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Yergaliyev T, Künzel S, Hanauska A, Rees A, Wild KJ, Pétursdóttir ÁH, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Reynolds CK, Humphries DJ, Rodehutscord M, Camarinha-Silva A. The effect of Asparagopsis taxiformis, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Fucus vesiculosus on ruminal methanogenesis and metagenomic functional profiles in vitro. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0394223. [PMID: 39347544 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03942-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The ruminant-microorganism symbiosis is unique by providing high-quality food from fibrous materials but also contributes to the production of one of the most potent greenhouse gases-methane. Mitigating methanogenesis in ruminants has been a focus of interest in the past decades. One of the promising strategies to combat methane production is the use of feed supplements, such as seaweeds, that might mitigate methanogenesis via microbiome modulation and direct chemical inhibition. We conducted in vitro investigations of the effect of three seaweeds (Ascophyllum nodosum, Asparagopsis taxiformis, and Fucus vesiculosus) harvested at different locations (Iceland, Scotland, and Portugal) on methane production. We applied metataxonomics (16S rRNA gene amplicons) and metagenomics (shotgun) methods to uncover the interplay between the microbiome's taxonomical and functional states, methanogenesis rates, and seaweed supplementations. Methane concentration was reduced by A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus, both harvested in Scotland and A. taxiformis, with the greatest effect of the latter. A. taxiformis acted through the reduction of archaea-to-bacteria ratios but not eukaryotes-to-bacteria. Moreover, A. taxiformis application was accompanied by shifts in both taxonomic and functional profiles of the microbial communities, decreasing not only archaeal ratios but also abundances of methanogenesis-associated functions. Methanobrevibacter "SGMT" (M. smithii, M. gottschalkii, M. millerae or M. thaueri; high methane yield) to "RO" (M. ruminantium and M. olleyae; low methane yield) clades ratios were also decreased, indicating that A. taxiformis application favored Methanobrevibacter species that produce less methane. Most of the functions directly involved in methanogenesis were less abundant, while the abundances of the small subset of functions that participate in methane assimilation were increased. IMPORTANCE The application of A. taxiformis significantly reduced methane production in vitro. We showed that this reduction was linked to changes in microbial function profiles, the decline in the overall archaeal community counts, and shifts in ratios of Methanobrevibacter "SGMT" and "RO" clades. A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus, obtained from Scotland, also decreased methane concentration in the total gas, while the same seaweed species from Iceland did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Yergaliyev
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Künzel
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Hanauska
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonia Rees
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina J Wild
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Christopher K Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David J Humphries
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- HoLMiR - Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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da-Silva WC, Silva ÉBRD, Silva JARD, Martorano LG, Belo TS, Sousa CEL, Camargo-Júnior RNC, Andrade RL, Santos AGDS, Carvalho KCD, Lobato ADSM, Rodrigues TCGDC, Araújo CVD, Lima JSD, Neves KAL, Silva LKX, Lourenço-Júnior JDB. Nutritional Value of the Larvae of the Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) and the House Fly ( Musca domestica) as a Food Alternative for Farm Animals-A Systematic Review. INSECTS 2024; 15:619. [PMID: 39194823 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Dietary alternatives using insect-based products as an alternative for farm animal nutrition have been the object of study due to the high nutritional value of these feeds and the costs related to both their production and consequently their commercialization. Thus, the use of flies, especially larvae, has a high content of proteins and lipids (fat), as well as minerals and essential nutrients for development and growth, directly impacting the production of these animals, whether meat or milk. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compile data from the literature on the nutritional value of adults and larvae of Black soldier (Hermetia illucens) and housefly (Musca domestica) as a dietary alternative for animal feed. The Prisma checklist was used. After reviewing the data found in the literature, following the systematic review, it was noted that studies emerge that larvae of black soldier flies and domestic flies of the order Diptera obtain essential sources in the nutrition of ruminants, in addition to obtaining rapid digestibility, thus adhering to reproduction with high nutritional content, due to incident levels of protein, lipids, and minerals in M. domestica and Lucilia sericata, making it a target for inclusion in the diet of farm animals. In addition, it is concluded that both species are studied for their sustainable potential as well as for offering greater economic and nutritional viability when compared to ingredients present in production animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welligton Conceição da-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil
| | - Éder Bruno Rebelo da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tatiane Silva Belo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Lima Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens Lima Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil
