1
|
Acosta Balcazar IC, Granados Rivera LD, Salinas Chavira J, Estrada Drouaillet B, Albarrán MR, Bautista Martínez Y. Relationship between the Composition of Lipids in Forages and the Concentration of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cow's Milk: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131621. [PMID: 35804520 PMCID: PMC9264792 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), has been shown to have protective effects against various diseases, such as obesity, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. This fatty acid in ruminants results from two processes, biohydrogenation, which takes place in the rumen, and de novo synthesis, carried out in the mammary gland, and it has linoleic and α-linolenic acids as its precursors. The amounts of precursors in the diets of animals are related to the amounts of CLA in milk. In the literature review, it was found that the milk of cows fed fresh forage has a higher amount of CLA because they have a higher amount of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid compared to other foods used in the diets of cows. The amount of CLA precursors in pastures can be increased through agronomic practices, such as nitrogen fertilization, and regrowth age. It is also a technique used to increase the amount of CLA in milk to obtain a greater benefit regarding its nutritional value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Acosta Balcazar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Danilo Granados Rivera
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, General Terán 67400, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Correspondence: or (L.D.G.R.); (Y.B.M.)
| | - Jaime Salinas Chavira
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Benigno Estrada Drouaillet
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Ruiz Albarrán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Yuridia Bautista Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
- Correspondence: or (L.D.G.R.); (Y.B.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of Linseed Supplementation on Milk Production, Composition, Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids, and on Serum Biochemistry in Cilentana Grazing Goats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060783. [PMID: 35327180 PMCID: PMC8944532 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of linseed supplementation on milk yield and quality, serum biochemistry and, in particular, to evaluate its possible effects on the production of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) in the milk of Cilentana grazing goats. Twelve pregnant Cilentana dairy goats were divided into two groups (CTR, control, and LIN, linseed supplementation group). After kidding, the goats had free access to the pasture and both groups received a supplement of 400 g/head of concentrate, but the one administered to the LIN group was characterized by the addition of linseed (in a ratio of 20% as fed) to the ingredients. During the trial, milk samples were taken from April to August in order to evaluate milk production, composition, and fatty acid profile. In addition, blood samples were taken for evaluating the effects of linseed supplementation on goats’ health status. The health status of the goats was not influenced by the linseed supplementation, as confirmed by blood analyses. Concerning the effects on milk, the supplementation positively affected (p < 0.001) milk production and fat percentage and the fatty acid profile was markedly influenced by the lipid supplementation. In particular, milk from the LIN group was characterized by significantly lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids (FA; p < 0.001) and higher proportions of monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, and conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) than milk from the CTR group (p < 0.001). In contrast, the OBCFA were negatively influenced by the linseed supplementation (p < 0.0001). Further studies are needed to test the effects of different fat sources and other nutrients on the diets.
Collapse
|
3
|
Matamoros C, Klopp RN, Moraes LE, Harvatine KJ. Meta-analysis of the relationship between milk trans-10 C18:1, milk fatty acids <16 C, and milk fat production. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10195-10206. [PMID: 32921467 PMCID: PMC7885267 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The economic value of milk fat and its responsiveness to management strategies provides strong interest in maximizing milk fat production by minimizing occurrence of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression (BH-MFD) and maximizing de novo synthesized fatty acids (FA). Tools that allow a timely diagnosis of BH-MFD would improve nutritional management. Specific milk FA or FA categories correlate to milk fat concentration and are of interest for diagnosing the cause of changes in milk fat concentration. The objective of the current study was to characterize the relationship between milk fat concentration and trans-10 C18:1, a proxy for BH-MFD, and FA <16 carbons that originate solely from de novo lipogenesis using a meta-analysis approach that used data from the literature and unpublished Penn State experiments. Prior to the meta-analysis, the effect of FA methylation method on milk FA profile was tested to determine potential bias between papers. There was no difference between sodium methoxide, acid, and acid-base methylation methods on trans-10 C18:1 concentration, but acid methods resulted in loss of short-chain FA. The relationship between trans-10 C18:1 and milk fat percentage was investigated using a 2-component model, where one component described the fraction unresponsive to BH-MFD and the other described a responsive fraction that is exponentially related to trans-10 C18:1. The 2 fractions where characterized utilizing a Bayesian hierarchical model accounting for between-study variability. The model was defined by the function f(x, θ1, θ2, θ3) = θ1 + θ2exp(θ3), where the unresponsive θ1 fraction was 2.15 ± 0.09%, the responsive θ2 fraction was 1.55 ± 0.08%, and the exponential term θ3 was -0.503 ± 0.07 (posterior mean ± posterior standard deviation from the Bayesian hierarchical model). A Lin's concordance correlation coefficient of 0.67 suggested good agreement between observations and predictions from the Bayesian hierarchical model, computed only with the model's mean population parameters. There was a linear relationship between milk fat concentration and FA <16 C as a percentage of total FA (intercept = 2.68 ± 0.237 and slope = 0.043 ± 0.011; coefficient of determination = 0.31). The relationship between milk FA <16 C and milk fat concentration is weaker than what has been published, likely because multiple factors can reduce de novo FA without reducing milk fat and the broad range of diets present in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Matamoros
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - R N Klopp
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - L E Moraes
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lashkari S, Moller JW, Theil PK, Weisbjerg MR, Jensen SK, Sørensen MT, Sejrsen K. Regulation of mammary lipogenic genes in dairy cows fed crushed sunflower seeds. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
5
|
Effect of linseed, sunflower, or fish oil added to hay-, or corn silage-based diets on milk fat yield and trans-C18:1 and conjugated linoleic fatty acid content in bovine milk fat. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
6
|
Silva LSE, Fernandes Lima Cavalcanti JV, Rodrigues Magalhães AL, Santoro KR, Dias Gonçalves G, Vasconcelos Santana LP, Silva JKBD, Almeida OCD. Soybean oil modulates the fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland, improving nutritional quality of the goat milk. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
7
|
