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Kausar MA, Parveen S, Anwar S, Sadaf, Massey S, El-Horany HES, Khan FH, Shahein M, Husain SA. Cytotoxic potential and metabolomic profiling of alkaloid rich fraction of Tylophora indica leaves. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159505. [PMID: 38729236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Tylophora indica (Burm f.) Merrill, belong to family Asclepiadaceae, is considered to be a natural remedy with high medicinal benefits. The objective of this work is to assess the metabolomic profile of T. indica leaves enriched in alkaloids, as well as to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of these leaves using the MTT assay on human breast MCF-7 and liver HepG2 cancer cell lines. Dried leaves of T. indica were extracted by sonication, using methanol containing 2 % (v/v) of acetic acid and obtained fraction was characterized by HPTLC and UPLC-MS. The UPLC-MS study yielded a preliminary identification of 32 metabolites, with tylophorine, tylophorine B, tylophorinine, and tylophorinidine being the predominant metabolites. The cytotoxicity of the extract of T. indica was evaluated on HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines, yielding inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 75.71 μg/mL and 69.60 μg/mL, respectively. Data suggested that the phytochemical screening clearly showed presence of numerous secondary metabolites with moderate cytotoxic efficacy. In conclusion, the future prospects of T. indica appear promising for the advancement of phytopharmaceutical-based anticancer medications, as well as for the design of contemporary pharmaceuticals in the field of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Adnan Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shabana Parveen
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Sadaf Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sadaf
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sheersh Massey
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Hemat El-Sayed El-Horany
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia; Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - Farida Habib Khan
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mona Shahein
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Akhtar Husain
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Patel A, Vanecha R, Patel J, Patel D, Shah U, Bambharoliya T. Development of Natural Bioactive Alkaloids: Anticancer perspective. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:200-212. [PMID: 34254913 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210712111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a frightful disease that still poses a 'nightmare' worldwide, causing millions of casualties annually due to one of the human race's most significant healthcare challenges that requires a pragmatic treatment strategy. However, plants and plant-derived products revolutionize the field as they are quick, cleaner, eco-friendly, low-cost, effective, and less toxic than conventional treatment methods. Plants are repositories for new chemical entities and have a promising cancer research path, supplying 60% of the anticancer agents currently used. Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich reservoir for drug discovery and development. However, some alkaloids derived from natural herbs display anti-proliferation and antimetastatic activity on different forms of cancer, both in vitro and in vivo. Alkaloids have also been widely formulated as anticancer medications, such as camptothecin and vinblastine. Still, more research and clinical trials are required before final recommendations can be made on specific alkaloids. This review focuses on the naturally-derived bioactive alkaloids with prospective anticancer properties based on the information in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Ravi Vanecha
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Jay Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Divy Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Umang Shah
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Zakharov AV, Yadykov AV, Lvov AG, Mitina EA, Shirinian VZ. Photochemical rearrangement of diarylethenes: synthesis of functionalized phenanthrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3098-3103. [PMID: 32253418 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00296h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel protocol for the synthesis of functionalized phenanthrenes through photocyclization of diarylethenes (DAE) under UV irradiation is proposed. The reaction proceeds through 6π-electrocyclization with the formation of a cyclic (closed) intermediate that undergoes a rearrangement affording unsymmetrical phenanthrenes in good yields. However, in contrast to benzene derivatives, the photocyclization of naphthalene diarylethenes proceeds more slowly, which is confirmed by DFT calculations. The transformation was performed on a 1 mmol scale. The scalability showed that the diarylethenes bearing oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole and imidazole as aryl moieties are more prone to photorearrangement and can be used in preparative organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Zakharov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - A V Yadykov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - A G Lvov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Mitina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - V Z Shirinian