| | - Ana Gizela de Souza Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Adriny Dos Santos Miranda Lobato
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Vieira de Araújo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil
| | - Jucelane Salvino de Lima
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests-IBEF, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarem 68040-255, PA, Brazil
| | - Kedson Alessandri Lobo Neves
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests-IBEF, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarem 68040-255, PA, Brazil
| | | | - José de Brito Lourenço-Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil
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Vaghar Seyedin SM, Mojtahedi M, Farhangfar SH, Ghiasi SE. Non-thermal technologies for broiler litter processing: Microbial safety, chemical composition, nutritional value, and fermentation parameters in vitro. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1497. [PMID: 38952252 PMCID: PMC11217599 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annually, a massive amount of broiler litter (BL) is produced in the world, which causes soil and surface water pollution due to its high nitrogen content and microbial count. While ruminants can use this non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source for microbial protein synthesis. This issue becomes more critical when protein sources are unavailable or very expensive. One of the sources of NPN is BL which is produced at a considerable amount in the world yearly. OBJECTIVES This aim of this research was to conduct a survey of non-thermal technologies such as electrocoagulation (EC), ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and ultrasound (US) waves on the microbial safety and nutritional value of BL samples as a protein source in ruminant diets. MATERIALS AND METHODS The methodology of this study was based on the use of an EC device with 24 V for 60 min, UV-C light radiation (249 nm) for 1 and 10 min, and US waves with a frequency of 28 kHz for 5, 10 and 15 min to process BL samples compared with shade-dried samples. Chemical composition and nutritional values of processed samples were determined by gas production technique and measurement of fermentation parameters in vitro. RESULTS Based on the results, microbial safety increased in the samples processed with the US (15 min). The EC method had the best performance in reducing the number of fungi and mould. However, none of the methods could remove total bacteria and fungi. Digestibility of BL was similar in shade-dried, EC, and US (10 min) treatments. In general, the use of EC and US15 without having adverse effects on gas production caused a decrease in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen. In contrast, it caused a decrease in neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in the investigated substrate. CONCLUSIONS In general, it can be concluded that the use of US5 and EC methods without having a negative effect on the parameters of gas production and fermentation in vitro, while reducing NDF, causes a significant reduction in the microbial load, pathogens, yeast, and mould. Therefore, it is suggested to use these two methods to improve feed digestibility for other protein and feed sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Mojtahedi
- Department of Animal ScienceFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
| | | | - Seyed Ehsan Ghiasi
- Department of Animal ScienceFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
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Tunkala BZ, DiGiacomo K, Alvarez Hess PS, Dunshea FR, Leury BJ. In vitro protein fractionation methods for ruminant feeds. Animal 2023; 17:101027. [PMID: 38006851 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating protein fractions and their degradation rate are vital to ensure optimum protein supply and degradation in the digestive system of ruminants. This study investigated the possibility of using the ANKOM gas production system and preserved rumen fluid to estimate the protein fractions and in vitro degradability of protein-rich feeds. Three in vitro methods: (1) gas production method (2) Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), and (3) the unavailable nitrogen assay of Ross (uNRoss) were used to quantify protein fractions of four feeds (lupin meal, vetch grain, Desmanthus hay, and soybean meal). Rumen fluid mixed with 5% dimethyl sulfoxide and frozen at -20 °C was also compared against fresh rumen fluid in the gas production and uNRoss methods. All three methods ranked the feeds identically in the proportions of available (degradable or 'a + b') protein fractions as vetch grain, soybean meal, lupin meal, and Desmanthus hay in decreasing order. The use of fresh rumen fluid produced greater available protein fractions than preserved rumen fluid in all feeds. However, there was no difference between total gas production from lupin meal and vetch grain fermented for 16 h in either rumen fluid source. The in vitro degradable CP (IVDP) was higher for vetch grain (46 and 70%) at the 4th and 8th hours of incubation than other feeds, whereas soybean meal (85%) exceeded the other feeds after the 16th hour of incubation (P < 0.001). The greatest ammonia-N concentration was from soybean meal (1.27 mg/g) and lupin meal (0.87 mg/g) fermented for four hours using fresh rumen fluid. The proportion of fraction 'b' for soybean (82.1% CP) and lupin meals (39.4% CP) from the CNCPS method were not different (P = 0.001) from the fraction 'b' estimation of the gas production method for the same feeds (r = 0.99). Regardless of the methods, a greater water-soluble protein fraction was found from vetch grain (39.6-46.6% CP), and the proportion of fraction 'c' or unavailable protein in Desmanthus hay (39.1-41.5% CP) exceeded other substrates (P < 0.001). The strong positive correlation between fractions across different methods and identical ranking of feeds suggests the possibility of using ANKOM gas production apparatus for protein fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Z Tunkala