Paula EM, da Silva LG, Brandao VLN, Dai X, Faciola AP. Feeding Canola, Camelina, and Carinata Meals to Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E704. [PMID: 31546983 PMCID: PMC6826546 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris), camelina (Camelina sativa), and carinata (Brassica carinata) have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as "ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion". Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Genovese A, Marrazzo A, De Luca L, Romano R, Manzo N, Masucci F, Di Francia A, Sacchi R. Volatile Organic Compound and Fatty Acid Profile of Milk from Cows and Buffaloes Fed Mycorrhizal or Nonmycorrhizal Ensiled Forage. Molecules 2019; 24:E1616. [PMID: 31022876 PMCID: PMC6514860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed inoculation of forage crops by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) generally results in higher profitability, but also modifies the chemical composition of silage in terms of increased biomass, protein, and dry matter. Raw milk aroma is affected by the type of feed. This work investigated the influence of ensiled forage obtained by seed inoculation with AMF on the volatile fractions and fatty acid composition of milk. Two experiments were carried out: in the first, buffaloes were fed maize silage, and in the second, cows were fed sorghum silage. The volatile fractions of milk were quantified by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME), combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and fatty acids by gas chromatography (GC). The ensiled forage obtained with AMF increased saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and decreased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in both experiments. The volatile fraction in milk samples obtained from bovines fed mycorrhizal ensiled forage showed an increase of free fatty acids and ketones, responsible for cheesy and fruity odors. Aldehydes, responsible for green and grassy notes, increased only in the milk from buffaloes fed ensiled maize. Our results suggest that inoculation of maize and sorghum seed with AMF, combined with a low rate of fertilizers, leads to ensiled forage that could slightly affect the FA profile and odor quality of milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Genovese
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Andrea Marrazzo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Lucia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Raffaele Romano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Nadia Manzo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Felicia Masucci
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Antonio Di Francia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Raffaele Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leskinen H, Ventto L, Kairenius P, Shingfield KJ, Vilkki J. Temporal changes in milk fatty acid composition during diet-induced milk fat depression in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5148-5160. [PMID: 30904304 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in lactating cows has been attributed to alterations in ruminal lipid metabolism leading to the formation of specific fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation intermediates that directly inhibit milk fat synthesis. However, the mechanisms responsible for decreased lipid synthesis in the mammary gland over time are not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet on milk FA composition and milk fat production over time, especially during MFD, and explore the associations between MFD and FA biohydrogenation intermediates in omasal digesta and milk. Four lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 35-d experimental periods were fed diets formulated to cause differences in ruminal and mammary lipid metabolism. Treatments consisted of an iso-nitrogenous total mixed ration based on grass silage with a forage to concentrate ratio of 65:35 or 35:65 without added oil, or with sunflower oil at 50 g/kg of diet dry matter. The high-concentrate diet with sunflower oil (HSO) induced a 2-stage drop in milk fat synthesis that was accompanied by specific temporal changes in the milk FA composition. The MFD on HSO was associated especially with trans-10 18:1 and also with trans-9,cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk and omasal digesta across all diets and was accompanied by the appearance of trans-10,cis-15 18:2. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA was increased in HSO, but milk fat secretion was not associated with omasal or milk trans-10,cis-12 CLA. The temporal changes in milk fat content and yield and milk FA composition reflect the shift from the predominant ruminal biohydrogenation pathway to an alternative pathway. The ambiguous role of trans-10,cis-12 CLA suggests that trans-10 18:1, trans-9,cis-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-15 18:2 or additional mechanisms contributed to the diet-induced MFD in lactating cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Leskinen
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - L Ventto
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - P Kairenius
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - K J Shingfield
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - J Vilkki
- Animal Genetics, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gómez-Cortés P, Cívico A, de la Fuente MA, Núñez Sánchez N, Juárez M, Peña Blanco F, Martínez Marín AL. Quick changes of milk fatty acids after inclusion or suppression of linseed oil in the diet of goats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5269-5277. [PMID: 29652436 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid supplementation of ruminant diet is an excellent tool to improve the nutritional quality of dairy fat. The purpose of this research was to monitor in detail the goat milk fatty acid (FA) profile during the first 24 h after linseed oil (LO) supplementation or suppression in the diet. Particular emphasis was placed in the changes of FA with bioactive properties. Milk fat was analysed by gas chromatography from milkings at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after diet shift. RESULTS The α-linolenic acid levels increased 12 h after LO incorporation in the diet and decreased 3 h after oil suppression. Most of the milk 10:0 to 16:0 saturated FA decreased 24 h after LO supplementation, whereas oil suppression raised their levels after 6 h. Similarly, raising of mono- and polyunsaturated trans-FA after LO inclusion was delayed in comparison with their decrease after oil suppression. CONCLUSION This study supports that ruminal bacteria and mammary glands would exhibit a fast responsiveness after the inclusion or suppression of LO in ruminant rations. Milk with an improved FA profile could be collected between 12 h after LO supplementation and the last milking before LO suppression in the diet. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gómez-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cívico
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel de la Fuente
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuela Juárez
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kliem KE, Humphries DJ, Markey O, Vasilopoulou D, Fagan CC, Grandison AS, Jackson KG, Todd S, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Food chain approach to lowering the saturated fat of milk and dairy products. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty E Kliem
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - David J Humphries
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Oonagh Markey
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR); University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Dafni Vasilopoulou
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR); University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Colette C. Fagan
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR); University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Susan Todd
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AX UK
| | - D Ian Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR); University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Conte G, Dimauro C, Serra A, Macciotta N, Mele M. A canonical discriminant analysis to study the association between milk fatty acids of ruminal origin and milk fat depression in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6497-6510. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
13
|