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Bach DH, Lee SK. The Potential Impacts of Tylophora Alkaloids and their Derivatives in Modulating Inflammation, Viral Infections, and Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4709-4725. [PMID: 30047325 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180726123339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapies or antitumor agents mainly remain the backbone of current treatment based on killing the rapidly dividing cancer cell such as tylophora alkaloids and their analogues which have also demonstrated anticancer potential through diverse biological pathways including regulation of the immune system. The introduction of durable clinically effective monoclonal antibodies, however, unmasked a new era of cancer immunotherapies. Therefore, the understanding of cancer pathogenesis will provide new possible treatment options, including cancer immunotherapy and targeted agents. Combining cytotoxic agents and immunotherapies may offer several unique advantages that are complementary to and potentially synergistic with biologic modalities. Herein, we highlight the dynamic mechanism of action of immune modulation in cancer and the immunological aspects of the orally active antitumor agents tylophora alkaloids and their analogues. We also suggest that future cancer treatments will rely on the development of combining tumor-targeted agents and biologic immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Bonaterra GA, Schwarzbach H, Kelber O, Weiser D, Kinscherf R. Anti-inflammatory effects of Phytodolor® (STW 1) and components (poplar, ash and goldenrod) on human monocytes/macrophages. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 58:152868. [PMID: 30831466 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populus tremula L. (Poplar), Fraxinus excelsior L. (ash) and Solidago virgaurea L. (goldenrod) have been used for medicinal purposes through centuries, to treat pain, fever and inflammation, but their mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. The present study was performed to investigate, whether the herbal medicinal product Phytodolor® (STW 1) and its components have anti-inflammatory effects on activated human monocytes and differentiated human macrophages to elucidate their modes of action in comparison with well-known analgesic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) as diclofenac. METHODS Adherent human monocytes obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in serum-free medium and pre-treated with 50-100 µg/ml of diclofenac, STW 1, their components, poplar, ash or goldenrod or its combination (0.05% to 2%). Thereafter, monocytes were activated with 0.1 or 1 µg/ml LPS for 24 h. The intracellular expressions of TNF-α or PTGS2 were determined by cell-based ELISA. Apoptotic cells were identified by YO-PRO-1 staining. Protein or total RNA were isolated to perform SDS-PAGE/Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses. PMA-differentiated human THP-1 macrophages were pre-treated with diclofenac (50 µg/ml) or STW1 (0.1%) and afterwards with LPS (1 µg/ml) and the translocation of the intracellular p62 NF-κB subunit was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS STW 1 inhibited the intracellular content of TNF-α and PTGS2 protein, as well as of TNF-α and PTGS2 gene expression and induced apoptosis in LPS-activated human monocytes under serum free conditions. Furthermore, STW 1 inhibited the translocation of the p65 subunit of the redox-regulated NF-κB into the nucleus in LPS-activated human macrophages. CONCLUSION The present in vitro investigations suggest a significant anti-inflammatory activity of STW 1 and its components by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine as TNF-α and the key enzyme PTGS2 in LPS-activated human monocytes, which is, at least partly mediated through the suppression of NF-κB activation. Our results provide evidence for distinctive anti-inflammatory effects of STW 1 and its components on LPS-activated human monocytes/macrophages and, thus, for the therapeutic use of STW 1 in inflammation and pain related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Anatomy und Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Anatomy und Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Kelber
- Innovation and Development, Phytomedicine Supply and Development Centre, Bayer Consumer Health Care, Steigerwald Arzneimittel GmbH, Havelstraße 5, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dieter Weiser