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - K DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - P S Alvarez Hess
- Agriculture Victoria Research, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
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Suh JK, Nejad JG, Lee YS, Kong HS, Lee JS, Lee HG. Effects of L-glutamine supplementation on degradation rate and rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:422-433. [PMID: 34530502 PMCID: PMC8902227 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two follow-up studies (exp. 1 and 2) were conducted to determine the effects of L-glutamine (L-Gln) supplementation on degradation and rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. METHODS First, rumen liquor from three cannulated cows was used to test L-Gln (50 mM) degradation rate and ammonia-N production at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after incubation (exp. 1). Second, rumen liquor from two cannulated steers was used to assess the effects of five levels of L-Gln including 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after incubation on fermentation characteristics, gas production, and degradability of nutrients (exp. 2). RESULTS In exp. 1, L-Gln degradation rate and ammonia-N concentrations increased over time (p<0.001). In exp. 2, pH was reduced significantly as incubation time elapsed (p<0.001). Total gas production tended to increase in all groups as incubation time increased. Acetate and propionate tended to increase by increasing glutamine (Gln) levels, whereas levels of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were the highest in 0.5% and 3% Gln groups (p<0.001). The branched-chain VFA showed both linear and quadratic effects showing the lowest values in the 1% Gln group particularly after 6 h incubation (p<0.001). L-Gln increased crude protein degradability (p<0.001), showing the highest degradability in the 0.5% Gln group regardless of incubation time (p<0.05). Degradability of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber showed a similar pattern showing the highest values in 0.5% Gln group (p<0.10). CONCLUSION Although L-Gln showed no toxicity when it was supplemented at high dosages (2% to 3% of DM), 0.5% L-Gln demonstrated the positive effects on main factors including VFAs production in-vitro. The results of this study need to be verified in further in-vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Keun Suh
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579,
Korea
| | - Hong-Sik Kong
- Gyeonggi Regional Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579,
Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
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Toral PG, Hervás G, González-Rosales MG, Mendoza AG, Robles-Jiménez LE, Frutos P. Insects as alternative feed for ruminants: comparison of protein evaluation methods. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:21. [PMID: 35144685 PMCID: PMC8832790 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high dependence of intensive ruminant production on soybean meal and the environmental impact of this crop encourage the search for alternative protein-rich feeds. The use of insects seems promising, but the extent of their ruminal protein degradation is largely unknown. This parameter has major influence not only on N utilization efficiency but also on the environmental burden of ruminant farming. In addition, although assessing ruminal N degradation represents a key first step to examine the potential of new feeds, it is a challenging task due to the lack of a reference method. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of 4 insects (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio, Alphitobius diaperinus and Acheta domesticus) as alternative protein sources for ruminants, using 3 methodologies: 1) a regression technique based on the in vitro relationship between gas production and ammonia-N concentration; 2) a conventional in vitro technique of batch cultures of ruminal microorganisms, based on filtering the incubation residue through sintered glass crucibles; and 3) the in situ nylon bag technique. The in vitro intestinal digestibility of the non-degraded protein in the rumen was also determined. Soybean meal was used as a reference feedstuff. RESULTS Comparison of evaluation methods (regression, in vitro and in situ) did not allow to reliably select a single value of ruminal N degradation for the studied substrates, but all techniques seem to establish a similar ranking, with good correlations between methods, particularly between regression and in situ results. Regardless of the methodology, nitrogen from the 4 insects (with contents ranging from 81 to 112 g/kg of dry matter) did not show high ruminal degradation (41-76%), this value being always lower than that of soybean meal. Furthermore, the in vitro intestinal digestibility of non-degraded N was relatively high in all feeds (≥ 64%). CONCLUSION Overall, these results support the potential of the 4 studied insects as alternative feedstuffs for ruminants. Among them, T. molitor showed the lowest and greatest values of ruminal N degradation and intestinal digestibility, respectively, which would place it as probably the best option to replace dietary soybean meal and increase the sustainability of ruminant feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo G Toral
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Hervás
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro G Mendoza
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Lizbeth E Robles-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, No. 100 Instituto Literario 100, Col. Centro, 50000, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Pilar Frutos
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain.