Bai S, Cao ZJ, Cao BB, Yang HJ, Li SL, Liu JX. Effects of different forage combinations in total mixed rations on in vitro gas production kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1261-1270. [PMID: 29877003 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of different forage combinations on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. Forty-five lactating cows were randomly arranged into three groups and fed three total mixed rations (TMRs) with different forage combinations: TMR1, 23% alfalfa hay, 7% Chinese wild ryegrass hay and 15% whole corn silage; TMR2, 30% corn stover plus 15% whole corn silage; TMR3, 30% rice straw plus 15% whole corn silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3, and highest cumulative GP and asymptotic GP occurred in TMR1 while no difference occurred between TMR2 and TMR3. The average GP rate ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. TMR1 in comparison with TMR2 and TMR3 presented lower rumen contents of acetate and butyrate and greater rumen contents of propionate, valerate, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C18:1cis-9, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:0 and C22:0 as well as milk C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 proportions. Transfer efficiencies of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 from diet to milk ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. The findings suggest TMRs containing alfalfa hay and Chinese wild ryegrass hay in comparison with corn stover or rice straw improve rumen fermentation and transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvvl Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Bin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fougère H, Delavaud C, Bernard L. Diets supplemented with starch and corn oil, marine algae, or hydrogenated palm oil differentially modulate milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats: A comparative study. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8429-8445. [PMID: 29885893 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A direct comparative study of dairy cows and goats was performed to characterize the animal performance and milk fatty acid (FA) responses to 2 types of diets that induce milk fat depression in cows as well as a diet that increases milk fat content in cows but for which the effects in goats are either absent or unknown. Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Alpine goats, all multiparous, nonpregnant, and at 86 ± 24.9 and 61 ± 1.8 DIM, respectively, were allocated to 1 of 4 groups and fed diets containing no additional lipid (CTL) or diets supplemented with corn oil [5% dry matter intake (DMI)] and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP; 1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3% DMI), according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d experimental periods. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on milk yield and DMI in both species, except for COS in cows, which decreased DMI by 17%. In cows, milk fat content was lowered by COS (-45%) and MAP (-22%) and increased by HPO (13%) compared with CTL, and in goats only MAP had an effect compared with CTL by decreasing milk fat content by 15%. In both species, COS and MAP lowered the yields (mmol/d per kg of BW) of <C16 and C16 FA. With COS, this decrease was compensated by an increase of >C16 FA in goats, but not in cows, and the >C16 FA yield decreased with MAP in both species. HPO supplementation increased the milk yield of C16 FA in cows. Compared with CTL, COS induced an increase of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid by 18 fold in cows and 7 fold in goats and of trans-10 18:1 by 13 fold in cows and 3 fold in goats. Moreover, other conjugated linoleic acid isomers, such as trans-10,trans-12 and trans-7,cis-9, were increased to a greater extent in cows (8 and 4 fold, respectively) compared with goats (4 and 2 fold, respectively) on the COS treatment. In both species, the responses to MAP were characterized by a decrease in the milk concentration of 18:0 (3 fold, on average) and cis-9 18:1 (2 fold, on average) combined with a 3-fold increase in the total trans 18:1, with an increase in trans-10 18:1 only observed in cows. Compared with CTL, the response to HPO was distinguished by an increase in 16:0 (10%) in cows. This comparative study clearly demonstrated that each ruminant species responds differently to COS and HPO treatments, whereas MAP caused similar effects, and that goats are less sensitive than cows to diets that induce a shift from the trans-11 toward the trans-10 ruminal pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Fougère
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C Delavaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - L Bernard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nguyen QV, Le VH, Nguyen DV, Malau‐Aduli BS, Nichols PD, Malau‐Aduli AEO. Supplementing Grazing Dairy Ewes with Plant‐Derived Oil and Rumen‐Protected EPA+DHA Pellets Enhances Health‐Beneficial n−3 Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Sheep Milk. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quang V. Nguyen
- Animal Genetics and NutritionVeterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesDivision of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsville4811QueenslandAustralia
- College of Economics and TechniquesThai Nguyen UniversityThai NguyenVietnam
| | - Van H. Le
- Animal Genetics and NutritionVeterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesDivision of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsville4811QueenslandAustralia
- National Institute of Animal ScienceThuy Phuong, Bac Tu LiemHanoiVietnam
| | - Don V. Nguyen
- Animal Genetics and NutritionVeterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesDivision of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsville4811QueenslandAustralia
- National Institute of Animal ScienceThuy Phuong, Bac Tu LiemHanoiVietnam
| | - Bunmi S. Malau‐Aduli
- College of Medicine and DentistryDivision of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsville4811QueenslandAustralia
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- Animal Genetics and NutritionVeterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesDivision of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsville4811QueenslandAustralia
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereG.P.O. Box 1538, Hobart7001TasmaniaAustralia
| | - Aduli E. O. Malau‐Aduli
- Animal Genetics and NutritionVeterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesDivision of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsville4811QueenslandAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bernard L, Bonnet M, Delavaud C, Delosière M, Ferlay A, Fougère H, Graulet B. Milk Fat Globule in Ruminant: Major and Minor Compounds, Nutritional Regulation and Differences Among Species. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bernard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Carole Delavaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Mylène Delosière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Anne Ferlay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Hélène Fougère
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Benoît Graulet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bayat A, Tapio I, Vilkki J, Shingfield K, Leskinen H. Plant oil supplements reduce methane emissions and improve milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets without affecting milk yield. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1136-1151. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
18
|
Benhissi H, Beltrán de Heredia I, García-Rodríguez A. Effect of replacing palm fat with high-linoleic cold-pressed rapeseed or sunflower cakes on fatty acid biohydrogenation in an artificial rumen (Rusitec). ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an15348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting high-linoleic cold-pressed rapeseed or sunflower cakes for palm fat on fatty acids biohydrogenation in an artificial rumen. Three isoproteic and isolipidic diets (forage : concentrate ratio 10 : 90) were evaluated. The three diets consisted of barley straw plus a concentrate mixture supplemented with (1) prilled palm fat (CTR, Control), (2) cold-pressed rapeseed cake (CPRC treatment) or (3) cold-pressed sunflower cake (CPSC treatment) as a lipid source. The assay was conducted using a Rusitec unit consisting of six vessels (two vessels per treatment). After 7-day adaptation period, nutrients disappearance, rumen fermentation parameters and fatty acid profile of rumen digesta were determined for 3 days. CPRC treatment had no effect on nutrients disappearances and rumen fermentation. In contrast, CPSC reduced neutral detergent fibre (P = 0.04), acid detergent fibre (P = 0.01), protein (P = 0.01), organic matter (P < 0.01) and dry matter (P = 0.01) disappearances, compared with CTR and CPRC. CPSC also decreased total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.01) production and shifted rumen fermentation pattern towards lower acetate (P = 0.03) and higher propionate proportion (P = 0.01), in comparison to CTR and CPRC. Both CPRC and CPSC altered the fatty acids composition of ruminal digesta by decreasing the total saturated fatty acids (P < 0.01) and increasing the accumulation of C18:0 (P < 0.01), total C18:1 cis (P < 0.01) and total C18:1 trans (P < 0.01). Vaccenic acid was increased (P < 0.01) 2.18-fold by CPRC and 4.09-fold by CPSC. C18:1 trans-10 : trans-11 ratio remained constant among treatments (P = 0.31). Rumenic acid was not affected by CPRC but was increased (P = 0.04) 4.25- and 2.83-fold by CPSC compared with CTR and CPRC, respectively. Overall, feeding CPRC or CPSC to ruminants might improve the ruminal fatty acid profile mainly by reducing saturated fatty acids and promoting cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and vaccenic acid accumulation without altering the trans-10 : trans-11 ratio. These changes in rumen fatty acid composition could occur without detrimental effects on ruminal fermentation for CPRC but they might be associated with impaired rumen function for CPSC.