- Innovation and Development, Phytomedicine Supply and Development Centre, Bayer Consumer Health Care, Steigerwald Arzneimittel GmbH, Havelstraße 5, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Anatomy und Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Shanta A, Bernard FJ, Japheth OO, Runner RTM, Ephraim TG. Effect of erythrinaline alkaloids from Erythrina lysistemon on human recombinant caspase-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5897/ajpp2016.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Dey A, Mukherjee A, Chaudhury M. Alkaloids From Apocynaceae. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63931-8.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Banjerdpongchai R, Wudtiwai B, Pompimon W. Enterocarpam-III induces human liver and breast cancer cell apoptosis via mitochondrial and caspase-9 activation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:1833-7. [PMID: 25773833 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.5.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An aristolactam-type alkaloid, isolated from Orophea enterocarpa, is enterocarpam-III (10-amino-2,3,4,6- tetramethoxyphenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid lactam). It is cytotoxic to various human and murine cancer cell lines; however, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate cytotoxic effects on and mechanism (s) of human cancer cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and human invasive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells compared to normal murine fibroblast NIH3T3 cells. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay to determine IC10, IC20 and IC50 levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with 2',7'-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate and the caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities using specific chromogenic (p-nitroaniline) tetrapeptide substrates, viz., DEVD-NA, IETD-NA and LEHD-NA and employing a microplate reader. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) was measured by staining with 3, 3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6) and using flow cytometry. The compound was cytotoxic to HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cells with the IC50 levels of 26.0±4.45 and 51.3±2.05 μM, respectively. For murine normal fibroblast NIH3T3 cells, the IC50 concentration was 81.3±10.1 μM. ROS production was reduced in a dose-response manner in HepG2 cells. The caspase-9 and -3 activities increased in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas caspase-8 activity did not alter, indicating the intrinsic pathway activation. Enterocarpam-III decreased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) dose-dependently in HepG2 cells, suggesting that the compound induced HepG2 cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. In conclusion, enterocarpam-III inhibited HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and induced human HepG2 cells to undergo apoptosis via the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway and induction of caspase-9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Banjerdpongchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand E-mail :
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9
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Chen YY, Zhang NN, Ye LM, Chen JH, Sun X, Zhang XJ, Yan M. KOt-Bu/DMF promoted intramolecular cyclization of 1,1′-biphenyl aldehydes and ketones: an efficient synthesis of phenanthrenes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07188g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenanthrene derivatives could be prepared through intramolecular cyclization of 1,1′-biphenyl aldehydes and ketones promoted by KOt-Bu/DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-yan Chen
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Niu-niu Zhang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Lin-miao Ye
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jia-hua Chen
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xue-jing Zhang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Ming Yan
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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Feng CN, Hsieh YC, Wu YT. Metal-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions: Useful Synthetic Tools for the Preparation of Polycyclic Arenes. CHEM REC 2014; 15:266-79. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Ning Feng
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Rd. 70101 Tainan (Taiwan)
| | - Ya-Chu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Rd. 70101 Tainan (Taiwan)
| | - Yao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Rd. 70101 Tainan (Taiwan)
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Wehming K, Schubert M, Schnakenburg G, Waldvogel SR. Oxidative Cyclization Reaction of 2-Aryl-Substituted Cinnamates To Form Phenanthrene Carboxylates by Using MoCl5. Chemistry 2014; 20:12463-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hanessian S, Chattopadhyay AK. Iminium Ion–Enamine Cascade Cyclizations: Facile Access to Structurally Diverse Azacyclic Compounds and Natural Products. Org Lett 2013; 16:232-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403229q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre Ville, C.P. 6128, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Amit Kumar Chattopadhyay
