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Lefranc MP, Lefranc G. Using IMGT unique numbering for IG allotypes and Fc-engineered variants of effector properties and half-life of therapeutic antibodies. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39367563 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are usually of the IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 classes, and their heavy chains may be modified by amino acid (aa) changes involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and/or half-life. Allotypes and Fc-engineered variants are classified using IMGT/HGNC gene nomenclature (e.g., Homo sapiens IGHG1). Allotype names follow the WHO/IMGT nomenclature. IMGT-engineered variant names use the IMGT nomenclature (e.g., Homsap G1v1), which comprises species and gene name (both abbreviated) followed by the letter v (for variant) and a number. Both allotypes and engineered variants are defined by their aa changes and positions, based on the IMGT unique numbering for C domain, identified in sequence motifs, referred to as IMGT topological motifs, as their limits and length are standardized and correspond to a structural feature (e.g., strand or loop). One hundred twenty-six variants are displayed with their type, IMGT numbering, Eu-IMGT positions, motifs before and after changes, and their property and function (effector and half-life). Three motifs characterize effector variants, CH2 1.6-3, 23-BC-41, and the FG loop, whereas three different motifs characterize half-life variants, two on CH2 13-AB-18 and 89-96 with H93, and one on CH3 the FG loop with H115.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (IMGT), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), UMR 9002 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (IMGT), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), UMR 9002 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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2
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Lefranc MP, Lefranc G. Antibody Sequence and Structure Analyses Using IMGT ®: 30 Years of Immunoinformatics. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2552:3-59. [PMID: 36346584 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2609-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, http://www.imgt.org , the global reference in immunogenetics and immunoinformatics, was created in 1989 by Marie-Paule Lefranc (Université de Montpellier and CNRS) to manage the huge diversity of the antigen receptors, immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, and T cell receptors (TR) of the adaptive immune responses. The founding of IMGT® marked the advent of immunoinformatics, which emerged at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics. IMGT® standardized analysis of the IG, TR, and major histocompatibility (MH) genes and proteins bridges the gap between sequences and three-dimensional (3D) structures, for all jawed vertebrates from fish to humans. This is achieved through the IMGT Scientific chart rules, based on the IMGT-ONTOLOGY axioms, and primarily CLASSIFICATION (IMGT gene and allele nomenclature) and NUMEROTATION (IMGT unique numbering and IMGT Colliers de Perles). IMGT® comprises seven databases (IMGT/LIGM-DB for nucleotide sequences, IMGT/GENE-DB for genes and alleles, etc.), 17 tools (IMGT/V-QUEST, IMGT/JunctionAnalysis, IMGT/HighV-QUEST for NGS, etc.), and more than 20,000 Web resources. In this chapter, the focus is on the tools for amino acid sequences per domain (IMGT/DomainGapAlign and IMGT/Collier-de-Perles), and on the databases for receptors (IMGT/2Dstructure-DB and IMGT/3D-structure-DB) described per receptor, chain, and domain and, for 3D, with contact analysis, paratope, and epitope. The IMGT/mAb-DB is the query interface for monoclonal antibodies (mAb), fusion proteins for immune applications (FPIA), composite proteins for clinical applications (CPCA), and related proteins of interest (RPI) with links to IMGT® 2D and 3D databases and to the World Health Organization (WHO) International Nonproprietary Names (INN) program lists. The chapter includes the human IG allotypes and antibody engineered variants for effector properties used in the description of therapeutical mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UMR 9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UMR 9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Treger RS, Fink SL. Beyond Titer: Expanding the Scope of Clinical Autoantibody Testing. J Appl Lab Med 2022; 7:99-113. [DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Autoantibodies that bind self-antigens are a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, but can also be present in healthy individuals. Clinical assays that detect and titer antigen-specific autoantibodies are an important component of the diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies may contribute to disease pathogenesis via effector functions that are dictated by both the antigen-binding site and constant domain.
Content
In this review, we discuss features of antibodies, in addition to antigen-binding specificity, which determine effector function. These features include class, subclass, allotype, and glycosylation. We discuss emerging data indicating that analysis of these antibody features may be informative for diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune diseases. We also consider methodologies to interrogate these features and consider how they could be implemented in the clinical laboratory.
