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Cell–Cell Contact Mediates Gene Expression and Fate Choice of Human Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111741. [PMID: 35681435 PMCID: PMC9179342 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells (NPCs) is a promising regenerative strategy to promote neural repair following injury and degeneration because of the ability of these cells to proliferate, migrate, and integrate with the host tissue. Precise in vitro control of NPC proliferation without compromising multipotency and differentiation ability is critical in stem cell maintenance. This idea was highlighted in recent clinical trials, where discrepancies in NPC culturing protocols produced inconsistent therapeutic benefits. Of note, cell density plays an important role in regulating the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and fate choice of stem cells. To determine the extent of variability produced by inconsistent culturing densities, the present study cultured human-induced pluripotent NPCs (hiPSC-NPCs) at either a low or high plating density. hiPSC-NPCs were then isolated for transcriptomic analysis or differentiation in vitro. Following sequencing analysis, genes involved in cell–cell contact-mediated pathways, including Hippo-signaling, NOTCH, and WNT were differentially expressed. Modulation of these pathways was highly associated with the regulation of pro-neuronal transcription factors, which were also upregulated in response to higher-density hiPSC-NPC culture. Moreover, higher plating density translated into a greater neuronal and less astrocytic differentiation in vitro. This study highlights the importance of precisely controlling culture conditions during the development of NPC transplantation therapies.
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Li YCE, Jodat YA, Samanipour R, Zorzi G, Zhu K, Hirano M, Chang K, Arnaout A, Hassan S, Matharu N, Khademhosseini A, Hoorfar M, Shin SR. Toward a neurospheroid niche model: optimizing embedded 3D bioprinting for fabrication of neurospheroid brain-like co-culture constructs. Biofabrication 2020; 13:10.1088/1758-5090/abc1be. [PMID: 33059333 PMCID: PMC8387028 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abc1be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A crucial step in creating reliablein vitroplatforms for neural development and disorder studies is the reproduction of the multicellular three-dimensional (3D) brain microenvironment and the capturing of cell-cell interactions within the model. The power of self-organization of diverse cell types into brain spheroids could be harnessed to study mechanisms underlying brain development trajectory and diseases. A challenge of current 3D organoid and spheroid models grown in petri-dishes is the lack of control over cellular localization and diversity. To overcome this limitation, neural spheroids can be patterned into customizable 3D structures using microfabrication. We developed a 3D brain-like co-culture construct using embedded 3D bioprinting as a flexible solution for composing heterogenous neural populations with neurospheroids and glia. Specifically, neurospheroid-laden free-standing 3D structures were fabricated in an engineered astrocyte-laden support bath resembling a neural stem cell niche environment. A photo-crosslinkable bioink and a thermal-healing supporting bath were engineered to mimic the mechanical modulus of soft tissue while supporting the formation of self-organizing neurospheroids within elaborate 3D networks. Moreover, bioprinted neurospheroid-laden structures exhibited the capability to differentiate into neuronal cells. These brain-like co-cultures could provide a reproducible platform for modeling neurological diseases, neural regeneration, and drug development and repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Ethan Li
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Yasamin A Jodat
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey 07030, United States of America
| | - Roya Samanipour
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Giulio Zorzi
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Minoru Hirano
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
- Future Vehicle Research Department, Toyota Research Institute North America, Toyota Motor North America Inc. 1555 Woodridge Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America
| | - Karen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Adnan Arnaout
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Shabir Hassan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Navneet Matharu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States of America
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States of America
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States of America
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Niapour A, Ghasemi Hamidabadi H, Niapour N, Mohammadi P, Sharifi Pasandi M, Malekzadeh V. Pharmacological Notch pathway inhibition leads to cell cycle arrest and stimulates ascl1 and neurogenin2 genes expression in dental pulp stem cells-derived neurospheres. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:873-887. [PMID: 31073804 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) are becoming an attractive source for cell-based neurorestorative therapies. As such, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of hDPSCs toward the neuronal fate. Notch signaling plays key roles in neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) maintenance and prevention of their differentiation. The aim of this study was to address the effects of Notch signaling inhibition on neurosphere formation of hDPSCs and neuronal differentiation of hDPSCs-neurospheres. RESULTS hDPSCs were isolated from third molar teeth. The cultivated hDPSCs highly expressed CD90 and CD44 and minimally presented CD34 and CD45 surface markers. The osteo/adipogenic differentiation of hDPSCs was documented. hDPSCs were cultured in neural induction medium and N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-Sphenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) was applied to impede Notch signaling during transformation into spheres or on the formed neurospheres. Our results showed that the size and number of neurospheres decreased and the expression profile of nestin, sox1 and pax6 genes reduced provided DAPT. Treatment of the formed neurospheres with DAPT resulted in the cleaved Notch1 reduction, G0/G1 arrest and a decline in L-lactate production. DAPT significantly reduced hes1 and hey1 genes, while ascl1 and neurogenin2 expressions augmented. The number of MAP2 positive cells improved in the DAPT-treated group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated the Notch activity in hDPSCs-neurospheres. DAPT treatment positively regulated proneural genes expression and increased neuronal-like differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Niapour
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Hatef Ghasemi Hamidabadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nazila Niapour