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre Ville, C.P. 6128, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Lin YD, Cho CL, Ko CW, Pulte A, Wu YT. Palladium-catalyzed annulation of 2,2'-diiodobiphenyls with alkynes: synthesis and applications of phenanthrenes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9979-88. [PMID: 23078637 DOI: 10.1021/jo302013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A range of phenanthrene derivatives were efficiently synthesized by the palladium-catalyzed annulation of 2,2'-diiodobiphenyls with alkynes. The scope, limitations and regioselectivity of the reaction were investigated. The described method was adopted to synthesize 9,10-dialkylphenanthrenes, sterically overcrowded 4,5-disubstituted phenanthrenes and phenanthrene-based alkaloids. Reactions of highly methoxy-substituted biphenyls with 2-(2-propynyl)pyrrolidine and 2-(2-propynyl)piperidine gave 2-(9-phenanthylmethyl)pyrrolidines and 2-(9-phenanthylmethyl)piperidines, respectively. The products were transformed to phenanthroindolizidine and phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids by the Pictet-Spengler reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-De Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
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Lv H, Ren J, Ma S, Xu S, Qu J, Liu Z, Zhou Q, Chen X, Yu S. Synthesis, biological evaluation and mechanism studies of deoxytylophorinine and its derivatives as potential anticancer agents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30342. [PMID: 22276180 PMCID: PMC3261902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that (+)-13a-(S)-deoxytylophorinine (1) showed profound anti-cancer activities both in vitro and in vivo and could penetrate the blood brain barrier to distribute well in brain tissues. CNS toxicity, one of the main factors to hinder the development of phenanthroindolizidines, was not obviously found in 1. Based on its fascinating activities, thirty-four derivatives were designed, synthesized; their cytotoxic activities in vitro were tested to discover more excellent anticancer agents. Considering the distinctive mechanism of 1 and interesting SAR of deoxytylophorinine and its derivatives, the specific impacts of these compounds on cellular progress as cell signaling transduction pathways and cell cycle were proceeded with seven representative compounds. 1 as well as three most potent compounds, 9, 32, 33, and three less active compounds, 12, 16, 35, were selected to proform this study to have a relatively deep view of cancer cell growth-inhibitory characteristics. It was found that the expressions of phospho-Akt, Akt, phospho-ERK, and ERK in A549 cells were greater down-regulated by the potent compounds than by the less active compounds in the Western blot analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing phenanthroindolizidines alkaloids display influence on the crucial cell signaling proteins, ERK. Moreover, the expressions of cyclin A, cyclin D1 and CDK2 proteins depressed more dramatically when the cells were treated with 1, 9, 32, and 33. Then, these four excellent compounds were subjected to flow cytometric analysis, and an increase in S-phase was observed in A549 cells. Since the molecular level assay results of Western blot for phospho-Akt, Akt, phospho-ERK, ERK, and cyclins were relevant to the potency of compounds in cellular level, we speculated that this series of compounds exhibit anticancer activities through blocking PI3K and MAPK signaling transduction pathways and interfering with the cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuanggang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Song Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Shishan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Anti-proliferative activity and suppression of P-glycoprotein by (-)-antofine, a natural phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, in paclitaxel-resistant human lung cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:1060-5. [PMID: 22120505 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in effective chemotherapy for cancer patients. The expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in cancer cells is highly correlated with resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. (-)-Antofine, a phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid derived from Cynanchum paniculatum, inhibits the growth of various human cancer cells. In this study, we further explored the potential of (-)-antofine to overcome the resistance induced by anti-cancer drugs. To this end, we established the paclitaxel-resistant human lung cancer cell line A549-PA by gradually exposing A549 cells to increasing concentrations of paclitaxel. As a result, the A549-PA cells acquired resistance against paclitaxel treatment and had an IC50 that was more than 200 times that of the parental A549 cells. (-)-Antofine, however, effectively suppressed the growth of both the parental and drug-resistant cells. Additional studies revealed that the anti-proliferative activity of (-)-antofine in A549-PA cells is accompanied by a down-regulation of P-gp mRNA and protein expression. The effect of reversing the multidrug resistance of A549-PA cells via (-)-antofine treatment was demonstrated an increase in intracellular rhodamine-123 accumulation, measured using FACS analysis. These findings suggest an additional chemotherapeutic value of (-)-antofine, that is, regulation of cancer cell drug resistance, in addition to its antitumor effect.
