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Han Y, Tang J, Liu S, Zhao X, Wang R, Xia J, Qin C, Chen H, Lin Q. Cellular Microenvironment-Sensitive Drug Eluting Coating on Intraocular Lens for Enhanced Posterior Capsular Opacification Prevention and in Vivo Biocompatibility. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3582-3593. [PMID: 35025228 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuemei Han
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Junmei Tang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Sihao Liu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jiayi Xia
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chen Qin
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Quankui Lin
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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The Wound Healing Effect of Doxycycline after Corneal Alkali Burn in Rats. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:5168652. [PMID: 31687199 PMCID: PMC6811797 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5168652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the wound healing effect of doxycycline and its underlying mechanisms in a rat model of corneal alkali burn. Methods Male SD rats were administered 1.0 N NaOH in the right cornea for 25 seconds and randomly divided into the doxycycline group and the control group, with 84 rats in each group. 1.0 g·L−1 doxycycline eye drops (doxycycline group) or vehicle (control group) was topically instilled onto the rat cornea after chemical injury. Three days, 7 days, and 14 days after alkali burn, microscopy was used to observe corneal wound healing by fluorescein staining and the degree of corneal opacity. The expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) levels were measured by immunofluorescent staining, and Western blot assays for TGF-β1, a-SMA, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were also performed. Results Corneal wound healing and corneal opacity scores were better in the doxycycline group than in the control group. Three, 7, and 14 days after corneal alkali burn, a significant increase in TGF-β1 was observed in corneas from the control group, compared with the corneas from the doxycycline group (P < 0.05). The corneal levels of MMP-9 in the doxycycline group were lower than those in the control group 3 days and 7 days after alkali burn (P < 0.05). In addition, doxycycline inhibited α-SMA expression and suppressed NF-κB expression. Conclusion Doxycycline treatment promoted corneal healing and reduced corneal opacity in SD rats. Doxycycline protected the cornea from alkali burn injury by reducing TGF-β1, MMP-9, NF-κB, and α-SMA expression.
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Singh M, Tyagi SC. Metalloproteinases as mediators of inflammation and the eyes: molecular genetic underpinnings governing ocular pathophysiology. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1308-1318. [PMID: 28861360 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.08.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many vision threatening diseases of the eye affecting millions of people worldwide. In this article, we are summarizing potential role of various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); the Zn (2+)-dependent endoproteases in eye health along with pathogenesis of prominent ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma via understanding MMPs regulation in affected patients, interactions of MMPs with their substrate molecules, and key regulatory functions of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) towards maintaining overall homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Dickkopf-1 inhibits Wnt3a-induced migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human lens epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2017; 161:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Schultz GR. Radiation-associated cataracts among interventional physicians and support staff. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jicc.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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High MMP-9 Expression May Contribute to Retroprosthetic Membrane Formation after KPro Implantation in Rabbit Corneal Alkali Burn Model. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:1094279. [PMID: 26949542 PMCID: PMC4753725 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1094279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate aqueous humor MMP-9 levels in alkali-burned rabbit cornea following KPr implantation and their roles in RPMs formation. Methods. Left eyes of 36 rabbits received a deep corneal alkali wound. 12 corneas were implanted with KPro and the other 24 control corneas were either penetrating keratoplasty or left without keratoplasty. Aqueous humor MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels were determined and RPMs were obtained for histopathological and ultrastructural examination. Results. Alkali exposure induced significant increase in aqueous humor MMP-9 level and the data were further enhanced by KPro implantation. By contrast, TMIP-1 levels in aqueous humor showed a decreased trend following corneal alkali burn and KPro surgery. RPMs were developed in 5 out of 10 cases of KPro successfully implanted eyes. Histopathology showed the presence of a large number of fibroblasts and collagen fibers arranged irregularly with inflammatory cells infiltration, and an ingrowth of new blood vessels in this retrokeratoprosthesis fibrous tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive stain of RPMs for both MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Aqueous humor MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in RPM group postoperatively, while TIMP-1 levels were comparatively lower than that of No-RPM group. Conclusions. Our study evidenced the potential pathophysiological role of MMP-9 expression in RPM formation following KPro implantation.