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In vitro digestibility and methane gas production of fodder from improved cowpea ( L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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Amanzougarene Z, Fondevila M. Fitting of the In Vitro Gas Production Technique to the Study of High Concentrate Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1935. [PMID: 33096765 PMCID: PMC7590040 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro rumen fermentation systems are often adapted to forage feeding conditions, with pH values ranging in a range close to neutrality (between 6.5 and 7.0). Several attempts using different buffers have been made to control incubation pH in order to evaluate microbial fermentation under conditions simulating high concentrate feeding, but results have not been completely successful because of rapid exhaustion of buffering capacity. Recently, a modification of bicarbonate ion concentration in the buffer of incubation solution has been proposed, which, together with using rumen inoculum from donor ruminants given high-concentrate diets, allows for mimicking such conditions in vitro. It is important to consider that the gas volume recorded is in part directly produced from microbial fermentation of substrates, but also indirectly from the buffering capacity of the medium. Thus, the contribution of each (direct and indirect) gas source to the overall production should be estimated. Another major factor affecting fermentation is the rate of passage, but closed batch systems cannot be adapted to its consideration. Therefore, a simple semicontinuous incubation system has been developed, which studies the rate and extent of fermentation by gas production at the time it allows for controlling medium pH and rate of passage by manual replacement of incubation medium by fresh saliva without including rumen inoculum. The application of this system to studies using high concentrate feeding conditions will also be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Fondevila
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, M. Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Amanzougarene Z, Yuste S, Fondevila M. Fermentation Pattern of Several Carbohydrate Sources Incubated in an In Vitro Semicontinuous System with Inocula from Ruminants Given Either Forage or Concentrate-Based Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020261. [PMID: 32041290 PMCID: PMC7070664 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A sudden change from a milk/forage diet to a high concentrate diet in young ruminants increases the rate and extent of rumen microbial fermentation, leading to digestive problems, such as acidosis. The magnitude of this effect depends on the nature of the ingredients. Six carbohydrate sources were tested: three cereal grains (barley, maize and brown sorghum), as high starch sources of different availability, and three byproducts (sugarbeet pulp, citrus pulp and wheat bran), as sources of either insoluble or soluble fibre. An in vitro semicontinuous incubation system was used to compare the fermentation pattern of substrates incubated with inocula-simulating concentrate or forage diets, under the pH and liquid outflow rate conditions of intensive feeding systems. The magnitude of microbial fermentation was higher with the concentrate than the forage inoculum, and the drop in pH in the first part of incubation was more profound. Among the substrates, citrus pulp had a greater acidification potential and was fermented at a higher extent, followed by wheat bran and barley. In conclusion, the acidification capacity of substrates plays an important role in the environmental conditions, depending on the type of diet given to the ruminant. This in vitro system allows us to compare the substrates under conditions simulating high-concentrate feeding. Abstract The fermentation pattern of several carbohydrate sources and their interaction with the nature of microbial inoculum was studied. Barley (B), maize (M), sorghum, (S), sugarbeet pulp (BP), citrus pulp (CP) and wheat bran (WB) were tested in an in vitro semicontinuous system maintaining poorly buffered conditions from 0 to 6 h, and being gradually buffered to 6.5 from 8 to 24 h to simulate the rumen pH pattern. Rumen fluid inoculum was obtained from lambs fed with either concentrate and barley straw (CI) or alfalfa hay (FI). The extent of fermentation was higher with CI than FI throughout the incubation (p < 0.05). Among the substrates, S, BP and M maintained the highest pH (p < 0.05), whereas CP recorded the lowest pH with both inocula. Similarly, CP recorded the highest gas volume throughout the incubation, followed by WB and B, and S recorded the lowest volume (p < 0.05). On average, the total volatile fatty acid (VFA), as well as lactic acid concentration, was higher with CP than in the other substrates (p < 0.05). The microbial structure was more affected by the animal donor of inoculum than by the substrate. The in vitro semicontinuous system allows for the study of the rumen environment acidification and substrate microbial fermentation under intensive feeding conditions.