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Hsu SF, Ko CW, Wu YT. Cobalt-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation: Synthesis and Applications of Enantiopure Pyrrolidine Derivatives[1]. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Zhang ZT, Peng H, Li CY, Liu JJ, Zhou TT, Yan YF, Li Y, Bao JK. Polygonatum cyrtonema lectin induces murine fibrosarcoma L929 cell apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway as compared to Ophiopogon japonicus lectin. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 18:25-31. [PMID: 20655713 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)-related lectin family, a superfamily of strictly mannose-binding specific lectins, has been well-known to possess several biological functions including apoptosis-inducing activities. However, the precise mechanisms of GNA-related lectins to induce apoptosis remains to be clarified. In this study, we showed that Polygonatum cyrtonema lectin (PCL) and Ophiopogon japonicus lectin (OJL), the two mannose-binding GNA-related lectins, could induce murine fibrosarcoma L929 cell apoptosis. In addition, we found that there was a close link between their sugar-binding and apoptosis-inducing activities. Interestingly, we further confirmed that the mechanism of lectin-induced apoptosis was a caspase-dependent pathway. Moreover, we found that the two lectins could amplify tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these findings would open a new perspective for GNA-related lectins as potential anti-tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-ting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
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18
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Niphakis MJ, Georg GI. Synthesis of tylocrebrine and related phenanthroindolizidines by VOF3-mediated oxidative aryl-alkene coupling. Org Lett 2010; 13:196-9. [PMID: 21142214 DOI: 10.1021/ol1023954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A highly convergent strategy to prepare phenanthroindolizidines is reported involving three consecutive C-C coupling reactions. This sequence features a novel VOF(3)-mediated aryl-alkene coupling in the final step, which enables regioselective preparation of C5-substituted phenanthroindolizidines for the first time. This strategy has been applied to the synthesis of eight natural and unnatural members in this class to investigate the scope of this chemistry and to explore structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Niphakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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19
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Bonaterra GA, Heinrich EU, Kelber O, Weiser D, Metz J, Kinscherf R. Anti-inflammatory effects of the willow bark extract STW 33-I (Proaktiv(®)) in LPS-activated human monocytes and differentiated macrophages. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:1106-1113. [PMID: 20570123 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Willow bark extract is frequently used in the treatment of painful rheumatological diseases, such as arthritis and back pain. Its effect has been attributed to its main component salicin, but pharmacological studies have shown that the clinical efficacy of the willow bark extract cannot be explained by its salicin content alone. Therefore different modes of action have been suggested for the anti-inflammatory effect of willow bark extract. Here, we report in vitro data revelling the effect and mode of action of the aqueous willow bark extract STW 33-I as well as a water-soluble fraction (fraction E [Fr E]) in comparison with well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin (ASA) and diclofenac (Diclo) on pro-inflammatorily activated human monocytes and differentiated macrophages. RESULTS STW 33-I and the water-soluble Fr E showed concentration-dependent and significant anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes. Both inhibited the intracellular protein expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) as well as the mRNA expression of TNFα and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and the release of nitric oxide (NO). In addition, apoptosis of pro-inflammatorily activated monocytes was induced. Furthermore, treatment of activated macrophages with STW 33-I inhibited the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of the nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65). CONCLUSIONS The present in vitro investigations suggest a significant anti-inflammatory activity of willow bark water extract STW 33-1 and of its water-soluble fraction by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα), COX-2 and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB in pro-inflammatorily activated monocytes. Our results provide further evidence for the therapeutic use of STW 33-I in inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bonaterra
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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20
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Min HY, Chung HJ, Kim EH, Kim S, Park EJ, Lee SK. Inhibition of cell growth and potentiation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis by a phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid antofine in human colon cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1356-64. [PMID: 20674553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the potential of natural products as a source for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, this study was performed to investigate the anti-proliferative and antitumor effects of antofine, a phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid derived from Cynanchum paniculatum. Antofine showed potent anti-proliferative effects in several human cancer cells with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. Treatment with antofine for 24h did not result in the induction of apoptotic cell death but moderately induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and inhibited the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and CDK4. In addition, antofine inhibited the transcriptional activity of β-catenin/Tcf in human colon HCT 116 cells, and the expression level of β-catenin and cyclin D1 was also down-regulated by antofine in human colon SW480 cells. Moreover, antofine potentiated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis, which was demonstrated by the increase of Annexin V-positive cell population and of the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-8. Antofine also effectively suppressed tumor growth in the HCT 116 implanted xenograft nude mouse model. Taken together, these findings suggest that antofine might be a potential candidate for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents derived from natural products.