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Perham Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sharifi Pasandi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vadoud Malekzadeh
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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4
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Pisciotta A, Bertoni L, Riccio M, Mapelli J, Bigiani A, La Noce M, Orciani M, de Pol A, Carnevale G. Use of a 3D Floating Sphere Culture System to Maintain the Neural Crest-Related Properties of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2018; 9:547. [PMID: 29892229 PMCID: PMC5985438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp is considered an interesting source of adult stem cells, due to the low-invasive isolation procedures, high content of stem cells and its peculiar embryological origin from neural crest. Based on our previous findings, a dental pulp stem cells sub-population, enriched for the expression of STRO-1, c-Kit, and CD34, showed a higher neural commitment. However, their biological properties were compromised when cells were cultured in adherent standard conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of three dimensional floating spheres to preserve embryological and biological properties of this sub-population. In addition, the expression of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1, Fas and FasL was investigated in 3D-sphere derived hDPSCs. Our data showed that 3D sphere-derived hDPSCs maintained their fibroblast-like morphology, preserved stemness markers expression and proliferative capability. The expression of neural crest markers and Kir4.1 was observed in undifferentiated hDPSCs, furthermore this culture system also preserved hDPSCs differentiation potential. The expression of Fas and FasL was observed in undifferentiated hDPSCs derived from sphere culture and, noteworthy, FasL was maintained even after the neurogenic commitment was reached, with a significantly higher expression compared to osteogenic and myogenic commitments. These data demonstrate that 3D sphere culture provides a favorable micro-environment for neural crest-derived hDPSCs to preserve their biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pisciotta
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoni
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Riccio
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jonathan Mapelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Albertino Bigiani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marcella La Noce
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Biotechnologies, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monia Orciani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anto de Pol
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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5
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Ryan AJ, Lackington WA, Hibbitts AJ, Matheson A, Alekseeva T, Stejskalova A, Roche P, O'Brien FJ. A Physicochemically Optimized and Neuroconductive Biphasic Nerve Guidance Conduit for Peripheral Nerve Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28975768 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Clinically available hollow nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have had limited success in treating large peripheral nerve injuries. This study aims to develop a biphasic NGC combining a physicochemically optimized collagen outer conduit to bridge the transected nerve, and a neuroconductive hyaluronic acid-based luminal filler to support regeneration. The outer conduit is mechanically optimized by manipulating crosslinking and collagen density, allowing the engineering of a high wall permeability to mitigate the risk of neuroma formation, while also maintaining physiologically relevant stiffness and enzymatic degradation tuned to coincide with regeneration rates. Freeze-drying is used to seamlessly integrate the luminal filler into the conduit, creating a longitudinally aligned pore microarchitecture. The luminal stiffness is modulated to support Schwann cells, with laminin incorporation further enhancing bioactivity by improving cell attachment and metabolic activity. Additionally, this biphasic NGC is shown to support neurogenesis and gliogenesis of neural progenitor cells and axonal outgrowth from dorsal root ganglia. These findings highlight the paradigm that a successful NGC requires the concerted optimization of both a mechanical support phase capable of bridging a nerve defect and a neuroconductive phase with an architecture capable of supporting both Schwann cells and neurons in order to achieve functional regenerative outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Ryan
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG); Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE); Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - William A. Lackington
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG); Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE); Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Alan J. Hibbitts
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG); Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE); Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Austyn Matheson
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG); Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE); Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Tijna Alekseeva
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG); Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE); Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Anna Stejskalova
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG); Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE); Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Phoebe Roche
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG); Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE); Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG); Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE); Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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6