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Bachmann M, Kuhnitzsch C, Martens S, Steinhöfel O, Zeyner A. Estimation of gas production and post-ruminal crude protein from native or ensiled Pisum sativum and Vicia faba grains. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1733581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bachmann
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - C. Kuhnitzsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - S.D. Martens
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - O. Steinhöfel
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - A. Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Simon PL, de Klein CAM, Worth W, Rutherford AJ, Dieckow J. The efficacy of Plantago lanceolata for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from cattle urine patches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:430-441. [PMID: 31323588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urine deposited by grazing animals is the main source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in New Zealand. Recent studies have suggested that certain pasture plants, for example plantain (Plantago lanceolata), can curb N2O emissions from livestock systems. This study aimed to i) evaluate the potential of plantain for reducing N2O emissions from cattle urine patches; ii) determine the effect of including plantain in animal diets on urine-N loading and its influence on N2O emissions; and, iii) evaluate whether any effects on N2O emissions reduction could be attributed to a 'urine' or a 'plant' effect. A static chamber method was used to measure N2O fluxes from urine collected from cows fed a 0, 15, 30 or 45% plantain mixed with "standard" ryegrass/clover (Lolium perenne/Trifolium repens) diet and applied to plots with the corresponding percentage of plantain in the sward. In addition, we measured N2O emissions from different proportions of plantain in the sward (0, 30, 60 and 100%) that received urine collected from cows fed on ryegrass/clover. The urine N loading rates of animals fed plantain, significantly reduced with increasing proportions of plantain in the diet (r2 = 0.987, P < 0.01). There was a trend of lower N2O emissions with an increasing proportion of plantain in the diet (r2 = 0.830, P < 0.08). However, there was no significantly difference in the N2O emission factors (P > 0.10). Following applications of standard urine, total N2O emissions and emission factor reduced linearly as the proportion of plantain in the sward increased (r2 = 0.969, P < 0.05 and 0.974, P < 0.05, respectively). The results suggest that the efficacy of plantain as a N2O mitigation option is due to both a reduction in urinary N excretion and a plant effect. The latter could be due to biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) caused by the release of root exudates and/or changes in the soil microclimate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne Worth
- AgResearch Invermay, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | | | - Jeferson Dieckow
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Apajalahti J, Vienola K, Raatikainen K, Holder V, Moran CA. Conversion of Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Corresponding Isoacids - An in vitro Tool for Estimating Ruminal Protein Degradability. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:311. [PMID: 31620454 PMCID: PMC6759480 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we describe a study that evaluates the applicability of an in vitro fermentation model to assess the resistance of protein supplements to rumen degradation. The protein sources used were: soybean meal (SBM); whey protein (WHEY), which was expected to be rapidly degraded, and yeast-derived microbial protein (YMP), which was proposed to be resistant to rumen degradation. The basal diet was composed of grass silage and a commercial compound feed. The protein supplements were added at three isonitrogenous doses. Fermentation was monitored for 24 h and gas production, volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, and ammonia were analyzed at three timepoints. Protein degradation was estimated by determining the extent to which branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) introduced with the protein supplement were converted to corresponding branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA). At the highest dose of WHEY, 60% of introduced valine, leucine, and isoleucine was recovered as isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, and isovaleric acid (products of BCAA decarboxylation and deamination), respectively. The BCVFA detected represented 50% of added BCAA with SBM, but <15% with YMP. Further indications that YMP protein is resistant to degradation were provided by analysis of ammonia. With YMP, the residual ammonia concentration only marginally exceeded that of the cultures with no protein supplementation, while it increased dose-dependently when the vessels were supplemented with WHEY or SBM. This suggests that with WHEY and SBM, the rate of deamination exceeded the rate of ammonia assimilation by bacteria. Residual ammonia and BCVFA, the two indicators of protein fermentation, were strongly correlated. Overall bacterial activity was monitored as yield of gas, volatile fatty acids, and bacteria. These three correlating parameters showed that WHEY only modestly stimulated fermentation, whereas SBM and YMP stimulated fermentation extensively, possibly owing to their higher carbohydrate content. The results presented suggest that the in vitro fermentation method was suitable for detecting differences in resistance of protein supplements to rumen degradation and following a full method validation could be a useful tool for diet formulation. The data obtained suggested that YMP was the most resistant and WHEY the most susceptible to degradation.