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21
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Total synthesis of the tylophora alkaloids rusplinone, 13aα-secoantofine, and antofine using a multicatalytic oxidative aminochlorocarbonylation/Friedel–Crafts reaction. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Lin JC, Yang SC, Hong TM, Yu SL, Shi Q, Wei L, Chen HY, Yang PC, Lee KH. Phenanthrene-based tylophorine-1 (PBT-1) inhibits lung cancer cell growth through the Akt and NF-kappaB pathways. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1903-11. [PMID: 19284764 PMCID: PMC2670969 DOI: 10.1021/jm801344j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tylophorine and related natural compounds exhibit potent antitumor activities. We previously showed that PBT-1, a synthetic C9-substituted phenanthrene-based tylophorine (PBT) derivative, significantly inhibits growth of various cancer cells. In this study, we further explored the mechanisms and potential of PBT-1 as an anticancer agent. PBT-1 dose-dependently suppressed colony formation and induced cell cycle G2/M arrest and apoptosis. DNA microarray and pathway analysis showed that PBT-1 activated the apoptosis pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. In contrast, PBT-1 suppressed the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway and focal adhesion. We further confirmed that PBT-1 suppressed Akt activation accelerated RelA degradation via IkappaB kinase-alpha and down-regulated NF-kappaB target gene expression. The reciprocal recruitment of RelA and RelB on COX-2 promoter region led to down-regulation of transcriptional activity. We conclude that PBT-1 induces cell cycle G2/M arrest and apoptosis by inactivating Akt and by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. PBT-1 may be a good drug candidate for anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, NanKang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Chen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, NanKang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ming Hong
- NTU Center of Genomic Medicine, No, 1, Jen-Ai Road, Sec. 1, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- NTU Center of Genomic Medicine, No, 1, Jen-Ai Road, Sec. 1, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Qian Shi
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Linyi Wei
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, NanKang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No, 1, Jen-Ai Road, Sec. 1, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
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23
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Wei L, Brossi A, Morris-Natschke SL, Bastow KF, Lee KH. Antitumor agents 248. Chemistry and antitumor activity of tylophorinerelated alkaloids. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART N) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(08)80023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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24
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Malathi R, . PG. Evaluation of Preliminary Toxicity Studies on the Methanolic Leaves Extract of Tylophora asthmatica in Experimental Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2008.34.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Fürstner A, Kennedy JWJ. Total syntheses of the tylophora alkaloids cryptopleurine, (-)-antofine, (-)-tylophorine, and (-)-ficuseptine C. Chemistry 2007; 12:7398-410. [PMID: 16881031 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A concise, efficient and modular approach to the tylophora alkaloids is described, a family of potent cytotoxic agents that are equally effective against drug sensitive and multidrug resistant cancer cell lines. The advantages of the chosen route are illustrated by the total syntheses of the phenanthroquinolizidine cryptopleurine (1) and the phenanthroindolizidines (-)-antofine (2), (-)-tylophorine (3), and their only recently isolated congener (-)-ficuseptine C (4). The key steps consist in a Suzuki cross-coupling between a (commercial) boronic acid and a simple aryl-1,2-dihalide followed by elaboration of the resulting products into the corresponding 2-alkynyl-biphenyl derivatives 27, 33, 41 and 46. The latter undergo PtCl2-catalyzed cycloisomerizations with formation of the functionalized phenanthrenes 28, 34, 42 and 47, which were transformed into the targeted alkaloids by a deprotection/Pictet-Spengler annulation tandem. Due to the flexibility and robust character of this approach, it might enable a systematic exploration of the pharmacological profile of this promising class of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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26
