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Lai WF, Wong WT. Roles of the actin cytoskeleton in aging and age-associated diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 58:101021. [PMID: 31968269 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the cytoskeleton is essential to diverse cellular processes such as phagocytosis and intracellular trafficking. Disruption of the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton leads to age-associated symptoms and diseases, ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration. In addition, changes in the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton disrupt the functioning of not only somatic and stem cells but also gametes, resulting in aberrant embryonic development. Strategies to preserve the integrity and dynamics of the cytoskeleton are, therefore, potentially therapeutic to age-related disorders. The objective of this article is to revisit the current understanding of the roles played by the actin cytoskeleton in aging, and to review the opportunities and challenges for the transition of basic research into intervention development. It is hoped that, with the snapshot of evidence regarding changes in actin dynamics with advanced age, insights into future research directions can be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Fu Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, PR China; School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
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Martin JH, Bromfield EG, Aitken RJ, Lord T, Nixon B. Double Strand Break DNA Repair occurs via Non-Homologous End-Joining in Mouse MII Oocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9685. [PMID: 29946146 PMCID: PMC6018751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biology of the oocyte means that accepted paradigms for DNA repair and protection are not of direct relevance to the female gamete. Instead, preservation of the integrity of the maternal genome depends on endogenous protein stores and/or mRNA transcripts accumulated during oogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether mature (MII) oocytes have the capacity to detect DNA damage and subsequently mount effective repair. For this purpose, DNA double strand breaks (DSB) were elicited using the topoisomerase II inhibitor, etoposide (ETP). ETP challenge led to a rapid and significant increase in DSB (P = 0.0002) and the consequential incidence of metaphase plate abnormalities (P = 0.0031). Despite this, ETP-treated MII oocytes retained their ability to participate in in vitro fertilisation, though displayed reduced developmental competence beyond the 2-cell stage (P = 0.02). To account for these findings, we analysed the efficacy of DSB resolution, revealing a significant reduction in DSB lesions 4 h post-ETP treatment. Notably, this response was completely abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of key elements (DNA-PKcs and DNA ligase IV) of the canonical non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway, thus providing the first evidence implicating this reparative cascade in the protection of the maternal genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta H Martin
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. .,Preganancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth G Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Preganancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - R John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Preganancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Tessa Lord
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Preganancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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Qiu Q, Zhang F, Wu J, Xu N, Liang M. Gingipains disrupt F-actin and cause osteoblast apoptosis via integrin β1. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:762-776. [PMID: 29777544 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the cellular mechanisms underlying gingipain-caused changes in cell morphology and apoptosis of osteoblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human calvarial osteoblasts and mouse osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 were treated with gingipain extracts from Porphyromonas gingivalis stain W83. Apoptosis was detected with annexin V and propidium iodide flow cytometry analysis or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining. F-actin was determined by immunostaining. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression. Knocking down and overexpressing approaches were used to determine the role of integrin β1. RESULTS Osteoblasts exposed to gingipain extracts displayed increased apoptosis, accompanied by loss of F-actin integrity and cell shrinkage. The effects of gingipain extracts were abolished by the cysteine protease inhibitor N-tosyl-l-lysyl chloromethyl-ketone. Notably, gingipain extracts resulted in reduction of integrin β1, accompanied by diminished active RhoA whereas without effect on the total RhoA. Knockdown of integrin β1 resembled those seen in gingipain-treated osteoblasts. By contrast, the effects of gingipain extracts were abrogated by either overexpression of integrin β1 or presence of RhoA agonist CN03. CONCLUSION Gingipain-induced F-actin disruption and apoptosis are mediated by the degradation of integrin β1 and inhibition of RhoA activity, which account for osteoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Qiu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - F Zhang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Wu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - N Xu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Liang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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Actin is required for cellular death. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:775-82. [PMID: 23683404 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant cytoskeletal proteins, which takes part in many cellular processes. This review provides information on the history, forms and localization of actin and its role, in particular in cellular death processes. We discuss the relationships between reorganization of actin filaments and apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe and differentiation. Finally, we discuss the translocation and accumulation of actin in the nuclear area. Moreover, owing to the difficulties of F-actin localization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the phalloidin-based method of its detection using streptavidin-coated quantum dots is presented in this review.