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Sousounis K, Tsonis PA. Patterns of gene expression in microarrays and expressed sequence tags from normal and cataractous lenses. Hum Genomics 2012; 6:14. [PMID: 23244575 PMCID: PMC3563465 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, we have examined the patterns of gene expression in normal and cataractous lenses as presented in five different papers using microarrays and expressed sequence tags. The purpose was to evaluate unique and common patterns of gene expression during development, aging and cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sousounis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, USA
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Blakely EA, Kleiman NJ, Neriishi K, Chodick G, Chylack LT, Cucinotta FA, Minamoto A, Nakashima E, Kumagami T, Kitaoka T, Kanamoto T, Kiuchi Y, Chang P, Fujii N, Shore RE. Radiation cataractogenesis: epidemiology and biology. Radiat Res 2010; 173:709-17. [PMID: 20426671 DOI: 10.1667/rrxx19.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Blakely
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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Morarescu D, West-Mays JA, Sheardown HD. Effect of delivery of MMP inhibitors from PDMS as a model IOL material on PCO markers. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2399-407. [PMID: 20022368 PMCID: PMC2972668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) or secondary cataract formation, following intraocular lens implantation, is a significant complication affecting an estimated 28% of cataract patients. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been demonstrated to play a role in the formation of anterior subcapsular cataracts and it has been shown that the presence of MMP inhibitors (MMPI) decreases subcapsular cataract formation ex vivo. Since the mechanisms responsible for anterior subcapsular cataract formation and posterior capsule opacification are similar, it is reasonable to suggest that MMP inhibitors may also mitigate PCO. One of the most effective ways of delivering the inhibitors may be from the implanted intraocular lens (IOL) material itself. In the current work, delivery of three different MMP inhibitors from silicone rubber as a model IOL material was examined. Loading methods were developed which allowed continuous release of active MMPI for periods of over 5 months in some cases. Reduced migration rates were observed in human lens epithelial cells in vitro, suggesting that an effect on PCO may be possible. While further studies are necessary to tune the systems to achieve the desired rates of release, this work demonstrates that delivery of MMPI from silicone IOL materials has the potential to decrease the incidence of PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Morarescu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Judy A. West-Mays
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Heather D. Sheardown
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Awasthi N, Wang-Su ST, Wagner BJ. Downregulation of MMP-2 and -9 by proteasome inhibition: a possible mechanism to decrease LEC migration and prevent posterior capsular opacification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:1998-2003. [PMID: 18436832 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and migration of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) after cataract surgery leads to the development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). The authors have shown that proteasome inhibition suppresses LEC proliferation and EMT. The present study investigates the prevention of LEC migration by proteasome inhibition through the suppression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity. METHODS HLE B-3 and primary human LEC migration assays were performed using polycarbonate membrane inserts and 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) as chemoattractant. Cultured cells were treated with 1 ng TGF-beta(2), with or without MG132 (proteasome inhibitor) or GM 6001 (MMP inhibitor). Capsular bags with intraocular lenses (IOLs) were prepared from human donor eyes and cultured in serum-free DMEM. The capsular bags were then treated with 1 or 10 ng/mL TGF-beta(2), with or without MG132 (2.5 or 10 muM, respectively). The medium was sampled and replaced every 2 days and analyzed for MMP-2 and -9 activities by SDS-PAGE zymography. Protein and RNA expression were analyzed by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS Proteasome inhibition blocks LEC migration in HLE B-3 and primary human LECs. To further evaluate the mechanism of decrease in LEC migration by proteasome inhibition, the authors measured MMP-2 mRNA and protein expression and MMP-2 and -9 activities. In HLE B-3 cells, TGF-beta(2) increased MMP-2 mRNA and protein levels; these increases were inhibited by MG132 cotreatment. Medium from HLE B-3 cultures showed MMP-2 and -9 activities, which were induced by TGF-beta(2) treatment and inhibited by MG132 co-treatment. TGF-beta(2) treatment also increased MMP-2 and -9 activities in IOL capsular bag cultures; these were progressively decreased by proteasome inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Proteasome inhibition decreases LEC migration. This inhibition is correlated with decreased MMP-2 and -9 activities, observed both with and without TGF-beta(2) treatment. These findings support proteasome inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to prevent PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Awasthi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Chang PY, Bjornstad KA, Rosen CJ, Lin S, Blakely EA. Particle radiation alters expression of matrix metalloproteases resulting in ECM remodeling in human lens cells. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2007; 46:187-94. [PMID: 17256179 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Relatively low doses of space radiation have been correlated with an increased incidence and earlier appearance of cataracts in space travelers. The lens is a radiosensitive organ of the body with a very obvious late end point of radiation damage--cataract. However, many molecular changes occur in the lens soon after radiation exposure and long before the appearance of an opacification. The goal of our research is to elucidate early mechanisms associated with particle radiation-induced cataractogenesis, with the ultimate goal of developing countermeasures. Normal, cultured non-immortalized human lens cells were grown on matrix-coated plastic tissue culture vessels and irradiated with particle beams at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL) or at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Lab. Samples were harvested at different times after radiation exposure. Using a focused genetic approach, total RNA and protein extracts from control and irradiated samples were processed and probed for the expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have previously been studied in adult postmortem human lenses, in post-cataract intraocular lens (IOL) surgery capsular bags and with immortalized human lens cell cultures. Significant differences exist in the expression pattern with these various model systems. We have evidence for the cell stage-specific expression of MMP family of genes during lens fiber differentiation, and for radiation-induced alterations in the misregulation of MMP expression. Our data indicate that radiation exposure may lead to differences in the expression of radiation stress responses, which may impact selective ECM remodeling and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Chang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 70A-1118, One Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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West-Mays JA, Pino G. Matrix Metalloproteinases as Mediators of Primary and Secondary Cataracts. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2007; 2:931-938. [PMID: 19018298 PMCID: PMC2583795 DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2.6.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of endopeptidases involved in numerous remodeling and fibrotic disorders. Although MMPs have been shown to play important roles in regenerative and disease processes in many parts of the eye, including the cornea, retina and trabecular meshwork, the role of MMPs in the normal and cataractous lens has only recently been studied. These investigations have shown that multiple MMPs are expressed in the lens and their expression is altered in a number of cataract phenotypes. However, anterior subcapsular cataract and posterior capsular opacification, cataracts of a fibrotic nature, show a particular involvement of MMPs. This review will highlight recent findings that suggest a causative role for MMPs in these fibrotic cataract phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A West-Mays
- Judith A West-Mays, PhD Associate Professor, McMaster University, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5 Canada Tel.: +1 905 525 9140 ext. 26237
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Yuen C, Williams R, Batterbury M, Grierson I. Modification of the surface properties of a lens material to influence posterior capsular opacification. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 34:568-74. [PMID: 16925705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of surface properties of materials on cellular behaviour and the formation of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). METHODS Polymethylmethacrylate, silicone and a hydrophobic acrylic were plasma treated and used in tissue culture. The changes in surface properties were quantified by dynamic contact angle measurements. Bovine lens epithelial cells (BLECs) were seeded onto these materials and cultured for 1 month. Serial photographs were taken. The cells were then fixed and stained to facilitate counting. RESULTS Plasma treatment significantly increased the hydrophilicity of surfaces. BLECs grew on all surfaces but significantly more cells adhered to the treated than the untreated surfaces. On the untreated surfaces the BLECs had a fibroblastic morphology whereas on the treated surfaces the cells maintained their epithelial morphology. CONCLUSIONS Posterior capsular opacification is a form of wound healing and the behaviour of lens epithelial cells is central to its progression. Emphasis has been on the elimination of residual lens epithelial cells to combat PCO. This study demonstrated that the phenotype of BLECs was influenced by the surface properties of the intraocular lens materials. Gas plasma treatment of the materials increased their hydrophilicity and allowed the adhered BLECs to maintain their normal epithelial morphology. We believe that controlled growth of lens epithelial cells may reduce the incidence of PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Yuen