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Liu C, Li D, Chen W, Li Y, Wu H, Meng Q, Zhou Z. Estimating ruminal crude protein degradation from beef cattle feedstuff. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11368. [PMID: 31388061 PMCID: PMC6684624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We estimated ruminal crude protein degradation of twelve feedstuffs commonly used in China using in vitro and in vivo methods. The in vivo net protein utilization (NPU) levels of corn, sorghum, barley, wheat, Chinese wild rye grass, corn stalk, rice straw, soybean straw, soybean meal, distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), Brewers' spent grains, and sunflower meal were 52.57, 49.68, 65.38, 72.58, 82.41, 72.26, 68.57, 76.95, 54.75, 56.27, 29.03 and 41.88%, respectively. The linear regression between NH3-N incorporated into microbial proteins and gas production after incubation (6, 12, and 24 h) was significant (r = 0.9948 and P < 0.001, r = 0.9874 and P < 0.01, and r = 0.9912 and P < 0.01, respectively). Based on the linear regression equations, we estimated in vitro protein degradability (IVPD) and generated the regression equations between IVPD and NPU. The linear regression equations between IVPD and NPU after 6 h incubation in the energy, protein, and roughage feed groups were Y = 0.5633X + 33.20 (R2 = 0.8517, P < 0.05), Y = 0.8482X+ 34.81 (R2 = 0.8650, P < 0.05), and Y = 1.6295X - 17.70 (R2 = 0.909, P < 0.05), respectively. The in vitro gas production method is useful for the determination of protein degradation in feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Deyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wanbao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hristov AN, Bannink A, Crompton LA, Huhtanen P, Kreuzer M, McGee M, Nozière P, Reynolds CK, Bayat AR, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Schwarm A, Shingfield KJ, Yu Z. Invited review: Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5811-5852. [PMID: 31030912 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a component of essential nutrients critical for the productivity of ruminants. If excreted in excess, N is also an important environmental pollutant contributing to acid deposition, eutrophication, human respiratory problems, and climate change. The complex microbial metabolic activity in the rumen and the effect on subsequent processes in the intestines and body tissues make the study of N metabolism in ruminants challenging compared with nonruminants. Therefore, using accurate and precise measurement techniques is imperative for obtaining reliable experimental results on N utilization by ruminants and evaluating the environmental impacts of N emission mitigation techniques. Changeover design experiments are as suitable as continuous ones for studying protein metabolism in ruminant animals, except when changes in body weight or carryover effects due to treatment are expected. Adaptation following a dietary change should be allowed for at least 2 (preferably 3) wk, and extended adaptation periods may be required if body pools can temporarily supply the nutrients studied. Dietary protein degradability in the rumen and intestines are feed characteristics determining the primary AA available to the host animal. They can be estimated using in situ, in vitro, or in vivo techniques with each having inherent advantages and disadvantages. Accurate, precise, and inexpensive laboratory assays for feed protein availability are still needed. Techniques used for direct determination of rumen microbial protein synthesis are laborious and expensive, and data variability can be unacceptably large; indirect approaches have not shown the level of accuracy required for widespread adoption. Techniques for studying postruminal digestion and absorption of nitrogenous compounds, urea recycling, and mammary AA metabolism are also laborious, expensive (especially the methods that use isotopes), and results can be variable, especially the methods based on measurements of digesta or blood flow. Volatile loss of N from feces and particularly urine can be substantial during collection, processing, and analysis of excreta, compromising the accuracy of measurements of total-tract N digestion and body N balance. In studying ruminant N metabolism, nutritionists should consider the longer term fate of manure N as well. Various techniques used to determine the effects of animal nutrition on total N, ammonia- or nitrous oxide-emitting potentials, as well as plant fertilizer value, of manure are available. Overall, methods to study ruminant N metabolism have been developed over 150 yr of animal nutrition research, but many of them are laborious and impractical for application on a large number of animals. The increasing environmental concerns associated with livestock production systems necessitate more accurate and reliable methods to determine manure N emissions in the context of feed composition and ruminant N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L A Crompton
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Centre for Dairy Research, University of Reading, PO Box 237 Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M McGee
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland C15 PW93
| | - P Nozière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C K Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Centre for Dairy Research, University of Reading, PO Box 237 Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - A R Bayat
- Milk Production Solutions, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - D R Yáñez-Ruiz
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A Schwarm
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K J Shingfield
- Milk Production Solutions, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600 Jokioinen, Finland; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Z Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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15
