yan T, Niu Z, Kan Z, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Xie L, Huang S, Yu Q, Wu D, Song Z. Anti-TGEV Miller Strain Infection Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Supernatant Based on the JAK-STAT1 Signaling Pathway. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2540. [PMID: 31781061 PMCID: PMC6851170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), caused by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), is one many gastrointestinal inflections in piglets, characterized by diarrhea, and high mortality. Probiotics are ubiquitous bacteria in animal intestines, which have many functions, such as promoting intestinal peristalsis and maintaining the intestinal balance. We found that the supernatant of the Lp-1 strain of Lactobacillus plantarum, isolated in our laboratory, and named Lp-1s had marked anti-TGEV effect on IPEC-J2 cells. Lp-1s could induce large amounts of interferon-β in IPEC-J2 cells in the early stage (6 h) of infection with TGEV, and increased the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription and its nuclear translocation in the late stage (24–48 h) of infection. This resulted in upregulated expression of interferon-stimulated genes, and increased the transcription and protein expression of antiviral proteins, resulting in an anti-TGEV effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Ran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Medical College of Animals, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zheng Niu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zifei Kan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyi Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilei Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuhan Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhui Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Rickettsial organisms are a diverse group of obligate intracellular bacteria; all species known to cause human disease are dependent on an arthropod vector and many are considered zoonotic diseases. Typical vectors of rickettsia are fleas, ticks, mites or lice. Humans become infected either when bitten or upon contact of broken skin or mucous membranes by infected secretions from an arthropod vector. The emergence and re-emergence of rickettsial diseases is a serious public health concern in the United States and abroad. Herein, the clinical and pathologic features of rickettsial diseases are described in tandem with the current scientific underpinnings. The histopathology of emerging and re-emerging rickettsiosis with species-specific discussion relating to vector issues and control are explored. Concepts of endemicity are addressed in the context of climate change and its impact on vector and sylvatic reservoirs, underscoring the need for clinical vigilance and broad consideration for encounters with these potentially life threating human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Adem
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College School of Medicine, 30 Sunshine Cottage Road, Basic Sciences Building, Room 413, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States.
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Narra HP, Sahni A, Khanipov K, Fofanov Y, Sahni SK. Global Transcriptomic Profiling of Pulmonary Gene Expression in an Experimental Murine Model of Rickettsia conorii Infection. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030204. [PMID: 30857242 PMCID: PMC6470625 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean spotted fever develops from an infection with Rickettsia conorii, an obligate intracellular, Gram-negative, endotheliotropic, and tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen, and is an acute, febrile illness that can progress to life-threatening complications if not diagnosed and treated early with effective antibiotics. Despite significant morbidity and mortality, little is known about changes in gene expression that determine the host responses during in vivo infection. We have investigated the transcriptional landscape of host lungs as a prominently affected organ system in an established murine model of infection by RNA-sequencing. Ingenuity pathway analysis resulted in the identification of 1332 differentially expressed genes and 292 upstream regulators. Notably, genes encoding for ubiquitin D, aconitate decarboxylase, antimicrobial peptides, calgranulins, cytokines and chemokines, and guanylate binding proteins were highly up-regulated, whereas those involved in hemoglobin biosynthesis and heme homeostasis were significantly down-regulated. Amongst response regulators, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 and killer cell lectin-like receptors were differentially expressed, and gene clustering revealed eukaryotic initiation factor-2, oxidative phosphorylation, and ubiquitination as the predominantly activated biological pathways. Collectively, this first global transcriptomic profiling has identified R. conorii-induced regulation of novel genes and pathways in the host lungs, further in-depth investigation of which will strengthen our understanding of the pathogenesis of human rickettsioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema P Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Abha Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Sanjeev K Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Li L, Fan H, Song Z, Liu X, Bai J, Jiang P. Encephalomyocarditis virus 2C protein antagonizes interferon-β signaling pathway through interaction with MDA5. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:70-84. [PMID: 30312637 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is one of the most important picornavirus. It infects many mammalian species and causes encephalitis, myocarditis, neurologic diseases, diabetes and reproductive disorders in pigs. And it evolves mechanisms for escaping innate immune responses. But the viral pathogenesis has not been understood completely. In this study, we firstly found that EMCV protein 2C is a strong IFN-β antagonist that interacts with MDA5 to inhibit induction of the IFN-β signal pathway. The mutations in amino acid residue V26 of 2C decrease the inhibition of IFN-β promoter activity and lost the ability to interact with MDA5, compared with wild type 2C protein. The rescued viruses with mutations in 2C (rV26A and rK25-3A) induced significantly higher IFN-β mRNA and protein levels in PK-15, HEK-293A and N2a cells, compared to wild type EMCV and the repaired viruses rV26A(R) and rK25-3A(R). These data indicate that the amino acid residue V26 of EMCV 2C plays important roles in inhibiting type I IFN production by interacting with MDA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Vornhagen J, Armistead B, Santana-Ufret V, Gendrin C, Merillat S, Coleman M, Quach P, Boldenow E, Alishetti V, Leonhard-Melief C, Ngo LY, Whidbey C, Doran KS, Curtis C, Waldorf KMA, Nance E, Rajagopal L. Group B streptococcus exploits vaginal epithelial exfoliation for ascending infection. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1985-1999. [PMID: 29629904 DOI: 10.1172/jci97043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirteen percent of pregnancies result in preterm birth or stillbirth, accounting for fifteen million preterm births and three and a half million deaths annually. A significant cause of these adverse pregnancy outcomes is in utero infection by vaginal microorganisms. To establish an in utero infection, vaginal microbes enter the uterus by ascending infection; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. Using both in vitro and murine models of vaginal colonization and ascending infection, we demonstrate how a vaginal microbe, group B streptococcus (GBS), which is frequently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, uses vaginal exfoliation for ascending infection. GBS induces vaginal epithelial exfoliation by activation of integrin and β-catenin signaling. However, exfoliation did not diminish GBS vaginal colonization as reported for other vaginal microbes. Rather, vaginal exfoliation increased bacterial dissemination and ascending GBS infection, and abrogation of exfoliation reduced ascending infection and improved pregnancy outcomes. Thus, for some vaginal bacteria, exfoliation promotes ascending infection rather than preventing colonization. Our study provides insight into mechanisms of ascending infection by vaginal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Vornhagen
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Blair Armistead
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Verónica Santana-Ufret
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Claire Gendrin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sean Merillat
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michelle Coleman
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Phoenicia Quach
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Boldenow
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Varchita Alishetti
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lisa Y Ngo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Whidbey
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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14
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Santibáñez S, Portillo A, Palomar AM, Oteo JA. Isolation of Rickettsia amblyommatis in HUVEC line. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 21:117-121. [PMID: 29321939 PMCID: PMC5756052 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia amblyommatis, formerly named Rickettsia amblyommii and ‘Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii’ is an intracellular bacterium belonging to the spotted fever group Rickettsia. It is highly prevalent in Amblyomma americanum and in other Amblyomma spp. throughout the Western Hemisphere. R. amblyommatis has been cultivated in chicken fibroblast, primary embryonated chicken eggs, Vero cells and arthropod-derived cells. Because of the affinity of rickettsiae to invade vascular endothelial cells, we tried to isolate R. amblyommatis from a nymph of Amblyomma cajennense s.l. collected in Saltillo (Coahulia, Mexico) using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). One tick half was analysed by ompA PCR and was found to be positive for R. amblyommatis. The other half was selected for in vitro culture of Rickettsia spp. It was triturated in 1 mL of endothelial cell growth medium with 1% antibiotic–antimycotic solution, and the homogenate was inoculated into a HUVEC line. Culture was maintained at 33°C in endothelial cell growth medium plus 2 mM l-glutamine and 2% fetal calf serum, with 5% CO2. The medium was changed weekly. Culture was checked by Gimenez stain for Rickettsia-like intracellular organisms. After 48 days of incubation, Rickettsia-like organisms were observed in HUVEC. PCR assays and sequencing of ompA gene in the culture suspension showed 100% identity with R. amblyommatis. This isolate was successfully established in HUVEC, and it has been deposited in the collection of the Center of Rickettsioses and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro–Center of Biomedical Research from La Rioja, Logroño, Spain. The HUVEC line is a useful tool for the isolation of R. amblyommatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santibáñez
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro-Center of Biomedical Research from La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - A Portillo
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro-Center of Biomedical Research from La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - A M Palomar
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro-Center of Biomedical Research from La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - J A Oteo