- Ophthalmology, University Clinical Department, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Dwivedi DJ, Pino G, Banh A, Nathu Z, Howchin D, Margetts P, Sivak JG, West-Mays JA. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors suppress transforming growth factor-beta-induced subcapsular cataract formation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:69-79. [PMID: 16400010 PMCID: PMC1592675 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.041089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pleotropic morphogen transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) plays an important role in the development of fibrotic pathologies, including anterior subcapsular cataracts (ASCs). ASC formation involves increased proliferation and transition of lens epithelial cells into myofibroblasts, through epithelial-mesenchymal transformation that results in opaque plaques beneath the lens capsule. In this study, we used a previously established TGFbeta-induced rat cataract model to explore the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in ASC formation. Treatment of excised rat lenses with TGFbeta resulted in enhanced secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Importantly, co-treatment with two different MMP inhibitors (MMPIs), the broad spectrum inhibitor GM6001 and an MMP-2/9-specific inhibitor, suppressed TGFbeta-induced ASC changes, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of lens epithelial cells. Using an anti-E-cadherin antibody, we revealed that conditioned media from lenses treated with TGFbeta contained a 72-kd E-cadherin fragment, indicative of E-cadherin shedding. This was accompanied by attenuated levels of E-cadherin mRNA. Conditioned media from lenses co-treated with TGFbeta and MMPIs exhibited attenuated levels of the E-cadherin fragment compared with those from TGFbeta-treated lenses. Together, these findings demonstrate that TGFbeta-induced E-cadherin shedding in the lens is mediated by MMPs and that suppression of this phenomenon might explain the mechanism by which MMPIs inhibit ASC plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva J Dwivedi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 1R10, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N3Z5
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John M, Jaworski C, Chen Z, Subramanian S, Ma W, Sun F, Li D, Spector A, Carper D. Matrix metalloproteinases are down-regulated in rat lenses exposed to oxidative stress. Exp Eye Res 2005; 79:839-46. [PMID: 15642321 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are important biological effectors of tissue remodelling. Increased MMP expression occurs during injury, inflammation, cellular transformation, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress in the lens, a causal factor in cataractogenesis, has been shown to induce MMP secretion. The objective of this study was to assess the expression of MMPs and their regulators in an oxidative stress model of cataract, where epithelial cell death and cortical fibre cell swelling occurs in rat lenses after exposure to riboflavin, oxygen, and light. Two time points (4 and 7 hr of exposure) were chosen in order to compare transparent lenses with partially opaque lenses. MMP activity, protein, and mRNA levels were measured. The results show that MMP-2, MMP-9, MT1-MMP, and MT3-MMP are down-regulated by oxidative stress and that the down-regulation is most likely due to reduced gene transcription. In contrast, genes for catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and GAPDH are essentially unaffected, while beta-actin mRNA and protein levels are markedly increased at both time points. The down-regulation of MMPs occurs in lenses still seemingly transparent after 4 hr of exposure, indicating that reduced MMP activity is a relatively early response to the oxidative stress. Moreover, in our model system, MMP inhibition, not induction, is associated with cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molykutty John