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Wild KJ, Trautmann A, Katzenmeyer M, Steingaß H, Posten C, Rodehutscord M. Chemical composition and nutritional characteristics for ruminants of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris obtained using different cultivation conditions. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Vaga M, Huhtanen P. In vitro investigation of the ruminal digestion kinetics of different nitrogen fractions of 15N-labelled timothy forage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203385. [PMID: 30222744 PMCID: PMC6141097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro method based on 15N-labelled forage nitrogen (N) was developed to study ruminal N metabolism of soluble N (SN), insoluble N (ISN) and neutral detergent insoluble N (NDIN) fractions of timothy forage. Timothy grass was grown on replicated experimental plots with one plot receiving 15N-labelled and the other unlabelled N fertilizer. Harvested grass was preserved as dried grass or as formic acid treated or untreated silage. The intact forages and their corresponding N fractions were incubated in buffered rumen fluid in vitro to determine degradation parameters based on the 15N fluxes between labelled feed N and ammonia N pools. A high percentage (25–38%) of 15N-labelled ammonia disappeared from ammonia N pool during the first 15 min of incubation. Microbial uptake of dried grass SN fraction was higher than of silage SN fractions. Fractional degradation rates of SN from formic acid treated silage, untreated silage and dried grass during the first 6 hours of incubation were 0.145, 0.125 and 0.115 /h, respectively. By the end of the incubation period (28 h), 69, 66 and 43%, of the SN fraction of formic acid treated silage, untreated silage and dried grass, respectively were recovered as ammonia. The percentage of ISN fractions degraded to ammonia N were 9, 34 and 27%, respectively. Based on the changes in 15N-labelled ammonia N pool in blank incubation and appearance of 15N to ammonia N pool from 15N-labelled NDIN fractions, it was estimated that a significant portion of microbial lysis occurred when incubations were carried out for longer than 20 hours. With dried grass the contribution of ammonia N for microbial N synthesis was greater than with silages. Use of 15N-labelled forages together with this in vitro method is a promising technique for determining soluble N degradation parameters, but it requires further development to be used for determining degradation parameters of insoluble N fractions and work with whole feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Vaga
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - P. Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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17
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Schwab CG, Broderick GA. A 100-Year Review: Protein and amino acid nutrition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10094-10112. [PMID: 29153157 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the protein and amino acid (AA) nutrition of dairy cows. The chemistry of feed crude protein (CP) appears to be well understood, as is the mechanism of ruminal protein degradation by rumen bacteria and protozoa. It has been shown that ammonia released from AA degradation in the rumen is used for bacterial protein formation and that urea can be a useful N supplement when lower protein diets are fed. It is now well documented that adequate rumen ammonia levels must be maintained for maximal synthesis of microbial protein and that a deficiency of rumen-degradable protein can decrease microbial protein synthesis, fiber digestibility, and feed intake. Rumen-synthesized microbial protein accounts for most of the CP flowing to the small intestine and is considered a high-quality protein for dairy cows because of apparent high digestibility and good AA composition. Much attention has been given to evaluating different methods to quantify ruminal protein degradation and escape and for measuring ruminal outflows of microbial protein and rumen-undegraded feed protein. The methods and accompanying results are used to determine the nutritional value of protein supplements and to develop nutritional models and evaluate their predictive ability. Lysine, methionine, and histidine have been identified most often as the most-limiting amino acids, with rumen-protected forms of lysine and methionine available for ration supplementation. Guidelines for protein feeding have evolved from simple feeding standards for dietary CP to more complex nutrition models that are designed to predict supplies and requirements for rumen ammonia and peptides and intestinally absorbable AA. The industry awaits more robust and mechanistic models for predicting supplies and requirements of rumen-available N and absorbed AA. Such models will be useful in allowing for feeding lower protein diets and increased efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glen A Broderick
- Broderick Nutrition & Research LLC, 221 Glen Hollow Road, Madison, WI 53705
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18
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Spanghero M, Nikulina A, Mason F. Use of an in vitro gas production procedure to evaluate rumen slow-release urea products. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Application of an in vitro gas method to understand the effects of natural plant products on availability and partitioning of nutrients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0263967x00032432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In vitromethods for laboratory estimation of food degradation are important tools for nutritionists.These methods either measure substrate disappearance by quantifying incubation residues or record fermentation products such as microbial biomass, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) or gas volume (Blümmel et al., 1997a). Recently, the surge of interest in the efficient utilization of roughage diets has caused an increase in the use of gas methods because of the possibility of estimating the extent and rate of degradation in one sample by time series measurements of the accumulating gas volume. We combined gas measurements with residue determinations (truly degraded substrate) or microbial mass determination after fermentation to study the effects of natural plant products, in particular tannins and saponins, on the availability and partitioning of nutrients.