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ferlay A, Bernard L, Meynadier A, Malpuech-Brugère C. Production of trans and conjugated fatty acids in dairy ruminants and their putative effects on human health: A review. Biochimie 2017; 141:107-120. [PMID: 28804001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of milk and dairy products is important in Western industrialised countries. Fat content is an important constituent contributing to the nutritional quality of milk and dairy products. In order to improve the health of consumers, there is high interest in improving their fatty acid (FA) composition, which depends principally on rumen and mammary metabolism. This paper reviews the lipid metabolism in ruminants, with a particular focus on the production of trans and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA) in the rumen. After the lipolysis of dietary lipids, an extensive biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA occurs by rumen bacteria, leading to numerous cis and trans isomers of 18:1, non-conjugated of 18:2, CLA and CLnA. The paper examines the different putative pathways of ruminal biohydrogenation of cis9-18:1, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 and long-chain FA and the bacteria implicated. Then mechanisms relative to the de novo mammary synthesis are presented. Ruminant diet is the main factor regulating the content and the composition of milk fat. Effects of nature of forage and lipid supplementation are analysed in cows and small ruminants species. Finally, the paper briefly presents the effects of these FA on animal models and human cell lines. We describe the properties of ruminant trans 18:1, when compared to industrial trans 18:1, CLA and CLnA on human health from meta-analyses of intervention studies and then explore the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ferlay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - Laurence Bernard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CRNH Auvergne, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yao DW, Luo J, He QY, Li J, Wang H, Shi HB, Xu HF, Wang M, Loor JJ. Characterization of the liver X receptor-dependent regulatory mechanism of goat stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 gene by linoleic acid. J Dairy Sci 2017; 99:3945-3957. [PMID: 26947306 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of palmitoleic and oleic acid. Although the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of SCD1 via polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been extensively explored in nonruminants, the existence of such mechanism in ruminant mammary gland remains unknown. In this study, we used goat genomic DNA to clone and sequence a 1,713-bp fragment of the SCD1 5' flanking region. Deletion assays revealed a core region of the promoter located between -415 and -109 bp upstream of the transcription start site, and contained the highly conserved PUFA response region. An intact PUFA response region was required for the basal transcriptional activity of SCD1. Linoleic acid reduced endogenous expression of SCD1 and sterol regulatory element binding factor-1 (SREBF1) in goat mammary epithelial cells. Further analysis indicated that both the sterol response element (SRE) and the nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) binding site in the SCD1 promoter were responsible for the inhibition effect by linoleic acid, whereas the effect was abrogated once NF-Y was deleted. In addition, SRE and NF-Y were partly responsible for the transcriptional activation induced via the liver X receptor agonist T 4506585 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). When goat mammary epithelial cells were cultured with linoleic acid, addition of T 4506585 markedly increased SCD1 transcription in controls, but had no effect on cells with a deleted SRE promoter. These results demonstrated that linoleic acid can regulate SCD1 expression at the transcriptional level through SRE and NF-Y in a liver X receptor-dependent fashion in the goat mammary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - J Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100.
| | - Q Y He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - J Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China 450046
| | - H Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - H B Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P. R. China 310058
| | - H F Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - M Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - J J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meignan T, Lechartier C, Chesneau G, Bareille N. Effects of feeding extruded linseed on production performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4394-4408. [PMID: 28390715 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects on production performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of feeding dairy cows extruded linseed (EL), a feed rich in α-linolenic acid, and to assess the variability of the responses related to the dose of EL and the basal diet composition. This meta-analysis was carried out using only data from trials including a control diet without fat supplementation. The dependent variables were defined by the mean differences between values from EL-supplemented groups and values from control groups. The data were processed by regression testing the dose effect, multivariable regression testing the effect of each potential interfering factor associated with the dose effect, and then stepwise regression with backward elimination procedure with all potential interfering factors retained in previous steps. This entire strategy was also applied to a restricted data set, including only trials conducted inside a practical range of fat feeding (only supplemented diets with <60 g of fat/kg of dry matter and supplemented with <600 g of fat from EL). The whole data set consisted of 17 publications, representing 21 control diets and 29 EL-supplemented diets. The daily intake of fat from EL supplementation ranged from 87 to 1,194 g/cow per day. The dry matter intake was numerically reduced in high-fat diets. Extruded linseed supplementation increased milk yield (0.72 kg/d in the restricted data set) and decreased milk protein content by a dilutive effect (-0.58 g/kg in the restricted data set). No effect of dose or diet was identified on dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. Milk fat content decreased when EL was supplemented to diets with high proportion of corn silage in the forage (-2.8 g/kg between low and high corn silage-based diets in the restricted data set) but did not decrease when the diet contained alfalfa hay. Milk trans-10 18:1 proportion increased when EL was supplemented to high corn silage-based diets. A shift in ruminal biohydrogenation pathways, from trans-11 18:1 to trans-10 18:1, probably occurred when supplementing EL with high corn silage-based diets related to a change in the activity or composition of the microbial equilibrium in the rumen. The sum of pairs 4:0 to 14:0 (FA synthesized de novo by the udder), palmitic acid, and the sum of saturated FA decreased linearly, whereas oleic acid, vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, α-linolenic acid, and the sums of mono- and polyunsaturated FA increased linearly when the daily intake of fat from EL was increased. In experimental conditions, EL supplementation increased linearly proportions of potentially human health-beneficial FA in milk (i.e., oleic acid, vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, α-linolenic acid, total polyunsaturated FA), but should be used cautiously in corn silage-based diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Meignan
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, F-44307 Nantes, France; Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France.