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Jády AG, Nagy ÁM, Kőhidi T, Ferenczi S, Tretter L, Madarász E. Differentiation-Dependent Energy Production and Metabolite Utilization: A Comparative Study on Neural Stem Cells, Neurons, and Astrocytes. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:995-1005. [PMID: 27116891 PMCID: PMC4931359 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While it is evident that the metabolic machinery of stem cells should be fairly different from that of differentiated neurons, the basic energy production pathways in neural stem cells (NSCs) or in neurons are far from clear. Using the model of in vitro neuron production by NE-4C NSCs, this study focused on the metabolic changes taking place during the in vitro neuronal differentiation. O2 consumption, H(+) production, and metabolic responses to single metabolites were measured in cultures of NSCs and in their neuronal derivatives, as well as in primary neuronal and astroglial cultures. In metabolite-free solutions, NSCs consumed little O2 and displayed a higher level of mitochondrial proton leak than neurons. In stem cells, glycolysis was the main source of energy for the survival of a 2.5-h period of metabolite deprivation. In contrast, stem cell-derived or primary neurons sustained a high-level oxidative phosphorylation during metabolite deprivation, indicating the consumption of own cellular material for energy production. The stem cells increased O2 consumption and mitochondrial ATP production in response to single metabolites (with the exception of glucose), showing rapid adaptation of the metabolic machinery to the available resources. In contrast, single metabolites did not increase the O2 consumption of neurons or astrocytes. In "starving" neurons, neither lactate nor pyruvate was utilized for mitochondrial ATP production. Gene expression studies also suggested that aerobic glycolysis and rapid metabolic adaptation characterize the NE-4C NSCs, while autophagy and alternative glucose utilization play important roles in the metabolism of stem cell-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Gy Jády
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest, Hungary .,2 Roska Tamás Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám M Nagy
- 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Kőhidi
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilamér Ferenczi
- 4 Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Tretter
- 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emília Madarász
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Wong CT, Ussyshkin N, Ahmad E, Rai-Bhogal R, Li H, Crawford DA. Prostaglandin E2promotes neural proliferation and differentiation and regulates Wnt target gene expression. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:759-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T. Wong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Netta Ussyshkin
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eizaaz Ahmad
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Ravneet Rai-Bhogal
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dorota A. Crawford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
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8
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Gervois P, Struys T, Hilkens P, Bronckaers A, Ratajczak J, Politis C, Brône B, Lambrichts I, Martens W. Neurogenic maturation of human dental pulp stem cells following neurosphere generation induces morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of functional neurons. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:296-311. [PMID: 25203005 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are emerging as an alternative treatment option to promote functional recovery in patients suffering from neurological disorders, which are the major cause of death and permanent disability. The present study aimed to differentiate human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) toward functionally active neuronal cells in vitro. hDPSCs were subjected to a two-step protocol. First, neuronal induction was acquired through the formation of neurospheres, followed by neuronal maturation, based on cAMP and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) signaling. At the ultrastructural level, it was shown that the intra-spheral microenvironment promoted intercellular communication. hDPSCs grew out of the neurospheres in vitro and established a neurogenic differentiated hDPSC culture (d-hDPSCs) upon cAMP and NT-3 signaling. d-hDPSCs were characterized by the increased expression of neuronal markers such as neuronal nuclei, microtubule-associated protein 2, neural cell adhesion molecule, growth-associated protein 43, synapsin I, and synaptophysin compared with nondifferentiated hDPSCs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nerve growth factor differed between d-hDPSCs and hDPSCs. d-hDPSCs acquired neuronal features, including multiple intercommunicating cytoplasmic extensions and increased vesicular transport, as shown by the electron microscopic observation. Patch clamp analysis demonstrated the functional activity of d-hDPSCs by the presence of tetrodotoxin- and tetraethyl ammonium-sensitive voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, respectively. A subset of d-hDPSCs was able to fire a single action potential. The results reported in this study demonstrate that hDPSCs are capable of neuronal commitment following neurosphere formation, characterized by distinct morphological and electrophysiological properties of functional neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gervois
- 1 Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University , Diepenbeek, Belgium
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9
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Jung GS, Lee KM, Park JK, Choi SK, Jeon WB. Morphogenetic and neuronal characterization of human neuroblastoma multicellular spheroids cultured under undifferentiated and all-trans-retinoic acid-differentiated conditions. BMB Rep 2013; 46:276-81. [PMID: 23710639 PMCID: PMC4133894 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.5.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to compare the morphogenetic and neuronal characteristics between monolayer cells and spheroids. For this purpose, we established spheroid formation by growing SH-SY5Y cells on the hydrophobic surfaces of thermally-collapsed elastin-like polypeptide. After 4 days of culture, the relative proliferation of the cells within spheroids was approximately 92% of the values for monolayer cultures. As measured by quantitative assays for mRNA and protein expressions, the production of synaptophysin and neuronspecific enolase (NSE) as well as the contents of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are much higher in spheroids than in monolayer cells. Under the all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation condition, spheroids extended neurites and further up-regulated the expression of synaptophysin, NSE, CAMs, and ECM proteins. Our data indicate that RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y neurospheroids are functionally matured neuronal architectures. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(5): 276-281]
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwon-Soo Jung
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Engineering, Division of NanoBio Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-873, Korea
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10