Summary
Future autoantibody assays may incorporate assessment of additional antibody features that contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis and provide added clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Treger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan L Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Coelho CH, Nadakal ST, Gonzales Hurtado P, Morrison R, Galson JD, Neal J, Wu Y, King CR, Price V, Miura K, Wong-Madden S, Alamou Doritchamou JY, Narum DL, MacDonald NJ, Snow-Smith M, Vignali M, Taylor JJ, Lefranc MP, Trück J, Long CA, Sagara I, Fried M, Duffy PE. Antimalarial antibody repertoire defined by plasma IG proteomics and single B cell IG sequencing. JCI Insight 2020; 5:143471. [PMID: 33048842 PMCID: PMC7710313 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma antimalarial Ab can mediate antiparasite immunity but has not previously been characterized at the molecular level. Here, we develop an innovative strategy to characterize humoral responses by integrating profiles of plasma immunoglobulins (IGs) or Abs with those expressed on B cells as part of the B cell receptor. We applied this strategy to define plasma IG and to determine variable (V) gene usage after vaccination with the Plasmodium falciparum zygote antigen Pfs25. Using proteomic tools coupled with bulk immunosequencing data, we determined human antigen-binding fragment [F(ab')2] peptide sequences from plasma IG of adults who received 4 doses of Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel. Specifically, Pfs25 antigen-specific F(ab')2 peptides (Pfs25-IG) were aligned to cDNA sequences of IG heavy (IGH) chain complementarity determining region 3 from a data set generated by total peripheral B cell immunosequencing of the entire vaccinated population. IGHV4 was the most commonly identified IGHV subgroup of Pfs25-IG, a pattern that was corroborated by V heavy/V light chain sequencing of Pfs25-specific single B cells from 5 vaccinees and by matching plasma Pfs25-IG peptides and V-(D)-J sequences of Pfs25-specific single B cells from the same donor. Among 13 recombinant human mAbs generated from IG sequences of Pfs25-specific single B cells, a single IGHV4 mAb displayed strong neutralizing activity, reducing the number of P. falciparum oocysts in infected mosquitoes by more than 80% at 100 μg/mL. Our approach characterizes the human plasma Ab repertoire in response to the Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel vaccine and will be useful for studying circulating Abs in response to other vaccines as well as those induced during infections or autoimmune disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antimalarials/administration & dosage
- Antimalarials/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Vaccination
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila H. Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven T. Nadakal
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Gonzales Hurtado
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Morrison
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D. Galson
- University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jillian Neal
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yimin Wu
- PATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon Wong-Madden
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Yai Alamou Doritchamou
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David L. Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas J. MacDonald
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryonne Snow-Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marissa Vignali
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Justin J. Taylor
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, the International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire, Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Johannes Trück
- University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Lefranc MP, Lefranc G. Immunoglobulins or Antibodies: IMGT ® Bridging Genes, Structures and Functions. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E319. [PMID: 32878258 PMCID: PMC7555362 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics® information system founded in 1989 by Marie-Paule Lefranc (Université de Montpellier and CNRS), marked the advent of immunoinformatics, a new science at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics. For the first time, the immunoglobulin (IG) or antibody and T cell receptor (TR) genes were officially recognized as 'genes' as well as were conventional genes. This major breakthrough has allowed the entry, in genomic databases, of the IG and TR variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes and alleles of Homo sapiens and of other jawed vertebrate species, based on the CLASSIFICATION axiom. The second major breakthrough has been the IMGT unique numbering and the IMGT Collier de Perles for the V and constant (C) domains of the IG and TR and other proteins of the IG superfamily (IgSF), based on the NUMEROTATION axiom. IMGT-ONTOLOGY axioms and concepts bridge genes, sequences, structures and functions, between biological and computational spheres in the IMGT® system (Web resources, databases and tools). They provide the IMGT Scientific chart rules to identify, to describe and to analyse the IG complex molecular data, the huge diversity of repertoires, the genetic (alleles, allotypes, CNV) polymorphisms, the IG dual function (paratope/epitope, effector properties), the antibody humanization and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, Université de Montpellier UM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, CEDEX 5, 34396 Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- IMGT, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, Université de Montpellier UM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, CEDEX 5, 34396 Montpellier, France
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6
