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Zhou W, Chai Y, Lu S, Yang Q, Tang L, Zhou D. Advances in the study of tissue-engineered retinal pigment epithelial cell sheets. Regen Ther 2024; 27:419-433. [PMID: 38694444 PMCID: PMC11062139 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Regarded as the most promising treatment modality for retinal degenerative diseases, retinal pigment epithelium cell replacement therapy holds significant potential. Common retinal degenerative diseases, including Age-related Macular Degeneration, are frequently characterized by damage to the unit comprising photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane. The selection of appropriate tissue engineering materials, in conjunction with retinal pigment epithelial cells, for graft preparation, can offer an effective treatment for retinal degenerative diseases. This article presents an overview of the research conducted on retinal pigment epithelial cell tissue engineering, outlining the challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Yujiao Chai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaohui Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Liying Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Di Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
- National Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
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Limnios IJ, Chau YQ, Skabo SJ, Surrao DC, O'Neill HC. Efficient differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to retinal pigment epithelium under defined conditions. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:248. [PMID: 33883023 PMCID: PMC8058973 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a highly prevalent form of blindness caused by loss death of cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Transplantation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived RPE cells is considered a promising therapy to regenerate cell function and vision. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to develop a rapid directed differentiation method for production of RPE cells from PSC which is rapid, efficient, and fully defined and produces cells suitable for clinical use. DESIGN A protocol for cell growth and differentiation from hESCs was developed to induce differentiation through screening small molecules which regulated a primary stage of differentiation to the eyefield progenitor, and then, a subsequent set of molecules to drive differentiation to RPE cells. Methods for cell plating and maintenance have been optimized to give a homogeneous population of cells in a short 14-day period, followed by a procedure to support maturation of cell function. RESULTS We show here the efficient production of RPE cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) using small molecules in a feeder-free system using xeno-free/defined medium. Flow cytometry at day 14 showed ~ 90% of cells expressed the RPE markers MITF and PMEL17. Temporal gene analysis confirmed differentiation through defined cell intermediates. Mature hESC-RPE cell monolayers exhibited key morphological, molecular, and functional characteristics of the endogenous RPE. CONCLUSION This study identifies a novel cell differentiation process for rapid and efficient production of retinal RPE cells directly from hESCs. The described protocol has utility for clinical-grade cell production for human therapy to treat AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis J Limnios
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4229, Australia.
| | - Yu-Qian Chau
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4229, Australia
| | - Stuart J Skabo
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4229, Australia
| | - Denver C Surrao
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4229, Australia
| | - Helen C O'Neill
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4229, Australia.
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Salehi-Nik N, Malaie-Balasi Z, Amoabediny G, Banikarimi SP, Zandieh-Doulabi B, Klein-Nulend J. Sustained release of growth hormone and sodium nitrite from biomimetic collagen coating immobilized on silicone tubes improves endothelialization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:1204-1215. [PMID: 28531997 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatibility of biomedical devices can be improved by endothelialization of blood-contacting parts mimicking the vascular endothelium's function. Improved endothelialization might be obtained by using biomimetic coatings that allow local sustained release of biologically active molecules, e.g. anti-thrombotic and growth-inducing agents, from nanoliposomes. We aimed to test whether incorporation of growth-inducing nanoliposomal growth hormone (nGH) and anti-thrombotic nanoliposomal sodium nitrite (nNitrite) into collagen coating of silicone tubes enhances endothelialization by stimulating endothelial cell proliferation and inhibiting platelet adhesion. Collagen coating stably immobilized on acrylic acid-grafted silicone tubes decreased the water contact angle from 102° to 56°. Incorporation of 50 or 500nmol/ml nNitrite and 100 or 1000ng/ml nGH into collagen coating decreased the water contact angle further to 48°. After 120h incubation, 58% nitrite and 22% GH of the initial amount of sodium nitrite and GH in nanoliposomes were gradually released from the nNitrite-nGH-collagen coating. Endothelial cell number was increased after surface coating of silicone tubes with collagen by 1.6-fold, and with nNitrite-nGH-collagen conjugate by 1.8-3.9-fold after 2days. After 6days, endothelial cell confluency in the absence of surface coating was 22%, with collagen coating 74%, and with nNitrite-nGH-collagen conjugate coating 83-119%. In the absence of endothelial cells, platelet adhesion was stimulated after collagen coating by 1.3-fold, but inhibited after nNitrite-nGH-collagen conjugate coating by 1.6-3.7-fold. The release of anti-thrombotic prostaglandin I2 from endothelial cells was stimulated after nNitrite-nGH-collagen conjugate coating by 1.7-2.2-fold compared with collagen coating. Our data shows improved endothelialization and blood compatibility using nNitrite-nGH-collagen conjugate coating on silicone tubes suggesting that these coatings are highly suitable for use in blood-contacting parts of biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Salehi-Nik
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran,111554563, Enqelab Avenue, Tehran, Iran; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3008, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Velenjak, Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Malaie-Balasi
- Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran,143951374, Enqelab Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghassem Amoabediny
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran,111554563, Enqelab Avenue, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran,143951374, Enqelab Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh Parnian Banikarimi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran,111554563, Enqelab Avenue, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran,143951374, Enqelab Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behrouz Zandieh-Doulabi
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3008, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Velenjak, Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3008, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Velenjak, Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
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Swoboda JG, Elliott J, Deshmukh V, de Lichtervelde L, Shen W, Tremblay MS, Peters EC, Cho CY, Lu B, Girman S, Wang S, Schultz PG. Small molecule mediated proliferation of primary retinal pigment epithelial cells. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1407-11. [PMID: 23621521 DOI: 10.1021/cb4001712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form a monolayer adjacent to the retina and play a critical role in the visual light cycle. Degeneration of RPE cells results in retinal disorders such as age-related macular degeneration. Cell transplant strategies have potential therapeutic value for such disorders; however, risks associated with an inadequate supply of donor cells limit their therapeutic success. The identification of factors that proliferate RPE cells ex vivo could provide a renewable source of cells for transplantation. Here, we report that a small molecule (WS3) can reversibly proliferate primary RPE cells isolated from fetal and adult human donors. Following withdrawal of WS3, RPE cells differentiate into a functional monolayer, as exhibited by their expression of mature RPE genes and phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. Furthermore, chemically expanded RPE cells preserve vision when transplanted into dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, a well-established model of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Swoboda
- Department of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jimmy Elliott
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay
Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vishal Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lorenzo de Lichtervelde
- Department of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Weijun Shen
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road,
La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew S. Tremblay
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road,
La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eric C. Peters
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay
Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Charles Y. Cho
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay
Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bin Lu
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Sergej Girman
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Shaomei Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Liggett TE, Griffiths TD, Gaillard ER. Isolation and characterization of a spontaneously immortalized bovine retinal pigmented epithelial cell line. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:33. [PMID: 19413901 PMCID: PMC3152772 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Retinal Pigmented Epithelium (RPE) is juxtaposed with the photoreceptor outer segments of the eye. The proximity of the photoreceptor cells is a prerequisite for their survival, as they depend on the RPE to remove the outer segments and are also influenced by RPE cell paracrine factors. RPE cell death can cause a progressive loss of photoreceptor function, which can diminish vision and, over time, blindness ensues. Degeneration of the retina has been shown to induce a variety of retinopathies, such as Stargardt's disease, Cone-Rod Dystrophy (CRD), Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), Fundus Flavimaculatus (FFM), Best's disease and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). We have cultured primary bovine RPE cells to gain a further understanding of the mechanisms of RPE cell death. One of the cultures, named tRPE, surpassed senescence and was further characterized to determine its viability as a model for retinal diseases. RESULTS The tRPE cell line has been passaged up to 150 population doublings and was shown to be morphologically similar to primary cells. They have been characterized to be of RPE origin by reverse transcriptase PCR and immunocytochemistry using the RPE-specific genes RPE65 and CRALBP and RPE-specific proteins RPE65 and Bestrophin. The tRPE cells are also immunoreactive to vimentin, cytokeratin and zonula occludens-1 antibodies. Chromosome analysis indicates a normal diploid number. The tRPE cells do not grow in suspension or in soft agar. After 3H thymidine incorporation, the cells do not appear to divide appreciably after confluency. CONCLUSION The tRPE cells are immortal, but still exhibit contact inhibition, serum dependence, monolayer growth and secrete an extra-cellular matrix. They retain the in-vivo morphology, gene expression and cell polarity. Additionally, the cells endocytose exogenous melanin, A2E and purified lipofuscin granules. This cell line may be a useful in-vitro research model for retinal maculopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Liggett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
- Current address: Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Daniel Griffiths
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gaillard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