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Low-dose etoposide-treatment induces endoreplication and cell death accompanied by cytoskeletal alterations in A549 cells: Does the response involve senescence? The possible role of vimentin. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:9. [PMID: 23383739 PMCID: PMC3599314 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Senescence in the population of cells is often described as a program of restricted proliferative capacity, which is manifested by broad morphological and biochemical changes including a metabolic shift towards an autophagic-like response and a genotoxic-stress related induction of polyploidy. Concomitantly, the cell cycle progression of a senescent cell is believed to be irreversibly arrested. Recent reports suggest that this phenomenon may have an influence on the therapeutic outcome of anticancer treatment. The aim of this study was to verify the possible involvement of this program in the response to the treatment of the A549 cell population with low doses of etoposide, as well as to describe accompanying cytoskeletal alterations. Methods After treatment with etoposide, selected biochemical and morphological parameters were examined, including: the activity of senescence-associated ß-galactosidase, SAHF formation, cell cycle progression, the induction of p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1 and cyclin D1, DNA strand breaks, the disruption of cell membrane asymmetry/integrity and ultrastructural alterations. Vimentin and G-actin cytoskeleton was evaluated both cytometrically and microscopically. Results and conclusions Etoposide induced a senescence-like phenotype in the population of A549 cells. Morphological alterations were nevertheless not directly coupled with other senescence markers including a stable cell cycle arrest, SAHF formation or p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1 induction. Instead, a polyploid, TUNEL-positive fraction of cells visibly grew in number. Also upregulation of cyclin D1 was observed. Here we present preliminary evidence, based on microscopic analyses, that suggest a possible role of vimentin in nuclear alterations accompanying polyploidization-depolyploidization events following genotoxic insults.
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Grzanka D, Marszałek A, Izdebska M, Gackowska L, Andrzej Szczepanski M, Grzanka A. Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization Correlates with Cofilin Nuclear Expression and Ultrastructural Changes in CHO AA8 Cell Line after Apoptosis and Mitotic Catastrophe Induction by Doxorubicin. Ultrastruct Pathol 2011; 35:130-8. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2010.548113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cytoskeletal changes during cellular response of the A549 lung cancer cells to continuous cisplatin treatment. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:197-211. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan McRae
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Pritha Bagchi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - S. Sumalekshmy
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Christoph J. Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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Abstract
The past decade has seen substantial growth in research into how changes in the biomechanical and biophysical properties of cells and subcellular structures influence, and are influenced by, the onset and progression of human diseases. This paper presents an overview of the rapidly expanding, nascent field of research that deals with the biomechanics and biophysics of cancer cells. The review begins with some key observations on the biology of cancer cells and on the role of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubule biopolymer cytoskeletal components in influencing cell mechanics, locomotion, differentiation and neoplastic transformation. In order to set the scene for mechanistic discussions of the connections among alterations to subcellular structures, attendant changes in cell deformability, cytoadherence, migration, invasion and tumor metastasis, a survey is presented of the various quantitative mechanical and physical assays to extract the elastic and viscoelastic deformability of cancer cells. Results available in the literature on cell mechanics for different types of cancer are then reviewed. Representative case studies are presented next to illustrate how chemically induced cytoskeletal changes, biomechanical responses and signals from the intracellular regions act in concert with the chemomechanical environment of the extracellular matrix and the molecular tumorigenic signaling pathways to effect malignant transformations. Results are presented to illustrate how changes to cytoskeletal architecture induced by cancer drugs and chemotherapy regimens can significantly influence cell mechanics and disease state. It is reasoned through experimental evidence that greater understanding of the mechanics of cancer cell deformability and its interactions with the extracellular physical, chemical and biological environments offers enormous potential for significant new developments in disease diagnostics, prophylactics, therapeutics and drug efficacy assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subra Suresh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Division of Biological Engineering, and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
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Abstract