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Howie HL, Collins B, Wang X, Kapp L, Delaney M, Er LS, Lebedev JN, Zimring JC. Characterization and refinement of monoclonal anti-human globulins that lack reactivity with human IgG4. Transfusion 2020; 60:1060-1068. [PMID: 32369193 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies consisting of only the immunoglobulin G (IgG) 4 subtype are typically considered clinically insignificant. A US Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal anti-human globulin (16H8) is nonreactive with IgG4, which has been considered a benefit to avoid testing interference from IgG4. However, 16H8 also does not recognize two natural IgG3 variants (IgG3-03 and IgG3-13). Thus, 16H8 may miss clinically significant alloantibodies in some settings. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Novel mouse anti-human IgG hybridomas were generated and screened for reactivity with 32 human variants of anti-KEL1 across different IgG subtypes, as well as mutants to allow epitope mapping. Anti-IgG reactivity was determined using KEL1+ RBCs bound by each IgG variant as targets. Binding of anti-IgG was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS 16H8 recognized an epitope involving amino acid 419, which is glutamate in IgG4, IgG3-03, and IgG3-13, explaining the lack of 16H8 reactivity with these subtypes/isoallotypes. A new monoclonal antibody (PUMA8) was isolated that, like 16H8, was nonreactive with IgG4 but without blind spots for known variants of IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3. PUMA8 recognized an epitope containing arginine at position 355, which is glutamine in IgG4. However, a recently described new IgG4 variant with an arginine at position 355 results in PUMA8 reactivity. CONCLUSION PUMA8 represents an alternative to 16H8 that avoids IgG4 but without blind spots for IgG3 variants. However, PUMA8 reacts with one recently described IgG4 variant. In addition to relevance to immunohematology, these studies highlight the importance of patient variation with regards to assay performance in an era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Howie
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Baodan Collins
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Linda Kapp
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meghan Delaney
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Division, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pathology & Pediatrics, The George Washington University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lay See Er
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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7
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Keshavjee S, Amanullah F, Cattamanchi A, Chaisson R, Dobos KM, Fox GJ, Gendelman HE, Gordon R, Hesseling A, Le Van H, Kampmann B, Kana B, Khuller G, Lewinsohn DM, Lewinsohn DA, Lin PL, Lu LL, Maartens G, Owen A, Protopopova M, Rengarajan J, Rubin E, Salgame P, Schurr E, Seddon JA, Swindells S, Tobin DM, Udwadia Z, Walzl G, Srinivasan S, Rustomjee R, Nahid P. Moving toward Tuberculosis Elimination. Critical Issues for Research in Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Tuberculosis Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 199:564-571. [PMID: 30335466 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1053pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salmaan Keshavjee
- 1 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery-Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- 4 University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Richard Chaisson
- 5 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Gregory J Fox
- 7 University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Richard Gordon
- 9 South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Hoi Le Van
- 11 National Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,12 National TB Program in Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Beate Kampmann
- 13 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bavesh Kana
- 14 University of Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,15 Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, CAPRISA, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gopal Khuller
- 16 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- 17 Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,18 Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Philiana Ling Lin
- 19 University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lenette Lin Lu
- 20 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gary Maartens
- 21 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Owen
- 22 University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - Marina Protopopova
- 23 Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Eric Rubin
- 25 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - James A Seddon
- 13 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David M Tobin
- 28 Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Zarir Udwadia
- 29 Hinduja Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- 30 Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,14 University of Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sudha Srinivasan
- 23 Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Roxana Rustomjee
- 23 Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Payam Nahid
- 4 University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
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Abstract
IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® ( http://www.imgt.org ), was created in 1989 by Marie-Paule Lefranc (Université de Montpellier and CNRS) to manage the huge diversity of the antigen receptors, immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, and T cell receptors (TR). The founding of IMGT® marked the advent of immunoinformatics, which emerged at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics. Standardized sequence and structure analysis of antibody using IMGT® databases and tools allow one to bridge, for the first time, the gap between antibody sequences and three-dimensional (3D) structures. This is achieved through the IMGT Scientific chart rules, based on the IMGT-ONTOLOGY concepts of classification (IMGT gene and allele nomenclature), description (IMGT standardized labels), and numerotation (IMGT unique numbering and IMGT Collier de Perles). IMGT® is acknowledged as the global reference for immunogenetics and immunoinformatics, and its standards are particularly useful for antibody engineering and humanization. IMGT® databases for antibody nucleotide sequences and genes include IMGT/LIGM-DB and IMGT/GENE-DB, respectively, and nucleotide sequence analysis is performed by the IMGT/V-QUEST and IMGT/JunctionAnalysis tools and for NGS by IMGT/HighV-QUEST. In this chapter, we focus on IMGT® databases and tools for amino acid sequences, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structures: the IMGT/DomainGapAlign and IMGT Collier de Perles tools and the IMGT/2Dstructure-DB and IMGT/3Dstructure-DB database. IMGT/mAb-DB provides the query interface for monoclonal antibodies (mAb), fusion proteins for immune applications (FPIA), and composite proteins for clinical applications (CPCA) and related proteins of interest (RPI) and links to the proposed and recommended lists of the World Health Organization International Nonproprietary Name (WHO INN) programme, to IMGT/2Dstructure-DB for amino acid sequences, and to IMGT/3Dstructure-DB and its associated tools (IMGT/StructuralQuery, IMGT/DomainSuperimpose) for crystallized antibodies.