- Section of Molecular Therapeutics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 7, Room 202, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Saika S, Miyamoto T, Ishida I, Barbour WK, Ohnishi Y, Ooshima A. Accumulation of thrombospondin-1 in post-operative capsular fibrosis and its down-regulation in lens cells during lens fiber formation. Exp Eye Res 2004; 79:147-56. [PMID: 15325561 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a glycoprotein involved in activation of latent transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) expression. We examined changes in its expression pattern during human capsular opacification (PCO) and anterior subcapsular cataractogenesis (ASC), as well as in a healing injured mouse lens. Its expression pattern was also compared in a mouse embryonic lens with that in an adult lens. Based on immunohistochemistry under light microscopy, TSP-1 expression and other matrix components were evident in the anterior epithelium of an uninjured human lens, whereas fiber-differentiating cells in the equator of human lens lack TSP-1 immunoreactivity. In contrast, in post-operative human lens epithelial or fibroblastic cells, there was TSP-1 immunoreactivity, whereas it decreased in fiber-differentiating cells in PCO. Matrix components accumulated on the healing capsule also labeled with anti-TSP-1 antibody like antibodies against collagen I, IV, V and laminin. In uninjured, injured mouse lens epithelial cells and its matrix, there was TSP-1 expression. Embryonic lens cells in the posterior pole, undergoing differentiation to fiber cells, began to express TSP-1 protein at embryonic day (E) 11.5 whereas anterior epithelial cells started to express it at E13.5 in association with marked expression in central fiber cells. At E16.5, TSP-1 was detected in fibers just beneath the anterior epithelium, but the fiber mass showed minimal expression. At E18.5 and post-natally day 1, lens fiber TSP-1 expression was no longer seen. On the other hand, it was evident in both intact human anterior epithelial and dispersed mouse cells. The results indicate that there is TSP-1 expression in uninjured human and mouse lens epithelial cells and their fibrous tissue. In contrast, in post-operative lens cells differentiating to fiber cells, its expression levels decline. Further study is needed to clarify the roles of TSP-1 in modulating lens cell phenotype expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuya Saika
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
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Wong TTL, Daniels JT, Crowston JG, Khaw PT. MMP inhibition prevents human lens epithelial cell migration and contraction of the lens capsule. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88:868-72. [PMID: 15205227 PMCID: PMC1772237 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2003.034629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of posterior capsule contraction following cataract surgery is caused by the activity of residual lens epithelial cells. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of proteolytic enzymes, which are essential for cell migration and cell mediated contraction following wound healing. The authors investigated whether inhibiting MMP activity can reduce lens epithelial cell migration and as a result, lead to a reduction in cell mediated capsule contraction. METHODS Human donor lens capsules were cultured and treated with a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor, Ilomastat (GM6001). MMP-2 and MMP-9 production were determined by ELISA. Cell migration onto the posterior capsule and capsule contraction were digitally measured. RESULTS MMP inhibition significantly reduced lens epithelial cell migration onto the posterior capsule (p<0.05), and a reduction in capsule contraction was observed (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ilomastat significantly reduced lens epithelial cell migration onto the posterior capsule surface and inhibited capsule contraction. MMP inhibition may have a role in the therapeutic treatment of posterior capsule opacification.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T L Wong
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Tanaka SI, Saika S, Tamura M, Ohnishi Y. Histological observation of complete closure of anterior capsulotomy in 2 cases. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30:1374-7. [PMID: 15177621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2003.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the histological finding of complete closure of the anterior capsulotomy window in 2 cases. The cases were successfully treated with surgery after neodymium:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy failed. Histology and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the pathogenesis. Histology revealed the presence of elongated, fibroblast-like lens epithelial cells in association with extracellular matrix accumulation, which were positive for collagen types, fibronectin, and osteopontin. The cells were labeled with anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin antibody. The finding indicates that phenotypic modulation in lens epithelial cell to contractile cell type and accumulation of matrix are involved in closure of the anterior capsulotomy window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Ichi Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Saika S. Relationship between posterior capsule opacification and intraocular lens biocompatibility. Prog Retin Eye Res 2004; 23:283-305. [PMID: 15177204 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The type of healing process that occurs in response to cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is dependent on a complex set of variables. Their interactions determine whether or not optical clarity is restored as a result of this procedure. In this process, wound healing entails cells undergoing either epithelial-mesenchymal transition, resulting in the generation of fibroblastic cells and accumulation of extracellular matrix, or lenticular structure formation. Such desperate cellular behaviors are regulated by the localized release of different cytokines, including transforming growth factor beta and fibroblast growth factors, which can result in post-operative capsular opacification. Other factors affecting the biological and mechanical outcome of IOL implantation are its composition, surface properties and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