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Zhang S, Wei L, Bastow K, Zheng W, Brossi A, Lee KH, Tropsha A. Antitumor agents 252. Application of validated QSAR models to database mining: discovery of novel tylophorine derivatives as potential anticancer agents. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2007; 21:97-112. [PMID: 17340042 PMCID: PMC2754562 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-007-9102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A combined approach of validated QSAR modeling and virtual screening was successfully applied to the discovery of novel tylophrine derivatives as anticancer agents. QSAR models have been initially developed for 52 chemically diverse phenanthrine-based tylophrine derivatives (PBTs) with known experimental EC(50) using chemical topological descriptors (calculated with the MolConnZ program) and variable selection k nearest neighbor (kNN) method. Several validation protocols have been applied to achieve robust QSAR models. The original dataset was divided into multiple training and test sets, and the models were considered acceptable only if the leave-one-out cross-validated R (2) (q (2)) values were greater than 0.5 for the training sets and the correlation coefficient R (2) values were greater than 0.6 for the test sets. Furthermore, the q (2) values for the actual dataset were shown to be significantly higher than those obtained for the same dataset with randomized target properties (Y-randomization test), indicating that models were statistically significant. Ten best models were then employed to mine a commercially available ChemDiv Database (ca. 500 K compounds) resulting in 34 consensus hits with moderate to high predicted activities. Ten structurally diverse hits were experimentally tested and eight were confirmed active with the highest experimental EC(50) of 1.8 microM implying an exceptionally high hit rate (80%). The same ten models were further applied to predict EC50 for four new PBTs, and the correlation coefficient (R (2)) between the experimental and predicted EC(50) for these compounds plus eight active consensus hits was shown to be as high as 0.57. Our studies suggest that the approach combining validated QSAR modeling and virtual screening could be successfully used as a general tool for the discovery of novel biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxing Zhang
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Carolina Exploratory Center for Cheminformatics Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Linyi Wei
- Natural Products Laboratory, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Ken Bastow
- Natural Products Laboratory, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Weifan Zheng
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Carolina Exploratory Center for Cheminformatics Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Arnold Brossi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Laboratory, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- K.H. Lee,
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Carolina Exploratory Center for Cheminformatics Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- A. Tropsha,
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27
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Wei L, Brossi A, Kendall R, Bastow KF, Morris-Natschke SL, Shi Q, Lee KH. Antitumor agents 251: synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, and structure-activity relationship studies of phenanthrene-based tylophorine derivatives (PBTs) as a new class of antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6560-9. [PMID: 16809043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polar phenanthrene-based tylophorine derivatives (PBTs) were designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential antitumor agents. These compounds contain a core phenanthrene structure and can be synthesized efficiently in excellent yield. The newly synthesized PBTs were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against the A549 human cancer cell line. Among them, N-(2,3-methylenedioxy-6-methoxy-phenanthr-9-ylmethyl)-L-2-piperidinemethanol (34) and N-(2,3-methylenedioxy-6-methoxy-phenanthr-9-ylmethyl)-5-aminopentanol (28) showed the highest potency with IC50 values of 0.16 and 0.27 microM, respectively, which are comparable to those of currently used antitumor drugs. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was also explored to facilitate the further development of this new compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Wei
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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28
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Kong X, Ge H, Hou L, Shi L, Liu Z. Induction of apoptosis in K562/ADM cells by gamma-linolenic acid involves lipid peroxidation and activation of caspase-3. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 162:140-8. [PMID: 16857180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed that gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) possesses effective tumoricidal properties while not inducing damage to normal cells or creating harmful systemic side effects. It can exert anti-tumor efficacy against a variety of cancers including leukemia. However, little is known about the effects of GLA on leukemia resistant to chemotherapy, emerging as a serious clinical problem. The present study tested GLA-induced apoptosis in K562/ADM multidrug-resistant (MDR) leukemic cells and investigated its possible mechanisms. Using cell viability, fluorescent staining of nuclei, flow cytometric Annexin V/PI double staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, we found