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9
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Dechavanne C, Dechavanne S, Sadissou I, Lokossou AG, Alvarado F, Dambrun M, Moutairou K, Courtin D, Nuel G, Garcia A, Migot-Nabias F, King CL. Associations between an IgG3 polymorphism in the binding domain for FcRn, transplacental transfer of malaria-specific IgG3, and protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria during infancy: A birth cohort study in Benin. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002403. [PMID: 28991911 PMCID: PMC5633139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplacental transfer of maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the fetus helps to protect against malaria and other infections in infancy. Recent studies have emphasized the important role of malaria-specific IgG3 in malaria immunity, and its transfer may reduce the risk of malaria in infancy. Human IgGs are actively transferred across the placenta by binding the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) expressed within the endosomes of the syncytiotrophoblastic membrane. Histidine at position 435 (H435) provides for optimal Fc-IgG binding. In contrast to other IgG subclasses, IgG3 is highly polymorphic and usually contains an arginine at position 435, which reduces its binding affinity to FcRn in vitro. The reduced binding to FcRn is associated with reduced transplacental transfer and reduced half-life of IgG3 in vivo. Some haplotypes of IgG3 have histidine at position 435. This study examines the hypotheses that the IgG3-H435 variant promotes increased transplacental transfer of malaria-specific antibodies and a prolonged IgG3 half-life in infants and that its presence correlates with protection against clinical malaria during infancy. METHODS AND FINDINGS In Benin, 497 mother-infant pairs were included in a longitudinal birth cohort. Both maternal and cord serum samples were assayed for levels of IgG1 and IgG3 specific for MSP119, MSP2 (both allelic families, 3D7 and FC27), MSP3, GLURP (both regions, R0 and R2), and AMA1 antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. Cord:maternal ratios were calculated. The maternal IgG3 gene was sequenced to identify the IgG3-H435 polymorphism. A multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between maternal IgG3-H435 polymorphism and transplacental transfer of IgG3, adjusting for hypergammaglobulinemia, maternal malaria, and infant malaria exposure. Twenty-four percent of Beninese women living in an area highly endemic for malaria had the IgG3-H435 allele (377 women homozygous for the IgG3-R435 allele, 117 women heterozygous for the IgG3-R/H alleles, and 3 women homozygous for the IgG3-H435 allele). Women with the IgG3-H435 allele had a 78% (95% CI 17%, 170%, p = 0.007) increased transplacental transfer of GLURP-R2 IgG3 compared to those without the IgG3-H435 allele. Furthermore, in infants born to mothers with the IgG3-H435 variant, a 28% longer IgG3 half-life was noted (95% CI 4%, 59%, p = 0.02) compared to infants born to mothers homozygous for the IgG3-R435 allele. Similar findings were observed for AMA1, MSP2-3D7, MSP3, GLURP-R0, and GLURP-R2 but not for MSP119 and MSP2-FC27. Infants born to women with IgG3-H435 had a 32% lower risk of symptomatic malaria during infancy (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.68 [95% CI 0.51, 0.91], p = 0.01) compared to infants born to mothers homozygous for IgG3-R435. We did not find a lower risk of asymptomatic malaria in infants born to women with or without IgG3-H435. Limitations of the study were the inability to determine (i) the actual amount of IgG3-H435 relative to IgG-R435 in serum samples and (ii) the proportion of malaria-specific IgG produced by infants versus acquired from their mothers. CONCLUSIONS An arginine-to-histidine replacement at residue 435 in the binding domain of IgG3 to FcRn increases the transplacental transfer and half-life of malaria-specific IgG3 in young infants and is associated with reduced risk of clinical malaria during infancy. The IgG3-H435 allele may be under positive selection, given its relatively high frequency in malaria endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Dechavanne
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CD); (CLK)
| | - Sebastien Dechavanne
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ibrahim Sadissou
- Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Division of Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adjimon Gatien Lokossou
- Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche Sciences Biomédicales et Environnement, École Polytechnique d’Abomey Calavi, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Fernanda Alvarado
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Magalie Dambrun
- Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - David Courtin
- Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gregory Nuel
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées, UMR CNRS 8145, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Andre Garcia
- Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florence Migot-Nabias
- Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christopher L. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Research Service, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CD); (CLK)
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