| | - C Lechartier
- Unité de Recherche sur les Systèmes d'Elevage, Univ Bretagne Loire, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, 55 rue Rabelais, F-49007 Angers, France
| | - G Chesneau
- Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - N Bareille
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, F-44307 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ahmadpour A, Aliarabi H, Khan MG, Patton RA, Bruckmaier RM. Temporal changes in milk fatty acid distribution due to feeding different levels of rolled safflower seeds to lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4484-4499. [PMID: 28342600 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to follow the time-course changes of the milk fatty acids (FA) and particularly conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), n-3, and n-6 FA in response to feeding whole rolled safflower seed (SS). Eighteen cows were blocked by milk production, days in milk, and parity, and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets by replacing whole cottonseed with SS. The control diet contained no SS (SS0), whereas the other diets contained 3% of dry matter as SS (SS3) or 6% SS (SS6). The study was conducted for 8 wk. Cows fed SS produced more milk than SS0, with SS3 producing more milk than SS6, but without a change in milk fat yield or milk fat %. Except for C8:0 FA, changes in milk FA were not observed until the third week of SS feeding. The C8:0 began decreasing during wk 1 of SS feeding and continued to decline to wk 8. Short-chain FA (C6:0 to C11:0) and medium-chain FA (C12:0 to C16:1) concentrations decreased in milk when cows were fed SS, whereas long-chain FA (C18:0 and higher) increased after wk 3. The milk long-chain FA increased from wk 3 until wk 5 and then reached a plateau with little difference between SS3 and SS6, whereas the short-chain FA decreased more in milk from cows fed SS6 than SS3. Total CLA increased slightly less than 5× in milk from cows fed SS compared with SS0. Over the same time frame, n-3 FA declined and n-6 FA increased in the milk from cows fed SS, with no difference between SS3 and SS6. This study indicated that SS fed at 3 and 6% of DM had the potential to increase milk production and the CLA in milk, but with a corresponding increase in n-6 FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ahmadpour
- Department of Animal Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65178-33131 Hamadan, I. R. Iran; Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Aliarabi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65178-33131 Hamadan, I. R. Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ghelich Khan
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322
| | | | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Diet-induced milk fat depression is associated with alterations in ruminal biohydrogenation pathways and formation of novel fatty acid intermediates in lactating cows. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:364-376. [PMID: 28236814 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The biohydrogenation theory of milk fat depression (MFD) attributes decreases in milk fat in cows to the formation of specific fatty acids (FA) in the rumen. Trans-10, cis-12-CLA is the only biohydrogenation intermediate known to inhibit milk fat synthesis, but it is uncertain if increased ruminal synthesis is the sole explanation of MFD. Four lactating cows were used in a 4×4 Latin square with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 35-d experimental periods to evaluate the effect of diets formulated to cause differences in ruminal lipid metabolism and milk fat synthesis on the flow of FA and dimethyl acetal at the omasum. Treatments comprised total mixed rations based on grass silage with a forage:concentrate ratio of 35:65 or 65:35 containing 0 or 50 g/kg sunflower oil (SO). Supplementing the high-concentrate diet with SO lowered milk fat synthesis from -20·2 to -31·9 % relative to other treatments. Decreases in milk fat were accompanied by alterations in ruminal biohydrogenation favouring the trans-10 pathway and an increase in the formation of specific intermediates including trans-4 to trans-10-18 : 1, trans-8, trans-10-CLA, trans-9, cis-11-CLA and trans-10, cis-15-18 : 2. Flow of trans-10, cis-12-CLA at the omasum was greater on high- than low-concentrate diets but unaffected by SO. In conclusion, ruminal trans-10, cis-12-CLA formation was not increased on a diet causing MFD suggesting that other biohydrogenation intermediates or additional mechanisms contribute to the regulation of fat synthesis in the bovine mammary gland.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ding S, Meale SJ, Alazzeh AY, He ML, Ribeiro GO, Jin L, Wang Y, Dugan MER, Chaves AV, McAllister TA. Effect of Propionibacterium freudenreichii in diets containing rapeseed or flaxseed oil on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production and fatty acid biohydrogenation. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of inoculating Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii ATCC 8262 (1 × 109 colony-forming units per vial) in a barley silage-based diet supplemented with flaxseed oil or rapeseed oil (60 g/kg DM), on in vitro proportions and yield of volatile fatty acids, methane production and fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation. Total volatile fatty acid production (mM) and proportions of individual FAs were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by P. freudenreichii. Similarly, propionibacteria had little impact on FA biohydrogenation, resulting only in an increased accumulation (P < 0.01) of C18:1 cis-15 (g/kg total FA) at 6 h of incubation, compared with the control (CON). Compared with the CON, an increased (P < 0.01) accumulation of vaccenic acid was observed at 48 h in all oil-containing treatments, regardless of the oil type. Similarly, the apparent biohydrogenation of flaxseed oil resulted in an increased (P ≤ 0.04) accumulation of conjugated linoleic acid cis-9, trans-11, compared with all other treatments. Additionally, flaxseed oil produced a greater (P ≤ 0.01) accumulation of beneficial biohydrogenation intermediates (C18:2 trans-11, cis-15; C18:1 cis-15 and vaccenic acid), reflecting its ability to produce a more desirable FA profile than that of rapeseed oil or CON. The inability of P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii ATCC 8262 to alter ruminal fermentation in a manner that lowered methane production, along with only minor effects on FA profiles through biohydrogenation, suggests that the biological activity of this strain was not realised under in vitro batch-culture conditions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Effects of α-linolenic acid-enriched diets on gene expression of key inflammatory mediators in immune and milk cells obtained from Holstein dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:20-7. [PMID: 26869108 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029915000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune system and inflammatory responses are affected by α-linolenic acid (αLA: 18:3 ω-3). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of αLA-enriched rations on gene expression of systemic (blood) and local (mammary gland) inflammatory markers in Holstein dairy cattle. Further, the effect of dietary treatments was evaluated on the concentration of αLA in serum phospholipids. Camelina (Camelina sativa) meal (containing 24.2% αLA) was fed at 0, 3, 6, and 9% (dry matter basis) replacing canola meal (rich in 18:1 ω-9) to provide rations with incremental concentrations of αLA. Lactating primiparous Holstein cows (n = 18) were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each period lasted 16 d and milk and blood samples were collected during the final 2 d of each period. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and milk cells (MC) were harvested, and RNA extracted and converted to complementary DNA for quantitative real time PCR analysis. The effect of dietary treatments (αLA) on the relative abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes in the PBMC and MC was tested by the MIXED procedure of SAS. Expression of pro-inflammatory tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in MC was linearly reduced (up to 40%) as dietary αLA increased. Expression of pro-inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α was reduced (29, 20, and 27%, respectively) in PBMC isolated from cows fed 6% camelina meal ration as compared with cows fed 0% (control). Expression of IL-6 was, however, increased with inclusion of camelina meal. Greater dietary αLA linearly increased serum phospholipids αLA contents, and when fed up to 6% DM down-regulated expression of some of the local (milk) and systemic (blood) pro-inflammatory markers in vivo.
