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Immunonutritional Protease Inhibitors from T. durum and A. sativa Display Metabolic Similarities When Assayed on Human Macrophage-like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158307. [PMID: 34361073 PMCID: PMC8347451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the immunonutritional effects caused by protease inhibitors from Avena sativa and Triticum durum to human macrophage-like cells. Macrophages were exposed (3 h) to extracts obtained from flours, and mitochondrial-associated oxygen consumption rates and inflammatory, metabolic, and proteome adaptations were quantified. Mass spectrometry ‘m/z’ signals of the extracts obtained from T. durum and A. sativa revealed molecular weights of 18–35 kDa and 16–22 kDa, respectively, for the compounds present at highest concentrations. Extracts from T. durum exhibited lower susceptibility to degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes than those from A. sativa: 9.5% vs 20.2%. Despite their different botanical origin, both extracts increased TLR4 expression. Metabolic protein levels were indicative of a decreased glycolytic to lactate flux in cell cultures upon stimulation with A. sativa extracts, which improved mitochondrial respiration in relation to those from T. durum. Principal components analysis confirmed relative similarities between immune–metabolic events triggered by immunonutritional ingredients in T. durum and A. sativa. Collectively, immunonutritional effects help to interpret the differences between both crops, worsening or improving, macrophage immune reactivity (tolerogenicity), and better control of inflammatory processes.
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Islam S, Mohammad F. Triacontanol as a dynamic growth regulator for plants under diverse environmental conditions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:871-883. [PMID: 32377038 PMCID: PMC7196594 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triacontanol (TRIA) being an endogenous plant growth regulator facilitates numerous plant metabolic activities leading to better growth and development. Moreover, TRIA plays essential roles in alleviating the stress-accrued alterations in crop plants via modulating the activation of the stress tolerance mechanisms. The present article critically focuses on the role of exogenously applied TRIA in morpho-physiology and biochemistry of plants for example, in terms of growth, photosynthesis, enzymatic activity, biofuel synthesis, yield and quality under normal and stressful conditions. This article also enlightens the mode of action of TRIA and its interaction with other phytohormones in regulating the physio-biochemical processes in counteracting the stress-induced damages in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaistul Islam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Firoz Mohammad
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
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Waqas M, Shahzad R, Khan AL, Asaf S, Kim YH, Kang SM, Bilal S, Hamayun M, Lee IJ. Salvaging effect of triacontanol on plant growth, thermotolerance, macro-nutrient content, amino acid concentration and modulation of defense hormonal levels under heat stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 99:118-125. [PMID: 26744997 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, it was hypothesized that application of triacontanol, a ubiquitous saturated primary alcohol, at different times-before (TBHS), mid (TMHS), and after (TAHS) heat stress-will extend heat stress (HS) protection in mungbean. The effect of triacontanol on the levels of defense hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) was investigated along with the plant growth promotion, nutrient and amino acid content with and without heat stress. Heat stress caused a prominent reduction in plant growth attributes, nutrient and amino acid content, which were attributed to the decreased level of ABA and JA. However, application of triacontanol, particularly in the TBHS and TMHS treatments, reversed the deleterious effects of HS by showing increased ABA and JA levels that favored the significant increase in plant growth attributes, enhanced nutrient content, and high amount of amino acid. TAHS, a short-term application of triacontanol, also significantly increased ABA and JA levels and thus revealed important information of its association with hormonal modulation. The growth-promoting effect of triacontanol was also confirmed under normal growth conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the beneficial effects of triacontanol, with or without heat stress, on mungbean and its interaction with or regulation of the levels of defense hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Agriculture Extension, Buner 19290, Pakistan
| | - Raheem Shahzad
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Ha Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Saqib Bilal
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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Sivakumar Swamy G, Ramanarayan K, Inamdar LS, Inamdar SR. Triacontanol and jasmonic acid differentially modulate the lipid organization as evidenced by the fluorescent probe behavior and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance shifts in model membranes. J Membr Biol 2009; 228:165-77. [PMID: 19418089 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-009-9169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), time-resolved fluorescence and anisotropy decays were determined in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of egg phosphatidylcholine with the FRET pair N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine as donor and lissamine rhodamine B 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine as acceptor, using 2-ps pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser on LUVs with incorporated plant growth regulators: triacontanol (TRIA) and jasmonic acid (JA). FRET efficiency, energy transfer rate, rotation correlation time, microviscosity, and diffusion coefficient of lateral diffusion of lipids were calculated from these results. It was observed that TRIA and JA differentially modulated all parameters studied. The effect of JA in such modulations was always partially reversed by TRIA. Also, the generalized polarization of laurdan fluorescence indicated that JA enhances the degree of hydration in lipid bilayers to a larger extent than does TRIA. Solid-state (31)P magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of LUVs showed two chemical shifts, at 0.009 and -11.988 ppm, at low temperatures (20 degrees C), while at increasing temperatures (20-60 degrees C) only one (at -11.988 ppm) was prominent and the other (0.009 ppm) gradually became obscure. However, LUVs with TRIA exhibited only one of the shifts at 0.353 ppm even at lower temperatures and JA did not affect the chemical shifts.
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