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro-Center of Biomedical Research from La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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15
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Philipp J, Azimzadeh O, Subramanian V, Merl-Pham J, Lowe D, Hladik D, Erbeldinger N, Ktitareva S, Fournier C, Atkinson MJ, Raj K, Tapio S. Radiation-Induced Endothelial Inflammation Is Transferred via the Secretome to Recipient Cells in a STAT-Mediated Process. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3903-3916. [PMID: 28849662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiation is the most common treatment of cancer. Minimizing the normal tissue injury, especially the damage to vascular endothelium, remains a challenge. This study aimed to analyze direct and indirect radiation effects on the endothelium by investigating mechanisms of signal transfer from irradiated to nonirradiated endothelial cells by means of secreted proteins. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCECest2) undergo radiation-induced senescence in vitro 14 days after exposure to 10 Gy X-rays. Proteomics analysis was performed on HCECest2 14 days after irradiation with X-ray doses of 0 Gy (control) or 10 Gy using label-free technology. Additionally, the proteomes of control and radiation-induced secretomes, and those of nonirradiated HCECest2 exposed for 24 h to secreted proteins of either condition were measured. Key changes identified by proteomics and bioinformatics were validated by immunoblotting, ELISA, bead-based multiplex assays, and targeted transcriptomics. The irradiated cells, their secretome, and the nonirradiated recipient cells showed similar inflammatory response, characterized by induction of interferon type I-related proteins and activation of the STAT3 pathway. These data indicate that irradiated endothelial cells may adversely affect nonirradiated surrounding cells via senescence-associated secretory phenotype. This study adds to our knowledge of the pathological background of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Philipp
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vikram Subramanian
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Research Unit Protein Science , D-80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Donna Lowe
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England , OX11 0RQ Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Hladik
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Erbeldinger
- GSI Helmholtz Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Svetlana Ktitareva
- GSI Helmholtz Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- GSI Helmholtz Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ken Raj
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England , OX11 0RQ Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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El Karkouri K, Kowalczewska M, Armstrong N, Azza S, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Multi-omics Analysis Sheds Light on the Evolution and the Intracellular Lifestyle Strategies of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia spp. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1363. [PMID: 28775717 PMCID: PMC5517468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne Rickettsia species are obligate intracellular bacteria which are pathogenic for humans. Within this genus, Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia conorii cause frequent and potentially severe infections, whereas Rickettsia raoultii and Rickettsia massiliae cause rare and milder infections. All four species belong to spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae. However, R. slovaca and R. raoultii cause scalp eschar and neck lymphadenopathy (SENLAT) and are mainly associated with Dermacentor ticks, whereas the other two species cause Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) and are mainly transmitted by Rhipicephalus ticks. To identify the potential genes and protein profiles and to understand the evolutionary processes that could, comprehensively, relate to the differences in virulence and pathogenicity observed between these four species, we compared their genomes and proteomes. The virulent and milder agents displayed divergent phylogenomic evolution in two major clades, whereas either SENLAT or MSF disease suggests a discrete convergent evolution of one virulent and one milder agent, despite their distant genetic relatedness. Moreover, the two virulent species underwent strong reductive genomic evolution and protein structural variations, as well as a probable loss of plasmid(s), compared to the two milder species. However, an abundance of mobilome genes was observed only in the less pathogenic species. After infecting Xenopus laevis cells, the virulent agents displayed less up-regulated than down-regulated proteins, as well as less number of identified core proteins. Furthermore, their similar and distinct protein profiles did not contain some genes (e.g., ompA/B and rickA) known to be related to rickettsial adhesion, motility and/or virulence, but may include other putative virulence-, antivirulence-, and/or disease-related proteins. The identified evolutionary forces herein may have a strong impact on intracellular expressions and strategies in these rickettsiae, and that may contribute to the emergence of distinct virulence and diseases in humans. Thus, the current multi-omics data provide new insights into the evolution and fitness of SFG virulence and pathogenicity, and intracellular pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Karkouri
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Malgorzata Kowalczewska
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Nicholas Armstrong
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Said Azza
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
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