1
|
Eraslan M, Çerman E, Bozkurt S, Genç D, Virlan AT, Demir CS, Akkoç T, Karaöz E, Akkoç T. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to retinal ganglion-like cells in rat glaucoma model induced by polystyrene microspheres. Tissue Cell 2023; 84:102199. [PMID: 37633122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to evaluate the differentiation ability of intravitreally injected rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs) to retinal ganglion-like cells in a polystyrene microsphere induced rat glaucoma model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The glaucoma rat model was generated via intracameral injection of 7 microliter polystyrene microspheres. Green fluorescence protein-labeled (GFP) rBM-MSCs were transplanted intravitreally at or after induction of ocular hypertension (OHT), depending on the groups. By the end of the fourth week, flat-mount retinal dissection was performed, and labeled against Brn3a, CD90, GFAP, CD11b, Vimentin, and localization of GFP positive rBM-MSCs was used for evaluation through immunofluorescence staining and to count differentiated retinal cells by flow cytometry. From 34 male Wistar albino rats, 56 eyes were investigated. RESULTS Flow cytometry revealed significantly increased CD90 and Brn3a positive cells in glaucoma induced and with rBM-MSC injected groups compared to control(P = 0.006 and P = 0.003 respectively), sham-operated (P = 0.007 and P < 0.001 respectively), and only rBM-MSCs injected groups (P = 0.002 and P = 0.009 respectively). Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed differentiation of GFP labeled stem cells to various retinal cells, including ganglion-like cells. rBM-MSCs were observable in ganglion cells, inner and outer nuclear retinal layers in rBM-MSCs injected eyes. CONCLUSION Intravitreally transplanted rBM-MSCs differentiated into retinal cells, including ganglion-like cells, which successfully created a glaucoma model damaged with polystyrene microspheres. Promisingly, MSCs may have a role in neuro-protection and neuro-regeneration treatment of glaucoma in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhsin Eraslan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eren Çerman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Süheyla Bozkurt
- Department of Pathology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Genç
- Department of Pediatric Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Aysın Tulunay Virlan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Cansu Subaşı Demir
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Akkoç
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tubitak Marmara Research Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunç Akkoç
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Immunology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Marstem Cell Technologies, Marmara University Technopark, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang ZY, Lu DW, Yeh MK, Chiang CH. A novel high-content flow cytometric method for assessing the viability and damage of rat retinal ganglion cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33983. [PMID: 22457807 PMCID: PMC3311554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to develop a high-content flow cytometric method for assessing the viability and damage of small, medium, and large retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-injury model. Methods/Results Retinal toxicity was induced in rats by intravitreal injection of NMDA and RGCs were retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold (FG). Seven days post-NMDA injection, flatmount and flow cytometric methods were used to evaluate RGCs. In addition, the RGC area diameter (D(a)) obtained from retinal flatmount imaging were plotted versus apparent volume diameter (D(v)) obtained from flow cytometry for the same cumulative cell number (sequentially from small to large RGCs) percentile (Q) to establish their relationship for accurately determining RGC sizes. Good correlation (r = 0.9718) was found between D(a) and apparent D(v). Both flatmount and flow cytometric analyses of RGCs showed that 40 mM NMDA significantly reduced the numbers of small and medium RGCs but not large RGCs. Additionally, flow cytometry showed that the geometric means of FG and thy-1 intensities in three types of RGCs decreased to 90.96±2.24% (P<0.05) and 91.78±1.89% (P>0.05) for small, 69.62±2.11% (P<0.01) and 69.07±2.98% (P<0.01) for medium, and 69.68±6.48% (P<0.05) and 69.91±6.23% (P<0.05) for large as compared with the normal RGCs. Conclusion The established flow cytometric method provides high-content analysis for differential evaluation of RGC number and status and should be useful for the evaluation of various models of optic nerve injury and the effects of potential neuroprotective agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kung Yeh
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Sanhsia, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Hsi Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
D'Onofrio PM, Thayapararajah M, Lysko MD, Magharious M, Spratt SK, Lee G, Ando D, Surosky R, Fehlings MG, Koeberle PD. Gene Therapy for Traumatic Central Nervous System Injury and Stroke Using an Engineered Zinc Finger Protein that Upregulates VEGF-A. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:1863-79. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meghan D. Lysko
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Magharious
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Kaye Spratt
- Department of Therapeutic Development, Sangamo Biosciences, Port Richmond, California