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Orsolits B, Borsy A, Madarász E, Mészáros Z, Kőhidi T, Markó K, Jelitai M, Welker E, Környei Z. Retinoid machinery in distinct neural stem cell populations with different retinoid responsiveness. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2777-93. [PMID: 23734950 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is present at sites of neurogenesis in both the embryonic and adult brain. While it is widely accepted that RA signaling is involved in the regulation of neural stem cell differentiation, little is known about vitamin A utilization and biosynthesis of active retinoids in the neurogenic niches, or about the details of retinoid metabolism in neural stem cells and differentiating progenies. Here we provide data on retinoid responsiveness and RA production of distinct neural stem cell/neural progenitor populations. In addition, we demonstrate differentiation-related changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins of the retinoid machinery, including components responsible for uptake (Stra6) and storage (Lrat) of vitamin A, transport of retinoids (Rbp4, CrbpI, CrabpI-II), synthesis (Rdh10, Raldh1-4), degradation of RA (Cyp26a1-c1) and RA signaling (Rarα,β,γ, Rxrα,β,γ). We show that both early embryonic neuroectodermal (NE-4C) stem cells and late embryonic or adult derived radial glia like progenitors (RGl cells) are capable to produce bioactive retinoids but respond differently to retinoid signals. However, while neuronal differentiation of RGl cells can not be induced by RA, neuron formation by NE-4C cells is initiated by both RA and RA-precursors (retinol or retinyl acetate). The data indicate that endogenous RA production, at least in some neural stem cell populations, may result in autocrine regulation of neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Orsolits
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Choi SK, Park JK, Lee KM, Lee SK, Jeon WB. Improved neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds coated with elastin-like polypeptide. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1329-39. [PMID: 23687069 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) have been widely used as a biodegradable scaffold and thermoresponsive matrix, respectively. However, little attention has focused on the combinatorial use of these biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. An ELP matrix TGPG[VGRGD(VGVPG)6]20WPC (referred to as REP) contains multiple Arg-Gly-Asp motifs. This study fabricated porous PLGA scaffolds coated with various concentration of matrix via thermally induced phase transition to improve adhesion-mediated proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Matrix-coated scaffolds were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and hematoxylin and eosin staining with respect to coating efficiency, porosity, and pore size and shape. On the matrix-coated scaffolds, cells grew as a single cell or associated each other to form a multicellular layer or cluster. In biological evaluations, cell adhesion and proliferation were significantly promoted in a matrix concentration-dependent manner. More importantly, in combination with retinoic acid, the differentiation of progenitor cells into neuronal and astroglial lineages was highly stimulated in the cells cultured on matrix-coated scaffolds than on untreated controls. Taken together, our results indicated that the REP matrix-functionalized PLGA scaffolds are suitable for improving neuronal cell functions, and thus applicable for neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Kyoon Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Engineering, Division of NanoBio Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 711-873, South Korea
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12
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Isolation of radial glia-like neural stem cells from fetal and adult mouse forebrain via selective adhesion to a novel adhesive peptide-conjugate. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28538. [PMID: 22163310 PMCID: PMC3233537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preferential adhesion of neural stem cells to surfaces covered with a novel synthetic adhesive polypeptide (AK-cyclo[RGDfC]) provided a unique, rapid procedure for isolating radial glia-like cells from both fetal and adult rodent brain. Radial glia-like (RGl) neural stem/progenitor cells grew readily on the peptide-covered surfaces under serum-free culture conditions in the presence of EGF as the only growth factor supplement. Proliferating cells derived either from fetal (E 14.5) forebrain or from different regions of the adult brain maintained several radial glia-specific features including nestin, RC2 immunoreactivity and Pax6, Sox2, Blbp, Glast gene expression. Proliferating RGl cells were obtained also from non-neurogenic zones including the parenchyma of the adult cerebral cortex and dorsal midbrain. Continuous proliferation allowed isolating one-cell derived clones of radial glia-like cells. All clones generated neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under appropriate inducing conditions. Electrophysiological characterization indicated that passive conductance with large delayed rectifying potassium current might be a uniform feature of non-induced radial glia-like cells. Upon induction, all clones gave rise to GABAergic neurons. Significant differences were found, however, among the clones in the generation of glutamatergic and cathecolamine-synthesizing neurons and in the production of oligodendrocytes.
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13
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Survival and differentiation of neuroectodermal cells with stem cell properties at different oxygen levels. Exp Neurol 2010; 227:136-48. [PMID: 20969864 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Freeze-lesioned regions of the forebrain cortex provide adequate environment for growth of non-differentiated neural progenitors, but do not support their neuron formation. Reduced oxygen supply, among numerous factors, was suspected to impair neuronal cell fate commitment. In the present study, proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells were investigated at different oxygen levels both in vitro and in vivo. Low (1% atmospheric) oxygen supply did not affect the in vitro viability and proliferation of stem cells or the transcription of "stemness" genes but impaired the viability of committed neuronal progenitors and the expression of proneural and neuronal genes. Consequently, the rate of in vitro neuron formation was markedly reduced under hypoxic conditions. In vivo, neural stem/progenitor cells survived and proliferated in freeze-lesioned adult mouse forebrains, but did not develop into neurons. Hypoperfusion-caused hypoxia in lesioned cortices was partially corrected by hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT). HBOT, while reduced the rate of cell proliferation at the lesion site, resulted in sporadic neuron formation from implanted neural stem cells. The data indicate that in hypoxic brain areas, neural stem cells survive and proliferate, but neural tissue-type differentiation can not proceed. Oxygenation renders the damaged brain areas more permissive for tissue-type differentiation and may help the integration of neural stem/progenitor cells.