Collapse
|
26
|
Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Shingfield KJ, Simpura I, Kokkonen T, Jaakkola S, Toivonen V, Vanhatalo A. Effect of incremental amounts of camelina oil on milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed diets based on a mixture of grass and red clover silage and concentrates containing camelina expeller. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:305-324. [PMID: 27865509 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Camelina is an ancient oilseed crop that produces an oil rich in cis-9,cis-12 18:2 (linoleic acid, LA) and cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA); however, reports on the use of camelina oil (CO) for ruminants are limited. The present study investigated the effects of incremental CO supplementation on animal performance, milk fatty acid (FA) composition, and milk sensory quality. Eight Finnish Ayrshire cows (91d in milk) were used in replicated 4×4 Latin squares with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised 4 concentrates (12kg/d on an air-dry basis) based on cereals and camelina expeller containing 0 (control), 2, 4, or 6% CO on an air-dry basis. Cows were offered a mixture of grass and red clover silage (RCS; 1:1 on a dry matter basis) ad libitum. Incremental CO supplementation linearly decreased silage and total dry matter intake, and linearly increased LA, ALA, and total FA intake. Treatments had no effect on whole-tract apparent organic matter or fiber digestibility and did not have a major influence on rumen fermentation. Supplements of CO quadratically decreased daily milk and lactose yields and linearly decreased milk protein yield and milk taste panel score from 4.2 to 3.6 [on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent)], without altering milk fat yield. Inclusion of CO linearly decreased the proportions of saturated FA synthesized de novo (4:0 to 16:0), without altering milk fat 18:0, cis-9 18:1, LA, and ALA concentrations. Milk fat 18:0 was low (<5g/100g of FA) across all treatments. Increases in CO linearly decreased the proportions of total saturates from 58 to 45g/100g of FA and linearly enriched trans-11 18:1, cis-9,trans-11 18:2, and trans-11,cis-15 18:2 from 5.2, 2.6, and 1.7 to 11, 4.3, and 5.8g/100g of FA, respectively. Furthermore, CO quadratically decreased milk fat trans-10 18:1 and linearly decreased trans-10,cis-12 18:2 concentration. Overall, milk FA composition on all treatments suggested that one or more components in camelina seeds may inhibit the complete reduction of 18-carbon unsaturates in the rumen. In conclusion, CO decreased the secretion of saturated FA in milk and increased those of the trans-11 biohydrogenation pathway or their desaturation products. Despite increasing the intake of 18-carbon unsaturated FA, CO had no effect on the secretions of 18:0, cis-9 18:1, LA, or ALA in milk. Concentrates containing camelina expeller and 2% CO could be used for the commercial production of low-saturated milk from grass- and RCS-based diets without major adverse effects on animal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K J Shingfield
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - I Simpura
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Jaakkola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Toivonen
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li XZ, Choi SH, Yan CG, Shin JS, Smith SB. Dietary linseed oil with or without malate increases conjugated linoleic acid and oleic acid in milk fat and and gene expression in mammary gland and milk somatic cells of lactating goats. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:3572-3583. [PMID: 27695785 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementary dietary plant oils have the potential to alter milk fatty acid composition in ruminants as a result of changes in the amount and kind of fatty acid precursors. We hypothesized that linseed oil in combination with malate (a key propionate precursor in the rumen) would increase ∆9 unsaturated fatty acids and specific gene expression in somatic cells and mammary glands of lactating goats. Twelve lactating goats were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments included the basal diet (CON), the CON plus 4% linseed oil (LO), and the CON plus 4% linseed oil and 2% -malate (LOM). Relative to CON, the LO and LOM supplements increased the daily intake of palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1-9), linoleic (18:2-6), α-linolenic (18:3-3), and γ-linolenic acids (18:2-6); α-linolenic acid intake was increased over 9-fold, from 6.77 to over 51 g/d ( < 0.02). The LO and LOM supplements increased daily milk yield, milk fat yield, and milk fat percentage ( < 0.05). The LOM supplement also increased milk lactose percentage and daily yield ( = 0.03). Both the LO and LOM supplements increased plasma glucose and total cholesterol and decreased plasma β-hydroxbutyrate concentrations ( = 0.03). The LO and LOM supplements increased concentrations of stearic acid; -vaccenic acid (TVA; 18:1-11); -9, -11 CLA; -10 -12 CLA; and α-linolenic acid in rumen fluid and increased the concentrations of oleic acid; TVA; -9, -11 CLA; -10, -12 CLA; and α-linolenic acid in plasma lipids and milk fat ( < 0.05). Conversely, the LO and LOM supplements decreased short- and medium-chain SFA, including lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0), and palmitic acids, in plasma and milk fat ( < 0.05). Relative mRNA levels for and () gene expression were increased in somatic cells and mammary gland tissue by LO and LOM ( < 0.05). We conclude that the higher intake and ruminal production of stearic acid promoted SCD gene expression in somatic cells and mammary tissue. Furthermore, milk somatic cells are a suitable substitute for documenting treatment effects of dietary oils on gene expression in goat mammary tissue.
Collapse
|
28
|
Siurana A, Calsamiglia S. A metaanalysis of feeding strategies to increase the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in dairy cattle milk and the impact on daily human consumption. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
29
|
Leroux C, Bernard L, Faulconnier Y, Rouel J, de la Foye A, Domagalski J, Chilliard Y. Bovine Mammary Nutrigenomics and Changes in the Milk Composition due to Rapeseed or Sunflower Oil Supplementation of High-Forage or High-Concentrate Diets. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2016; 9:65-82. [DOI: 10.1159/000445996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
Razzaghi A, Valizadeh R, Naserian A, Mesgaran M, Carpenter A, Ghaffari M. Effect of dietary sugar concentration and sunflower seed supplementation on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, milk fatty acid profile, and blood metabolites of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3539-3548. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
31
|
Characterization of the fatty acid composition of lamb commercially available in northern Spain: Emphasis on the trans-18:1 and CLA content and profile. Meat Sci 2016; 117:108-16. [PMID: 26970291 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A survey of commercially available lamb meat was performed in northern Spain in order to evaluate their fatty acid (FA) composition with emphasis on trans fatty acid (TFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. Samples were collected in spring (n=24) and winter (n=24) of 2013, and were obtained in about equal numbers from grocery stores and butcher-shops. Subcutaneous fat, known to be a sensitive indicator of TFA content in ruminants, was analyzed by GC-FID. In general, very few differences were observed between collection periods and type of stores because of the high variability within the groups that was believed to be associated with differences in genetics and feeding strategies. However, the 10t/11t ratio of all samples showed two clearly identifiable groups irrespective of the source: 1) when 10t/11t was >1, 10t-shifted samples; 2) when 10t/11t was ≤1, non-shifted samples where 11t-18:1 was the predominant isomer. These two groups were clearly identified and associated with distinct FAs using principal component analysis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows: Opportunities and challenges. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
33
|
Rego OA, Cabrita ARJ, Rosa HJD, Alves SP, Duarte V, Fonseca AJM, Vouzela CFM, Pires FR, Bessa RJB. Changes in milk production and milk fatty acid composition of cows switched from pasture to a total mixed ration diet and back to pasture. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1141330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
34
|
Toral PG, Bernard L, Belenguer A, Rouel J, Hervás G, Chilliard Y, Frutos P. Comparison of ruminal lipid metabolism in dairy cows and goats fed diets supplemented with starch, plant oil, or fish oil. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:301-16. [PMID: 26601590 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Direct comparison of cow and goat performance and milk fatty acid responses to diets known to induce milk fat depression (MFD) in the bovine reveals relevant species-by-diet interactions in ruminal lipid metabolism. Thus, this study was conducted to infer potential mechanisms responsible for differences in the rumen microbial biohydrogenation (BH) due to diet and ruminant species. To meet this objective, 12 cows and 15 goats were fed a basal diet (control), a similar diet supplemented with 2.2% fish oil (FO), or a diet containing 5.3% sunflower oil and additional starch (+38%; SOS) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 25-d experimental periods. On the last day of each period, fatty acid composition (by gas chromatography) and bacterial community (by terminal-RFLP), as well as fermentation characteristics, were measured in rumen fluid samples. Results showed significant differences in the response of cows and goats to dietary treatments, although variations in some fermentation parameters (e.g., decreases in the acetate-to-propionate ratio due to FO or SOS) were similar in both species. Main alterations in ruminal BH pathways potentially responsible for MFD on the SOS diet (i.e., the shift from trans-11 to trans-10 18:1 and related increases in trans-10,cis-12 18:2) tended to be more pronounced in cows, which is consistent with an associated MFD only in this species. However, changes linked to FO-induced MFD (e.g., decreases in 18:0 and increases in total trans-18:1) were stronger in caprine rumen fluid, which may explain their unexpected susceptibility (although less marked than in bovine) to the negative effect of FO on milk fat content. Altogether, these results suggest that distinct ruminal mechanisms lead to each type of diet-induced MFD and confirm a pronounced interaction with species. With regard to microbiota, differences between cows and goats in the composition of the rumen bacterial community might be behind the disparity in the microorganisms affected by the experimental diets (e.g., Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Succinivibrionaceae in the bovine, and Pseudobutryrivibrio, Clostridium cluster IV, Prevotella, and Veillonellaceae in the caprine), which hindered the assignation of bacterial populations to particular BH steps or pathways. Furthermore, most relevant variations in microbial groups corresponded to as yet uncultured bacteria and suggest that these microorganisms may play a predominant role in the ruminal lipid metabolism in both cows and goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Toral
- INRA, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain.