that GLA could inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis and secondary necrosis. The results showed that incubation with GLA concentrations of 10-60 microg/ml caused a dose- and time-dependent decrease of K562/ADM cell viability, and the IC50 value was 50.5 microg/ml at 24 h and 31.5 microg/ml at 48 h. Flow cytometry using Annexin V/PI double staining assessed apoptosis, necrosis and viability. Typical apoptotic nuclei were shown by staining of K562/ADM cells with DNA-binding fluorochrome Hoechst 33342, characterized by chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. On the other hand, after treated K562/ADM cells with 20 microg/ml GLA for 48 h and with 40 microg/ml GLA for 12 h, the LDH release significantly increased, indicated losses of plasma membrane integrity and presence of necrosis. Further, the inhibition of GLA-induced apoptosis by a pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) suggested the involvement of caspases. The increase of caspase-3 activity with GLA concentration confirmed its role in the process. The results also showed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was also significantly elevated, and antioxidant BHT could block GLA cytotoxity, indicating the cytotoxity induced by GLA may be due to lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Kong
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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29
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Nevin KG, Vijayammal PL. Effect of Aerva lanata against hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:471-477. [PMID: 21783628 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The partially purified petroleum ether extractable fraction of the whole plant Aerva lanata (PF) was evaluated for the protective effect against liver damage induced by carbon tetra chloride (CCl(4)) in Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were orally administered with PF (50 and 100mg/kg body weight) for 14 days before CCl(4) challenge and 100mg of PF alone for toxicity analysis without CCl(4) administration. The results showed that CCl(4) administration significantly damaged the liver as evident from histopathology and very high activity of serum and liver marker enzymes. It also reduced the antioxidant enzyme status of the animals. PF administration significantly reversed the histopathological changes and restored the elevated activities of liver marker enzymes and also enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities. The extract also reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation and increased the serum total protein and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of PF showed the presence of alkaloids. These observations clearly indicate that PF contains antioxidant alkaloids capable of ameliorating the CCl(4)-induced hepatic injury by virtue of its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Nevin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 581, India
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30
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Gao W, Lam W, Zhong S, Kaczmarek C, Baker DC, Cheng YC. Novel mode of action of tylophorine analogs as antitumor compounds. Cancer Res 2004; 64:678-88. [PMID: 14744785 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tylophorine and its analogs are phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids, several of which have been isolated from the Tylophora genus of plants. Evaluation of (+)-S-tylophorine [DCB-3500 (NSC-717335)] and its analog DCB-3503 (NSC-716802) in the National Cancer Institute tumor screen showed a fairly uniform and potent inhibition of cell growth in all 60 cell lines (GI(50) approximately 10(-8) M). To further evaluate the antitumor potential of these compounds, we synthesized four tylophorine analogs, designated DCB-3500, DCB-3501, DCB-3502, and DCB-3503. All four tylophorine analogs exerted potent growth-inhibitory effects against HepG2, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, and KB, a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. HepG2 cells were more sensitive than KB in terms of loss of clonogenicity. KB variants, which are resistant to etoposide, hydroxyurea, or camptothecin, have similar sensitivities to the tylophorine analogs, as do the parental KB cells. Treatment of nude mice bearing HepG2 tumor xenografts by i.p. injections of DCB-3503 at 6 mg/kg every 8 h on days 0 and 3 resulted in significant tumor growth suppression (P < 0.0001). Unlike conventional antitumor drugs, 3 micro M DCB-3503 did not cause DNA breaks or apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Tylophorine analogs induced albumin expression and decreased alpha-fetoprotein expression in HepG2 cells, which suggests that tylophorine analogs could induce HepG2 differentiation. Tylophorine analogs had an inhibitory effect on cyclic AMP response elements, activator protein-1 sites, or nuclear factor-kappaB binding site-mediated transcriptions. In summary, these tylophorine analogs are a unique class of antitumor compounds that have a mode of action different from known antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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