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Krugluger W, Seidel S, Steindl K, Binder S. Epidermal growth factor inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and beta-catenin transcription in cultured ARPE-19 cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245:1543-8. [PMID: 17690899 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-007-0635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culture of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells might be a future option in the therapy of various degenerative retinal diseases. However, the molecular changes which occur during in vitro expansion of RPE cells during culture are not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate molecular changes in the RPE cell line ARPE-19 after stimulation with different growth factors. METHODS Cultured ARPE-19 cells were stimulated for 72 hours with rh-EGF, rh-IGF-1, rh-VEGF or rh-bFGF, and transcriptional changes of the differentiation markers cytokeratin 18 and RPE65 and of the key molecules of the wnt pathway, beta-catenin, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) were evaluated by real time RT-PCR. RESULTS We found a significant decrease of cytokeratin 18 and RPE65 transcription after stimulation with rh-EGF (0.47 +/- 0.42 and 0.32 +/- 0.57-fold, respectively; p < 0.05). A significant reduction of beta-catenin and GSK-3 mRNA was found in ARPE-19 cells stimulated with rh-IGF-1 (0.61 +/- 0.25 and 0.52 +/- 0.02-fold, respectively) or rh-EGF (0.55 +/- 0.19 and 0.76 +/- 0.26-fold, respectively). No changes of beta-catenin mRNA were observed after stimulation with rh-VEGF or bFGF. CONCLUSION Our data suggest an inhibition of the beta-catenin-pathway in ARPE-19 cells by IGF-1 and EGF, suggesting that ARPE-19 cell proliferation is, at least in part, driven by the beta-catenin pathway. Furthermore, induction of proliferation by EGF results in a loss of differentiation markers in these cells. Maintaining the RPE phenotype is still one of the main problems for RPE- transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Krugluger
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, The Ludwig Boltzmann Institut of Retinology and Biomicroscopic Lasersurgery, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) maintains retinal function as the metabolic gatekeeper between photoreceptors (PRs) and the choriocapillaries. The RPE and Bruch's membrane (BM) suffer cumulative damage over lifetime, which is thought to induce age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in susceptible individuals. Unlike palliative pharmacologic treatments, replacement of the RPE has a curative potential for AMD. This article reviews mechanisms leading to RPE dysfunction in aging and AMD, laboratory studies on RPE transplantation, and surgical techniques used in AMD patients. Future strategies using ex vivo steps prior to transplantation, BM prosthetics, and stem cell applications are discussed. The functional peculiarity of the macular region, epigenetic phenomena leading to an age-related shift in protein expression, along with the accumulation of lipofuscin may affect the metabolism in the central RPE. Thickening of BM with age decreases its hydraulic conductivity. Drusen are deposits of extracellular material and formed in part by activation of the alternative complement pathway in individuals carrying a mutant allele of complement factor H. AMD likely represents an umbrella term for a disease entity with multifactorial etiology and manifestations. Presently, a slow progressing (dry) non-neovascular atrophic form and a rapidly blinding neovascular (wet) form are discerned. No therapy is currently available for the former, while RPE transplantation and promising (albeit non-causal) anti-angiogenic therapies are available for the latter. The potential of RPE transplantation was demonstrated in animal models. Rejection of allogeneic homologous transplants in patients focused further studies on autologous sources. In vitro studies elucidated cell adhesion and wound healing mechanisms on aged human BM. Currently, autologous RPE, harvested from the midperiphery, is being transplanted as a cell suspension or a patch of RPE and choroid in AMD patients. These techniques have been evaluated from several groups. Autologous RPE transplants may have the disadvantage of carrying the same genetic information that may have led to AMD manifestation. An intermittent culturing step would allow for in vitro therapy of the RPE, its rejuvenation and prosthesis of BM to improve the success RPE transplants. Recent advances in stem cell biology when combined with lessons learned from studies of RPE transplantation are intriguing future therapeutic modalities for AMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Binder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rudolf Foundation Clinic, Hospital of the City of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Eurell TE, Brown DR, Gerding PA, Hamor RE. Alginate as a new biomaterial for the growth of porcine retinal pigment epithelium. Vet Ophthalmol 2003; 6:237-43. [PMID: 12950655 DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-5224.2003.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the effect of a 3-dimensional alginate matrix on the growth and differentiation of cells isolated from porcine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). PROCEDURES Porcine RPE cells were harvested from enucleated eyecups, isolated by differential gravity sedimentation and cultured in either alginate alone (Group 1) or on plastic tissue culture plates followed by alginate (Group 2). Group 1 cells were cultured in alginate to evaluate the efficacy of the matrix as a culture medium. Group 2 cells were initially cultured on plastic to induce dedifferentiation. The cells were then harvested, suspended in alginate beads, and incubated for a second culture period to determine if the induced dedifferentiation was reversible. RESULTS The number of Group 1 cells was significantly greater (P < or = 0.01) at the end of the culture period. The amount of pigment and cell morphology of Group 1 cells at the end of the culture period was similar to that seen at initial cell isolation. The initial culture of Group 2 cells on plastic showed characteristic features of dedifferentiation marked by the loss of pigment and alterations in microscopic appearance. Secondary culture of dedifferentiated Group 2 cells in alginate beads resulted in a return to pigmentation and characteristic morphology for a majority of the cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS Porcine RPE cells can be propagated in alginate culture with a significant increase in cell numbers while maintaining normal morphology. Under the conditions described in the present study, the dedifferentiation of porcine RPE induced by standard in vitro culture methods is reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Eurell
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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