| | - L Bernard
- INRA, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Belenguer
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - J Rouel
- INRA, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Hervás
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Y Chilliard
- INRA, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - P Frutos
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Interaction of sunflower oil with monensin on milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
36
|
Khiaosa-ard R, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Apparent recovery of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids from feed in cow milk: A meta-analysis of the importance of dietary fatty acids and feeding regimens in diets without fat supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6399-414. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
37
|
Elgersma A. Grazing increases the unsaturated fatty acid concentration of milk from grass-fed cows: A review of the contributing factors, challenges and future perspectives. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
38
|
Kairenius P, Ärölä A, Leskinen H, Toivonen V, Ahvenjärvi S, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P, Hurme T, Griinari J, Shingfield K. Dietary fish oil supplements depress milk fat yield and alter milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage-based diets. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5653-71. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
39
|
Toral PG, Chilliard Y, Rouel J, Leskinen H, Shingfield KJ, Bernard L. Comparison of the nutritional regulation of milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7277-97. [PMID: 26233463 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A study with 2 ruminant species (goats and cows) with inherent differences in lipid metabolism was performed to test the hypothesis that milk fat depression (MFD) due to marine lipid supplements or diets containing high amounts of starch and plant oil is caused by different mechanisms and that each ruminant species responds differently. Cows and goats were allocated to 1 of 3 groups (4 cows and 5 goats per group) and fed diets containing no additional oil (control) or supplemented with fish oil (FO) or sunflower oil and wheat starch (SOS) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 26-d experimental periods. In cows, milk fat content was lowered by FO and SOS (-31%), whereas only FO decreased milk fat content in goats (-21%) compared with the control. Furthermore, FO and SOS decreased milk fat yield in cows, but not in goats. In both species, FO and SOS decreased the secretion of <C16 and C16 fatty acids (FA), and FO lowered >C16 FA output. However, SOS increased milk secretion of >C16 FA in goats. Compared with the control, SOS resulted in similar increases in milk trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in both species, but caused a 2-fold larger increase in trans-10 18:1 concentration in cows than for goats. Relative to the control, responses to FO in both species were characterized by a marked decrease in milk concentration of 18:0 (-74%) and cis-9 18:1 (-62%), together with a ~5-fold increase in total trans 18:1, but the proportionate changes in trans-10 18:1 were lower for goats. Direct comparison of animal performance and milk FA responses to FO and SOS treatments demonstrated interspecies differences in mammary lipogenesis, suggesting a lower sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of trans-10,cis-12 CLA in goats and that ruminal biohydrogenation pathways are more stable and less prone to diet-induced shifts toward the formation of trans-10-containing intermediates in goats compared with cows. Even though a direct cause and effect could not be established, results suggest that regulation of milk fat synthesis during FO-induced MFD may be related to a shortage of 18:0 for endogenous mammary cis-9 18:1 synthesis, increase in the incorporation of trans FA in milk triacylglycerols, and limitations in the synthesis of FA de novo to maintain milk fat melting point. However, the possible contribution of biohydrogenation intermediates with putative antilipogenic effects in the mammary gland, including trans-9,cis-11 CLA, trans-10 18:1, or cis-11 18:1 to FO-induced MFD cannot be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Toral
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Y Chilliard
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J Rouel
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - H Leskinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, Nutritional Physiology FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - K J Shingfield
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, Nutritional Physiology FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - L Bernard
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Meale SJ, Chaves AV, He ML, Guan LL, McAllister TA. Effects of various dietary lipid additives on lamb performance, carcass characteristics, adipose tissue fatty acid composition, and wool characteristics. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3110-20. [PMID: 26115297 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tasco (Ascophyllum nodosum; TA) was compared to canola (CO), flax (FO), and safflower oils (SO) for effects on performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue in skirt muscle (SM), subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissues, and wool production and quality characteristics of Canadian Arcott lambs. Fifty-six lambs were randomly assigned to dietary treatments (n = 14 per treatment). Diets consisted of a pelleted, barley-based finishing diet containing either TA, CO, FO, or SO (2% of dietary DM). Feed deliveries and orts were recorded daily. Lambs were weighed weekly and slaughtered once they reached ≥ 45 kg BW. Carcass characteristics, rumen pH, and liver weights were determined at slaughter. Wool yield was determined on mid-side patches of 100 cm2 shorn at d 0 and on the day before slaughter (d 105 or 140). Dye-bands were used to determine wool growth, micrometer and staple length. Adipose tissues and SM samples were taken at slaughter and analyzed for FA profiles. No effects were observed on intake, growth, or carcass characteristics. A greater (P = 0.02) staple strength of lambs fed CO was the only effect observed in wool. Flax oil increased total n-3 and decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio in tissue FA profiles (P < 0.001) in comparison to other diets. Tasco increased (P ≤ 0.001) SFA/PUFA in all tissues, whereas concentrations of CLA c-9, t-11 were greatest with SO in all tissues (P ≤ 0.02), compared to other diets. These results suggest Tasco supplementation did not improve the n-3/n-6 or SFA/PUFA ratios of lamb adipose tissues compared to other dietary lipid additives.