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Saika S, Miyamoto T, Tanaka T, Ishida I, Ohnishi Y, Ooshima A. Latent TGFbeta binding protein-1 and fibrillin-1 in human capsular opacification and in cultured lens epithelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85:1362-6. [PMID: 11673307 PMCID: PMC1723781 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.85.11.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM It was previously reported that collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) in human capsular opacification contained isoforms of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). In the present study, the authors performed immunohistochemistry to examine whether ECM in human capsular opacification and in cultures of bovine lens epithelial cells (LECs) contained latent TGFbeta binding protein-1 (LTBP-1), TGFbeta1 latency associated peptide (beta1-LAP), and fibrillin-1, a suspected ligand of LTBP-1 as well as a component of the extracellular microfibrillar apparatus. The aim of the study was to further clarify the mechanism of TGFbeta1 deposition in ECM of capsular opacification. METHODS Human capsular opacification specimens and uninjured lens capsules, as well as cultured bovine LECs, were processed for immunohistochemistry using antibodies against LTBP-1, beta1-LAP, fibrillin-1, and collagen type I. RESULTS LTBP-1, beta1-LAP, and fibrillin-1 all were localised to the ECM in human capsular opacification. Uninjured lens epithelium stained for beta1-LAP, but not for LTBP-1 and fibrillin-1. ECM deposited in confluent LEC cultures stained for LTBP-1, beta1-LAP, and fibrillin-1, while cultures with only sparse cellularity were unstained for LTBP-1 or fibrillin-1. CONCLUSIONS LECs upregulate LTBP-1 and fibrillin-1 during postoperative healing. LTBP-1, beta1-LAP, and fibrillin-1 colocalised to the ECM in capsular opacification and in confluent LEC cultures. TGFbeta1 is considered to deposit in ECM in the large latent form. ECM secreted by LEC may function as a scavenger or repository of TGFbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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Shirai K, Okada Y, Saika S, Senba E, Ohnishi Y. Expression of transcription factor AP-1 in rat lens epithelial cells during wound repair. Exp Eye Res 2001; 73:461-8. [PMID: 11825018 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2001.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of proteins and mRNAs of the components of transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) to examine the activation pattern of lens epithelial cells during lens wound repair following an anterior capsular injury. One eye of adult Wistar rats (n = 106) were used. After making a lens anterior capsule incision with a hypodermic needle, the affected eye was enucleated 0 and 30 min, 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 24 hr after injury. Forty six globes were processed for in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes for c-fos, fosB, c-jun, junB and junD mRNAs, and 60 globes were immunohistochemically analysed using anti-c-Fos and anti-c-Jun antibodies. Normal lens epithelial cells expressed mRNA signals for junD, but not for c-fos, fosB, c-jun, and junB. mRNAs for c-fos, fosB, c-jun, and junB were detected in the whole lens epithelium from the vicinity to the wound to the equator from 30 min to 8 hr post-injury with their peaks after 30 min to 1 hr, but were no longer detected at 10 hr or later. Expression of c-fos mRNA in the equatorial lens cells was more marked than that of c-jun mRNA. Immunohistochemistry showed that c-Fos protein was expressed in the lens epithelial cells in both the anterior and equatorial regions of the injured lens from 1 to 10 hr after injury, and was no longer detected at 12 hr. C-Jun protein was detected only in the equatorial lens cells from 1 to 5 hr after injury, and was no longer detected at 8 hr. Lens epithelial cells except those in the equatorial region did not express c-Jun protein. These findings indicate that transcriptional activation of lens epithelial cells is initiated in the very early phase after the lens injury, i.e. 30 min post-injury, suggesting that AP-1 may play important roles in regulating lens cell behavior during lens wound repair in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shirai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
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