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14
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Varga B, Markó K, Hádinger N, Jelitai M, Demeter K, Tihanyi K, Vas A, Madarász E. Translocator protein (TSPO 18kDa) is expressed by neural stem and neuronal precursor cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:257-62. [PMID: 19545604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa, the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor by its earlier name, is a mitochondrial membrane protein associated with the mitochondrial permeability pore. While the function of the protein is not properly understood, it is known to play roles in necrotic and apoptotic processes of the neural tissue. In the healthy adult brain, TSPO expression is restricted to glial cells. In developing or damaged neural regions, however, TSPO appears in differentiating/regenerating neurons. Using immunocytochemical, molecular biological and cell biological techniques, we demonstrate that TSPO mRNA and protein, while missing from mature neurons, are present in neural stem cells and also in postmitotic neuronal precursors. Investigating some distinct stages of in vitro differentiation of NE-4C neural stem cells, TSPO 18 kDa was found to be repressed in a relatively late phase of neuron formation, when mature neuron-specific features appear. This timing indicates that mitochondria in fully developed neurons display specific characteristics and provides an additional marker for characterising neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Varga
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Király M, Porcsalmy B, Pataki A, Kádár K, Jelitai M, Molnár B, Hermann P, Gera I, Grimm WD, Ganss B, Zsembery A, Varga G. Simultaneous PKC and cAMP activation induces differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into functionally active neurons. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:323-32. [PMID: 19576521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) has been demonstrated by several studies showing that they appear to self-maintain through several passages, giving rise to a variety of cells. The aim of the present study was to differentiate DPSCs to mature neuronal cells showing functional evidence of voltage gated ion channel activities in vitro. First, DPSC cultures were seeded on poly-l-lysine coated surfaces and pretreated for 48h with a medium containing basic fibroblast growth factor and the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine. Then neural induction was performed by the simultaneous activation of protein kinase C and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway. Finally, maturation of the induced cells was achieved by continuous treatment with neurotrophin-3, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and other supplementary components. Non-induced DPSCs already expressed vimentin, nestin, N-tubulin, neurogenin-2 and neurofilament-M. The inductive treatment resulted in decreased vimentin, nestin, N-tubulin and increased neurogenin-2, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament-M and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. By the end of the maturation period, all investigated genes were expressed at higher levels than in undifferentiated controls except vimentin and nestin. Patch clamp analysis revealed the functional activity of both voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels in the differentiated cells. Our results demonstrate that although most surviving cells show neuronal morphology and express neuronal markers, there is a functional heterogeneity among the differentiated cells obtained by the in vitro differentiation protocol described herein. Nevertheless, this study clearly indicates that the dental pulp contains a cell population that is capable of neural commitment by our three step neuroinductive protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Király
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Hádinger N, Varga BV, Berzsenyi S, Környei Z, Madarász E, Herberth B. Astroglia genesis in vitro: distinct effects of retinoic acid in different phases of neural stem cell differentiation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:365-75. [PMID: 19460631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing CNS, the manifestation of the macro-glial phenotypes is delayed behind the formation of neurons. The "neurons first--glia second" principle seems to be valid for neural tissue differentiation throughout the neuraxis, but the reasons behind are far from clear. In the presented study, the mechanisms of this timing were investigated in vitro, in the course of the neural differentiation of one cell derived NE-4C neuroectodermal stem and P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. The data demonstrated that astrocyte formation coincided in time with the maturation of postmitotic neurons, but the close vicinity of neurons did not initiate astrocyte formation before schedule. All-trans retinoic acid, a well-known inducer of neuronal differentiation, on the other hand, blocked effectively the astroglia production if present in defined stages of the in vitro neuroectodermal cell differentiation. According to the data, retinoic acid plays at least a dual role in astrogliogenesis: while it is needed for committing neural progenitors for a future production of astrocytes, it prevents premature astrogliogenesis by inhibiting the differentiation of primed glial progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Hádinger
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Varga BV, Hádinger N, Gócza E, Dulberg V, Demeter K, Madarász E, Herberth B. Generation of diverse neuronal subtypes in cloned populations of stem-like cells. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:89. [PMID: 18808670 PMCID: PMC2556672 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The central nervous tissue contains diverse subtypes of neurons with characteristic morphological and physiological features and different neurotransmitter phenotypes. The generation of neurons with defined neurotransmitter phenotypes seems to be governed by factors differently expressed along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral body axes. The mechanisms of the cell-type determination, however, are poorly understood. Selected neuronal phenotypes had been generated from embryonic stem (ES) cells, but similar results were not obtained on more restricted neural stem cells, presumably due to the lack of homogeneous neural stem cell populations as a starting material. Results In the presented work, the establishment of different neurotransmitter phenotypes was investigated in the course of in vitro induced neural differentiation of a one-cell derived neuroectodermal cell line, in conjunction with the activation of various region-specific genes. For comparison, similar studies were carried out on the R1 embryonic stem (ES) and P19 multipotent embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells. In response to a short treatment with all-trans retinoic acid, all cell lines gave rise to neurons and astrocytes. Non-induced neural stem cells and self-renewing cells persisting in differentiated cultures, expressed "stemness genes" along with early embryonic anterior-dorsal positional genes, but did not express the investigated CNS region-specific genes. In differentiating stem-like cell populations, on the other hand, different region-specific genes, those expressed in non-overlapping regions along the body axes were activated. The potential for diverse regional specifications was induced in parallel with the initiation of neural tissue-type differentiation. In accordance with the wide regional specification potential, neurons with different neurotransmitter phenotypes developed. Mechanisms inherent to one-cell derived neural stem cell populations were sufficient to establish glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal phenotypes but failed to manifest cathecolaminergic neurons. Conclusion The data indicate that genes involved in positional determination are activated along with pro-neuronal genes in conditions excluding any outside influences. Interactions among progenies of one cell derived neural stem cells are sufficient for the activation of diverse region specific genes and initiate different routes of neuronal specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs V Varga
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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18
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Agoston VA, Zádori A, Demeter K, Nagy Z, Madarász E. Different behaviour of implanted stem cells in intact and lesioned forebrain cortices. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007; 33:510-22. [PMID: 17854438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-replacement therapy promises a useful tool to regenerate compromised brain tissue, but the interaction between grafted cells and host tissues is not well understood. In these studies, the fates of neuroectodermal stem cells were compared in 'healthy' or damaged mouse forebrains. One-cell derived, fluorescent GFP-4C neural stem cells were implanted into normal and cold-lesioned mouse cortices. The fates of implanted cells were followed by histological and immunocytochemical assays for a 55-day postimplantation period. Cells were recultivated from lesioned cortices and characterized by cell cycle parameters, chromosome numbers, immunocytochemical markers and in vitro inducibility. Their intracerebral fates were checked upon re-implanting into 'healthy' mouse brain cortices. GFP-4C cells, giving rise to neurones and astrocytes upon in vitro induction, failed to differentiate in either normal or lesioned cortical tissues. The rate of proliferation and the length of the survival, however, depended on the host environment, markedly. In intact cortices, implanted cells formed compact, isolated aggregates and their survival did not exceed 4 weeks. In compromised cortices, GFP-4C cells survived longer than 8 weeks and repopulated the decayed region. The morphology, viability, immunocytochemical properties, in vitro inducibility and chromosome number of cells recultivated from lesioned cortices were identical to those of the master cells. Long-term survival and repopulating capability were due to signals present in the lesioned, but missing from the intact cortical environment. The results underline the importance of host environment in the fate determination of grafted cells and emphasize the need to understand the 'roles' of recipient tissues for potential cell-replacement methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Agoston
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Jelitai M, Anderová M, Chvátal A, Madarász E. Electrophysiological characterization of neural stem/progenitor cells during in vitro differentiation: Study with an immortalized neuroectodermal cell line. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1606-17. [PMID: 17455290 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite the accumulating data on the molecular and cell biological characteristics of neural stem/progenitor cells, their electrophysiological properties are not well understood. In the present work, changes in the membrane properties and current profiles were investigated in the course of in vitro-induced neuron formation in NE-4C cells. Induction by retinoic acid resulted in neuronal differentiation of about 50% of cells. Voltage-dependent Na+ currents appeared early in neuronal commitment, often preceding any morphological changes. A-type K+ currents were detected only at the stage of network formation by neuronal processes. Flat, epithelial- like, nestin-expressing progenitors persisted beside differentiated neurons and astrocytes. Stem/progenitor cells were gap junction coupled and displayed large, symmetrical, voltage-independent currents. By the blocking of gap junction communication, voltage-independent conductance was significantly reduced, and delayed-rectifying K+ currents became detectable. Our data indicate that voltage-independent symmetrical currents and gap junction coupling are characteristic physiological features of neural stem and progenitor cells regardless of the developmental state of their cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jelitai
- Laboratory of Neural Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Környei Z, Gócza E, Rühl R, Orsolits B, Vörös E, Szabó B, Vágovits B, Madarász E. Astroglia‐derived retinoic acid is a key factor in glia‐induced neurogenesis. FASEB J 2007; 21:2496-509. [PMID: 17438145 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7756com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Astroglial cells are essential components of the neurogenic niches within the central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that they are among the key regulators of postnatal neurogenesis. Although astrocytes have been demonstrated to possess the potential to instruct stem cells to adopt a neuronal fate, little is known about the nature of the glia-derived instructive signals. Here we propose that all-trans retinoic acid, one of the most powerful morphogenic molecules regulating neuronal cell fate commitment, may be one of the glia-derived factors directing astroglia-induced neurogenesis. According to data obtained from several complementary approaches, we show that cultured astrocytes express the key enzyme mRNAs of retinoic acid biosynthesis and actively produce all-trans retinoic acid. We show that blockage of retinoic acid signaling by the pan-RAR antagonist AGN193109 prevents glia-induced neuron formation by noncommitted stem cells. Therefore, we provide strong in vitro evidence for retinoic acid action in astroglia-induced neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Környei