Collapse
|
41
|
Razzaghi A, Valizadeh R, Naserian A, Danesh Mesgaran M, Rashidi L. Effects of sucrose and sunflower oil addition to diet of Saanen dairy goats on performance and milk fatty acid profile. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
42
|
Turner TD, Meadus WJ, Mapiye C, Vahmani P, López-Campos Ó, Duff P, Rolland DC, Church JS, Dugan MER. Isolation of α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation products by combined silver ion solid phase extraction and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 980:34-40. [PMID: 25579113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids typically found in cattle feed include linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA). In the rumen, microbes metabolize these resulting in the formation of biohydrogenation products (BHP), which can be incorporated into meat and milk. Bioactivities of LA-BHP, including conjugated linoleic acid (cis (c) 9,trans (t) 11-18:2 and t10,c12-18:2) and trans fatty acid isomers (t9-, t10- and t11-18:1) have been investigated, but effects of several BHP unique to ALA have not been extensively studied, and most ALA-BHP are not commercially available. The objective of the present research was to develop methods to purify and collect ALA-BHP using silver ion (Ag(+)) chromatography in sufficient quantities to allow for convenient bioactivity testing in cell culture. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared from perirenal adipose tissue from a cow enriched with ALA-BHP by feeding flaxseed. These were applied to Ag(+)-solid phase extraction, and eluted with hexane with increasing quantities of acetone (1, 2, 10, 20%) or acetonitrile (2%) to pre-fractionate FAME based on degree of unsaturation and double bond configuration. Fractions were collected, concentrated and applied to semi-preparative Ag(+)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the isolation and collection of purified isomers, which was accomplished using isocratic elutions with hexane containing differing amounts of acetonitrile (from 0.015 to 0.075%). Purified trans-18:1 isomers collected ranged in purity from 88 to 99%. Purity of the ALA-BHP dienes collected, including c9,t13-18:2, t11,c15-18:2 and t10,c15-18:2, exceeded 90%, while purification of other dienes may require the use of other complementary procedures (e.g. reverse phase HPLC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Turner
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1; Thompson Rivers University, 900 McGill Road, Kamloops, BC, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - W J Meadus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - C Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - P Vahmani
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Ó López-Campos
- Livestock Gentec, 1400 College Plaza 8215 112 Street, Edmonton Alberta, Canada T6G 2C8
| | - P Duff
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - D C Rolland
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - J S Church
- Thompson Rivers University, 900 McGill Road, Kamloops, BC, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - M E R Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Benchaar C, McAllister T, Petit H, Chouinard P. Whole flax seed and flax oil supplementation of dairy cows fed high-forage or high-concentrate diets: Effects on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, protozoal populations and milk fatty acid profile. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
44
|
Meale SJ, Ding S, He ML, Dugan MER, Ribeiro GO, Alazzeh AY, Holo H, Harstad OM, McAllister TA, Chaves AV. Effect ofPropionibacterium freudenreichiion ruminal fermentation patterns, methane production and lipid biohydrogenation of beef finishing diets containing flaxseed oil in a rumen simulation technique. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Meale, S. J., Ding, S., He, M. L., Dugan, M. E. R., Ribeiro Jr. G. O., Alazzeh, A. Y., Holo, H., Harstad, O. M., McAllister, T. A. and Chaves, A. V. 2014. Effect of Propionibacterium freudenreichii on ruminal fermentation patterns, methane production and lipid biohydrogenation of beef finishing diets containing flaxseed oil in a rumen simulation technique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 685–695. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of Propionibacterium freudenreichii (strain T54; PB) and flaxseed oil (FO) in a total mixed ration on ruminal fermentation, CH4production and fatty acid biohydrogenation in two artificial rumens (RUSITEC). The experiment consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 12 d of sample collection with four replicate fermenters per treatment. Treatments were: (1) CON; (2) PB; (3) FO (60 g kg−1DM with autoclaved PB); (4) FOPB (60 g kg−1DM with PB). Disappearance of DM (g kg−1DM) and gas production (mL g−1DM) were not affected by treatment (P>0.05). Inclusion of FOPB increased (P=0.01) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (mmol d−1), compared with CON and PB. The acetate:propionate ratio was reduced (P<0.001) in all treatments, compared with CON. Methane production (mL g−1DM or mL g−1DMD) was lowest (P<0.001) with PB (27.1%); however, FO (14.3%) and FOPB (19.3%) also reduced CH4compared with CON. Fatty acid profiles for PB were similar (P>0.05) to CON for most fatty acids. Concentrations of 18:3n-3 were greater (P<0.001) in FO and FOPB in both digesta and effluent, compared with CON. Propionibacterium freudenreichii had very little effect on ruminal biohydrogenation, but reduced CH4production under the current conditions as a result of increasing propionate production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Meale
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - S. Ding
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - M. L. He
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - M. E. R. Dugan
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - G. O. Ribeiro
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A. Y. Alazzeh
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - H. Holo
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- TINE SA, Oslo, Norway
| | - O. M. Harstad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - A. V. Chaves
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chilliard Y, Toral P, Shingfield K, Rouel J, Leroux C, Bernard L. Effects of diet and physiological factors on milk fat synthesis, milk fat composition and lipolysis in the goat: A short review. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
46
|
Li F, Li Z, Li S, Ferguson JD, Cao Y, Yao J, Sun F, Wang X, Yang T. Effect of dietary physically effective fiber on ruminal fermentation and the fatty acid profile of milk in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2281-90. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
47
|
Alves SP, Bessa RJB. Thetrans-10,cis-15 18:2: a Missing Intermediate oftrans-10 Shifted Rumen Biohydrogenation Pathway? Lipids 2014; 49:527-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana P. Alves
- ; CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV); Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa); Av. da Universidade Técnica Lisbon 1300-477 Portugal
| | - Rui J. B. Bessa
- ; CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV); Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa); Av. da Universidade Técnica Lisbon 1300-477 Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fat source and dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio influences milk fatty-acid composition in lactating cows. Animal 2014; 8:163-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173111300181x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
49
|
Aldai N, de Renobales M, Barron LJR, Kramer JKG. What are thetransfatty acids issues in foods after discontinuation of industrially producedtransfats? Ruminant products, vegetable oils, and synthetic supplements. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group; Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - Mertxe de Renobales
- Lactiker Research Group; Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - Luis Javier R. Barron
- Lactiker Research Group; Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - John K. G. Kramer
- Guelph Food Research Centre; Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada; Guelph ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Troegeler-Meynadier A, Palagiano C, Enjalbert F. Effects of pH and fermentative substrate on ruminal metabolism of fatty acids during short-term in vitro
incubation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:704-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Troegeler-Meynadier
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT; UMR1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme; Toulouse France
- INRA; UMR1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT; UMR1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - C. Palagiano
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT; UMR1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme; Toulouse France
- INRA; UMR1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT; UMR1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - F. Enjalbert
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT; UMR1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme; Toulouse France
- INRA; UMR1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT; UMR1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème et Métabolisme; Castanet-Tolosan France
| |
Collapse
|