| | - Gary Lee
- Department of Therapeutic Development, Sangamo Biosciences, Port Richmond, California
| | - Dale Ando
- Department of Therapeutic Development, Sangamo Biosciences, Port Richmond, California
| | - Richard Surosky
- Department of Therapeutic Development, Sangamo Biosciences, Port Richmond, California
| | | | - Paulo D. Koeberle
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kitaoka Y, Munemasa Y, Hayashi Y, Kuribayashi J, Koseki N, Kojima K, Kumai T, Ueno S. Axonal protection by 17β-estradiol through thioredoxin-1 in tumor necrosis factor-induced optic neuropathy. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2775-85. [PMID: 21586560 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Axonal degeneration often leads to the death of neuronal cell bodies. Previous studies demonstrated the substantial protective role of 17β-estradiol (E2) in several types of neuron. However, most studies examined cell body protection, and the role of 17β-E2 in axonal degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) remains unclear. In this study, we showed the presence of thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) in the optic nerve axons and found that the levels of Trx1 protein were significantly decreased in isolated RGC and the optic nerve after intravitreal injection of TNF, which was shown previously to induce optic nerve degeneration and subsequent loss of RGC. These changes were concomitant with disorganization of the microtubules with neurofilament accumulation, which were blocked by 17β-E2 implantation. 17β-E2 treatment also totally abolished TNF-induced decreases in Trx1 protein levels in isolated RGC and the optic nerve. The induction of Trx1 by 17β-E2 in the optic nerve was significantly inhibited by simultaneous injection of Trx1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) with TNF. Up-regulation of Trx1 by 17β-E2 in RGC-5 cells was prevented by Trx1 siRNA treatment. 17β-E2 significantly prevented TNF-induced axonal loss, and this axonal-protective effect was inhibited by intravitreal injection of Trx1 siRNA. This finding was also supported by the quantification of microtubules and neurofilaments. These results suggest that a Trx1 decrease in RGC bodies and their axons may be associated with TNF-induced optic nerve axonal degeneration. Axonal protection by 17β-E2 may be related to its regulatory effect on Trx1 induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koeberle PD, Schlichter LC. Targeting K(V) channels rescues retinal ganglion cells in vivo directly and by reducing inflammation. Channels (Austin) 2010. [PMID: 20699649 DOI: 10.4161/chan.4.5.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is an important cause of visual impairment, and results in part from microglia-mediated inflammation. Numerous experimental studies have focused on identifying drug targets to rescue these neurons. We recently showed that K(V)1.1 and K(V)1.3 channels are expressed in adult rat RGCs and that siRNA-mediated knockdown of either channel reduces RGC death after optic nerve transection. Earlier we found that K(V)1.3 channels also contribute to microglial activation and neurotoxicity; raising the possibility that these channels contribute to neurodegeneration through direct roles in RGCs and through inflammatory mechanisms. Here, RGC survival was increased by combined siRNA-mediated knockdown of K(V)1.1 and K(V)1.3 in RGCs, but survival was much greater when knockdown of either channel was combined with intraocular injection of a K(V)1.3 channel blocker (agitoxin-2 or margatoxin). After axotomy, increased expression of several inflammation-related molecules preceded RGC loss and, consistent with a dual mechanism, their expression was differentially affected when channel knockdown in RGCs was combined with K(V)1.3 blocker injection. K(V)1.3 blockers reduced activation of retinal microglia and their tight apposition along RGC axon fascicles after axotomy, but did not prevent their migration from the inner plexiform to the damaged ganglion cell layer. Expression of several growth factors increased after axotomy; and again, there were differences following blocker injection compared with RGC-selective channel knockdown. These results provide evidence that K(V)1.3 channels play important roles in apoptotic degeneration of adult RGCs through cell-autonomous mechanisms mediated by channels in the neurons, and nonautonomous mechanisms mediated by microglia and inflammation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Axonal and cell body protection by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in tumor necrosis factor-induced optic neuropathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:915-27. [PMID: 19606062 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181afecfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration often leads to the death of neuronal cell bodies. Previous studies have demonstrated the crucial role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis in axonal protection of motor neurons, but the role of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 and NAD in optic nerve degeneration is unclear. Intravitreal injection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces optic nerve degeneration and subsequent loss of retinal ganglion cells. We found that the levels of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 mRNA and protein and of NAD were significantly decreased in the optic nerve after intravitreal injection of TNF in rats. The concomitant disorganization of microtubules with vacuoles and neurofilament accumulations in the axons were blocked by exogenous NAD treatment. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide also prevented TNF-induced axonal loss and delayed retinal ganglion cell loss 2 months after TNF injection. Microglia identified by immunohistochemistry were increased in the optic nerves after TNF injection; this increase was inhibited by NAD treatment. These results suggest that axonal nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 and NAD declines are associated with TNF-induced optic nerve axonal degeneration and that axonal protection of NAD may be related to its inhibitory effect on microglial activation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Koeberle PD, Wang Y, Schlichter LC. Kv1.1 and Kv1.3 channels contribute to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection in vivo. Cell Death Differ 2009; 4:337-46. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
8
|
Kim SH, Munemasa Y, Kwong JMK, Ahn JH, Mareninov S, Gordon LK, Caprioli J, Piri N. Activation of autophagy in retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2943-51. [PMID: 18521932 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy has been shown to be activated in neuronal cells in response to injury and suggested to have a cell-protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the activation of autophagy in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve transection (ONT) and evaluated its effect on RGC survival. Expression of several autophagy-related genes, including Atg5, Atg7, and Atg12, and autophagy markers microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and beclin-1 were analyzed at the transcriptional or protein level 1, 3, and 7 days after ONT. Transcription of the Atg5, Atg7, and Atg12 genes was up-regulated 1.5- to 1.8-fold in the retina 3 days after ONT compared with that in the controls. Expression of Atg12 mRNA was increased 1.6-fold 1 day after ONT. Seven days after ONT, expression of Atg5, Atg7, and Atg12 mRNA was comparable to that in the untreated retinas. Western blot analysis of proteins isolated from RGCs showed 1.6-, 2.7-, and 1.7-fold increases in LC3-II level 1, 3, and 7 days after ONT, respectively, compared with those in the controls. Expression of beclin-1 was 1.7-fold higher 1 day after RGCs were axotomized, but 3 and 7 days after ONT it was comparable to that of the control. Inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A1, 3-methyladenine, and Wortmannin in RGC-5 cells under serum-deprived conditions decreased cell viability by approximately 40%. These results suggest possible activation of autophagy in RGCs after optic nerve transection and demonstrate its protective role in RGC-5 cells maintained under conditions of serum deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hwan Kim
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anderson MG, Libby RT, Gould DB, Smith RS, John SWM. High-dose radiation with bone marrow transfer prevents neurodegeneration in an inherited glaucoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4566-71. [PMID: 15758074 PMCID: PMC555465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407357102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that high-dose gamma-irradiation accompanied with syngeneic bone marrow transfer can confer complete protection against glaucoma in a mouse model. Because bone marrow genotype was unaltered by this procedure, it was not the causative agent. The neuroprotection is robust and highly reproducible. Glaucoma-prone DBA/2J mice received a single treatment at 5-8 weeks of age and were protected from glaucomatous retinal ganglion cell degeneration out to 14 months of age (oldest assessed). By 12-14 months, retinal ganglion cell degeneration is usually very severe and essentially complete in the majority of untreated DBA/2J mice. To assess reproducibility, three groups of mice were treated at different times, and the results were essentially the same each time. Considering all experiments, the vast majority of treated mice had no detectable glaucomatous neurodegeneration. A beneficial effect of treatment including high-dose radiation is unprecedented, and we are not aware of any other neuroprotective effects this substantial. Because of the robust protective effect, this treatment offers another tool for studying mechanisms of neuroprotection.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lindqvist N, Vidal-Sanz M, Hallböök F. Single cell RT-PCR analysis of tyrosine kinase receptor expression in adult rat retinal ganglion cells isolated by retinal sandwiching. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2002; 10:75-83. [PMID: 12431706 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(02)00184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a protocol for analysis of gene expression in single, acutely dissociated adult rat retinal ganglion cells using RT-PCR. Retrograde tracing of retinal ganglion cells from the superior colliculi was conducted using Fluorogold. Retinas were dissected and ganglion cells isolated using retinal layer separation (sandwiching). Single, fluorescently labelled retinal ganglion cells were aspirated using a micropipette and used for PCR. Two PCR protocols are described where single cell cDNA was analysed for TrkB and GAPDH or TrkB, TrkC, Ret, Met, ErbB2 and Beta-actin by multiplex-PCR. All five tyrosine kinase receptors were amplified from single retinal ganglion cells. The method will prove useful for the molecular characterization of adult retinal ganglion cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Lindqvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 587, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|