Deformability of blood cells is known to influence vascular flow and contribute to vascular complications. Medications for hematologic diseases have the potential to modulate these complications if they alter blood cell deformability. Here we report the effect of chemotherapy on leukemia cell mechanical properties. Acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia cells were incubated with standard induction chemotherapy, and individual cell stiffness was tracked with atomic force microscopy. When exposed to dexamethasone or daunorubicin, leukemia cell stiffness increased by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, which decreased their passage through microfluidic channels. This stiffness increase occurred before caspase activation and peaked after completion of cell death, and the rate of stiffness increase depended on chemotherapy type. Stiffening with cell death occurred for all cell types investigated and may be due to dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton. These observations suggest that chemotherapy itself may increase the risk of vascular complications in acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur A Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Hui H, Dotta F, Di Mario U, Perfetti R. Role of caspases in the regulation of apoptotic pancreatic islet beta-cells death. J Cell Physiol 2004; 200:177-200. [PMID: 15174089 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The homeostatic control of beta-cell mass in normal and pathological conditions is based on the balance of proliferation, differentiation, and death of the insulin-secreting cells. A considerable body of evidence, accumulated during the last decade, has emphasized the significance of the disregulation of the mechanisms regulating the apoptosis of beta-cells in the sequence of events that lead to the development of diabetes. The identification of agents capable of interfering with this process needs to be based on a better understanding of the beta-cell specific pathways that are activated during apoptosis. The aim of this article is fivefold: (1) a review of the evidence for beta-cell apoptosis in Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, and islet transplantation, (2) to review the common stimuli and their mechanisms in pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis, (3) to review the role of caspases and their activation pathway in beta-cell apoptosis, (4) to review the caspase cascade and morphological cellular changes in apoptotic beta-cells, and (5) to highlight the putative strategies for preventing pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Hui
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Grzanka A, Grzanka D, Orlikowska M. Cytoskeletal reorganization during process of apoptosis induced by cytostatic drugs in K-562 and HL-60 leukemia cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1611-7. [PMID: 14555241 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the reorganization of F-actin, vimentin and tubulin in K-562 and HL-60 cell lines during apoptosis induced by etoposide, doxorubicin and taxol. The distribution of cytoskeletal proteins was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Actin was also studied by confocal microscopy and at the ultrastructural level. Changes in the distribution of cytoskeletal proteins were found to be dose-dependent and appeared to be more intense in HL-60 cells. Etoposide- and doxorubicin-treated cells showed similar changes in the distribution of F-actin, vimentin and tubulin. The reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins seemed to be consistent with features of apoptosis. An increase in bright staining of F-actin, vimentin and tubulin at the site of apoptotic bodies formation was observed. Immunogold labeling of actin in HL-60 cells was associated with features typical for apoptosis, i.e. compaction and margination of nuclear chromatin. K-562 cells showed cytoplasmic actin-positivity in the cytoplasm. Significant changes in morphology of HL-60 cells were found in the following concentrations: etoposide 20, 200 microM; doxorubicin 5, 10 microM and taxol 2-10 microM. The investigated proteins seemed to be involved in the above-reported apoptotic changes. Bright staining of F-actin, vimentin and tubulin, concentrated at the site of apoptotic bodies formation might suggested importance of these proteins for this process. Moreover, the increase in actin labeling in areas of chromatin compaction and margination of nuclear chromatin especially in HL-60 cells, which are more susceptible to apoptosis might implicate that actin might be involved in the chromatin remodeling during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grzanka
- Institute of Biology and Environment Protection, Bydgoszcz University of Kazimierz Wielki, Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Chang YC, Tseng TH, Lee MJ, Hsu JD, Wang CJ. Induction of apoptosis by penta-acetyl geniposide in rat C6 glioma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2002; 141:243-57. [PMID: 12385722 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Penta-acetyl geniposide, (Ac)(5)-GP, was produced by acetylation of a glycoside, isolated from an extract of Gardenia fructus. Previously, we have reported that C6 glioma cells could be inhibited in culturing as well as in bearing rats by treating with (Ac)(5)-GP. In this study, the effect and action of (Ac)(5)-GP on inducing cell death was examined in rat C6 glioma cells. Treatment of C6 glioma cells with (Ac)(5)-GP caused cell death, chromatin condensation, and internucleosomal DNA ladder. Also, cell cycle arrest at G(0)/G(1) phase revealed that (Ac)(5)-GP-induced cell death appears to be mediated by apoptosis. In addition, the results also showed that p53 and c-Myc increased due to treatment of (Ac)(5)-GP in a dose-response and time-dependent manner. Concomitant with the expression of p53 and c-Myc, decreased level of Bcl-2 and increased level of Bax protein were observed. These results suggest that cell death caused by (Ac)(5)-GP through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G(0)/G(1) may be associated with the induction of p53, c-Myc and may be mediated with apoptosis-related Bcl-2 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ching Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 2, Chien Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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