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, H-1083 43 Szigony U., Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Bentz K, Molcanyi M, Hess S, Schneider A, Hescheler J, Neugebauer E, Schaefer U. Neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells is induced by signalling from non-neural niche cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 18:275-86. [PMID: 17167232 DOI: 10.1159/000097674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Embryonic stem cell (ESC) transplantation offers new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases and injury. However, the mechanisms underlying integration and differentiation of engrafted ESCs are poorly understood. This study elucidates the influence of exogenous signals on ESC differentiation using in vitro modelling of non-stem/stem cell interactions. METHODS Murine ESCs were co-cultured with endothelial cells and astrocytes or conditioned medium obtained from endothelial or astrocyte cultures. After 7 days of co-culture isolated RNA was analysed using RT-PCR for the expression of pluripotency marker oct-4, neural progenitor marker nestin, and neurofilament (NFL), an early marker of neuronal lineage commitment. The presence of the glial cell surface marker A2B5 was determined in ESCs by flow cytometry. RESULTS Neuronal differentiation was inhibited in ESCs when grown in close vicinity to cerebral endothelial or glial cells. Under these conditions, ESC differentiation was predominantly directed towards a glial fate. However, treatment of ESCs with endothelial cell- or astrocyte-conditioned medium promoted neuronal as well as glial differentiation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ESC fate is determined by endothelial and glial cells that comprise the environmental niche of these stem cells in vivo. The direction of differentiation processes appears to be dependent on humoral factors secreted by adjacent cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bentz
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
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22
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Huang TY, Hanani M, Ledda M, De Palo S, Pannese E. Aging is associated with an increase in dye coupling and in gap junction number in satellite glial cells of murine dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 2006; 137:1185-92. [PMID: 16326013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 09/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells in both central and peripheral nervous systems are connected by gap junctions, which allow electrical and metabolic coupling between them. In spite of the great current interest in aging of the nervous system, the effect of aging on glial cell coupling received little attention. We examined coupling between satellite glial cells in murine dorsal root ganglia using the dye coupling technique and electron microscopy. We studied mice at ages of postnatal 90-730 days. Dye coupling incidence between satellite glial cells associated with a single neuron increased from 24.2% at postnatal day 90 to 50.5% at postnatal day 730. Dye coupling between satellite glial cells that are in contact with two or more neurons increased from 2.7% at postnatal day 90 to 18.6% at postnatal day 730 (P<0.05). Examination of the ganglia with the electron microscope showed that the number of gap junctions per 100 microm2 of surface area of satellite glial cells increased from 0.22 at postnatal day 90 to 1.56 at postnatal day 730 (P<0.01). The mean length of individual gap junctions did not change with age. These results provide strong evidence for an increase of functional coupling between satellite glial cells during life. This increase is apparently due to an increase in the total area of the system of gap junctions connecting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Huang
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
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23
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Herberth B, Minkó K, Csillag A, Jaffredo T, Madarász E. SCL, GATA-2 and Lmo2 expression in neurogenesis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:449-63. [PMID: 16011889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SCL, Lmo2 and GATA factors form common transcription complexes during hematopoietic differentiation. The overlapping expression of SCL with GATA-2 and GATA-3 in the developing brain indicated that these factors might collaborate also in the course of neural tissue differentiation. The expression pattern of Lmo2 in the developing CNS, however, is not well understood. Here, we show that neural cells in the early embryonic chick mid- and hindbrain express SCL and GATA-2, while Lmo2 is expressed only in vascular elements. The lack of Lmo2 transcripts in neural cells demonstrated that SCL and GATA-2 cannot form common complexes with Lmo2 in the developing brain. In the course of neural tissue genesis, GATA-2 mRNA appeared prior to the SCL transcript. While GATA-2 expression decreased with maturation, SCL expression persisted at a high level also in post-neurogenic periods. The temporal pattern of SCL and GATA-2/3 expression was investigated also in vitro, in the course of induced neurogenesis by NE-4C neural stem cells. While GATA-2 expression increased from the very beginning of differentiation, SCL expression appeared only in more differentiated cells expressing proneural genes. GATA-3 expression, on the other hand, was detected only in advanced stages of the neuronal maturation, which were characterised by the activation of the Math2 neuronal gene. Similarly to the hematopoietic differentiation, GATA-2 expression precedes the activation of both SCL and GATA-3, and may play roles in the activation of the SCL gene in neuronal development. In contrast to hematopoietic differentiation, however, our results failed to demonstrate co-assembling of GATA factors or SCL with Lmo2. While overlapping expression of GATA-2/3 and SCL was detected, Lmo2 activation could not be demonstrated in neural cells in the investigated period of neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Herberth
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Neural Cell Biology Group, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
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24
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Demeter K, Zádori A, Agoston VA, Madarász E. Studies on the use of NE-4C embryonic neuroectodermal stem cells for targeting brain tumour. Neurosci Res 2005; 53:331-42. [PMID: 16183159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells were suggested to migrate to and invade intracranial gliomas. In the presented studies, interactions of NE-4C embryonic neural stem cells were investigated with C6 and Gl261, LL and U87, glioblastoma cells or with primary astrocytes. Glioma-derived humoral factors did not influence the proliferation of stem cells. NE-4C-derived humoral factors did not alter the proliferation of Gl261 and U87 cells, but increased the mitotic activity of C6 cells and that of astrocytes. In chimera-aggregates, all types of glioma cells co-aggregated with astrocytes, but most of them segregated from stem cells. Complete intercalation of stem and tumour cells was detected only in chimera-aggregates of Gl261 glioma and NE-4C cells. If mixed suspensions of NE-4C and Gl261 cells were injected into the brain, stem cells survived and grew inside the tumour mass. NE-4C stem cells, however, did not migrate towards the tumour, if implanted near to Gl261 tumours established in the adult mouse forebrain. The observations indicate that not all types of stem cells could be used for targeting all sorts of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Demeter
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Neural Cell Biology, Szigony u. 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Környei Z, Szlávik V, Szabó B, Gócza E, Czirók A, Madarász E. Humoral and contact interactions in astroglia/stem cell co-cultures in the course of glia-induced neurogenesis. Glia 2005; 49:430-44. [PMID: 15546152 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells support or restrict the migration and differentiation of neural stem cells depending on the developmental stage of the progenitors and the physiological state of the astrocytes. In the present study, we show that astroglial cells instruct noncommitted, immortalized neuroectodermal stem cells to adopt a neuronal fate, while they fail to induce neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells under similar culture conditions. Astrocytes induce neuron formation by neuroectodermal progenitors both through direct cell-to-cell contacts and via short-range acting humoral factors. Neuron formation takes place inside compact stem cell assemblies formed 30- 60 h after the onset of glial induction. Statistical analyses of time-lapse microscopic recordings show that direct contacts with astrocytes hinder the migration of neuroectodermal progenitors, while astroglia-derived humoral factors increase their motility. In non-contact co-cultures with astrocytes, altered adhesiveness prevents the separation of frequently colliding neural stem cells. By contrast, in contact co-cultures with astrocytes, the restricted migration on glial surfaces keeps the cell progenies together, resulting in the formation of clonally proliferating stem cell aggregates. The data indicate that in vitro maintained parenchymal astrocytes (1) secrete factors, which initiate neuronal differentiation of neuroectodermal stem cells; and (2) provide a cellular microenvironment where stem cell/stem cell interactions can develop and the sorting out of the future neurons can proceed. In contrast to noncommitted progenitors, postmitotic neuronal precursors leave the stem cell clusters, indicating that astroglial cells selectively support the migration of maturing neurons as well as the elongation of neurites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Környei
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.
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26
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Demeter K, Herberth B, Duda E, Domonkos A, Jaffredo T, Herman JP, Madarász E. Fate of cloned embryonic neuroectodermal cells implanted into the adult, newborn and embryonic forebrain. Exp Neurol 2004; 188:254-67. [PMID: 15246825 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NE-4C, one-cell derived neuroectodermal stem cells expressing a reporter gene--green fluorescent protein (GFP) or heat-resistant alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)--or prelabeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were implanted into the forebrain of adult, new-born and fetal mice and into the mid- and forebrain vesicles of early chick embryos. The fate of implanted cells in the mouse and chick hosts was followed up to 6 and 2 weeks, respectively. Neural differentiation was monitored by detecting the expression of neuron-specific markers and GFAP. NE-4C cells integrated into the early embryonic brain tissue and developed into morphologically differentiated neurons. The same cells produced expanding tumor-like aggregates in the newborn forebrain and were expelled from the adult forebrain parenchyma. In the adult brain, long-term survival and integration of stem cells were revealed only in neurogenic zones. The data suggest that noncommitted, proliferating neuroectodermal progenitors can integrate into the brain tissue at time and site of tissue genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Demeter
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hung. Acad. Sci., Budapest, Hungary
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27
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Jelitai M, Anderová M, Markó K, Kékesi K, Koncz P, Syková E, Madarász E. Role of γ-aminobutyric acid in early neuronal development: Studies with an embryonic neuroectodermal stem cell clone. J Neurosci Res 2004; 76:801-11. [PMID: 15160392 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been known to function as an autocrine/paracrine signal molecule in addition to its well-known inhibitory neurotransmitter function. Studies on the developing brain and on primary brain cell cultures provided evidence for a variety of GABA functions in periods preceding the formation of synapses. The exact role of GABA in the early neural development, however, is still not well understood. In this study, one-cell-derived NE-4C neuroectodermal stem cells were induced to form neurons and astrocytes in vitro, and the role of GABA was investigated in defined phases of neurogenesis. Noninduced NE-4C cells contained GABA, expressed GABA(A)R alpha subunits, and carried functional GABA(A) ion channels. A moderate cytoplasmic GABA content was detected during the entire period of differentiation. By the time of the formation of differentiated neurons, neuron-like cells with both high and low GABA content were clearly distinguishable. HPLC analysis indicated that NE-4C cells released GABA into their fluid environment during all stages of neuronal development. By using the patch-clamp technique, GABA-evoked currents were recorded during the entire proliferation/differentiation period, whereas a GABA-evoked increase in intracellular Ca(2+) was detected only during the maturation of postmitotic neuronal precursors. Bicuculline blocked both the ion currents and the [Ca(2+)](i) increase in response to GABA. Neuron formation was facilitated by GABA through GABA(A) ion channels during postmitotic differentiation, but not earlier during the phases of cell fate commitment. Although the data clearly demonstrate an early responsiveness to GABA, understanding the significance of GABA influence in early neural cell fate decisions will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jelitai
- Department of Neural Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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