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Gidlund H, Vaga M, Ahvenjärvi S, Rinne M, Ramin M, Huhtanen P. Predicting omasal flow of nonammonia N and milk protein yield from in vitro-determined utilizable crude protein at the duodenum. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1164-1176. [PMID: 29174152 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the relationship between utilizable crude protein (uCP) at the duodenum estimated in vitro and omasal flow of crude protein (CP; omasal flow of nonammonia N × 6.25) measured in lactating dairy cows. In vivo data were obtained from previous studies estimating omasal digesta flow using a triple-marker method and 15N as microbial marker. A total of 34 different diets based on grass and red clover silages were incubated with buffered rumen fluid previously preincubated with carbohydrates for 3 h. The buffer solution was modified to contain 38 g of NaHCO3 and 1 g of (NH4)HCO3 in 1,000 mL of distilled water. Continuous sampling of the liquid phase for determination of ammonia-N was performed at 0.5, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 30 h after the start of incubation. The ammonia N concentrations after incubation were used to calculate uCP. The natural logarithm of uCP [g/kg of dry matter (DM)] at time points 0.5, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 30 h of incubation was plotted against time to estimate the concentration of uCP (g/kg of DM) at time points 16, 20, and 24 h using an exponential function. Fixed model regression analysis and mixed model regression analysis with random study effect were used to evaluate the relationships between predicted uCP (supply and concentration) and observed omasal CP flow and milk protein yield. Residual analysis was also conducted to evaluate whether any dietary factors influenced the relationships. The in vitro uCP method ranked the diets accurately in terms of total omasal CP flow (kg/d) or omasal CP flow per kilogram of DM intake. We also noted a close relationship between estimated uCP supply and adjusted omasal CP flow, as demonstrated by a coefficient of determination of 0.87, although the slope of 0.77 indicated that estimated uCP supply (kg/d) was greater than the value determined in vivo. The linear bias with mixed model analysis indicated that uCP supply overestimated the difference in omasal CP flow between the diets within a study, an error most likely related to study differences in feed intake, animals, and methodology. Predicting milk protein yield from uCP supply showed a positive relationship using a mixed model (coefficient of determination = 0.79), and we observed no difference in model fit between the time points of incubation (16, 20, or 24 h). The results of this study indicate that the in vitro method can be a useful tool in evaluating protein value of ruminant diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gidlund
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Vaga
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - S Ahvenjärvi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - M Rinne
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - M Ramin
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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21
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Böttger C, Südekum KH. European distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS): Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of feeding value for ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Navarrete S, Kemp PD, Pain SJ, Back PJ. Bioactive compounds, aucubin and acteoside, in plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) and their effect on in vitro rumen fermentation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Vaga M, Hetta M, Huhtanen P. Effects of heat treatment on protein feeds evaluated in vitro by the method of estimating utilisable crude protein at the duodenum. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:1259-1272. [PMID: 27862368 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of heat treatment on the protein value of field beans, lupins and peas was studied using an in vitro method. Protein feeds were subjected to heat treatment for 30, 60 and 90 min in forced air oven at 120, 140 and 160 °C and in autoclave at 105, 120 and 135 °C. The heat-treated protein feeds were incubated in buffered rumen fluid together with grass silage and barley in complete isonitrogenous diets. The gas production (GP) was recorded continuously, and ammonia-N (NH3 -N) concentrations were determined during the in vitro incubation at 8, 24 and 48 h and used to determine the utilisable crude protein (uCP) at the duodenum at 16 h of incubation (uCP16 ). Heat treatments decreased the concentration of soluble crude protein and increased neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP) in all protein feeds compared to untreated. Inclusion of protein feeds to basal diet showed no increase in the uCP16 in untreated field bean diet and only a small numerical increase in the uCP16 concentrations from 160 g/kg dry matter (DM) to 166 and 172 g/kg DM in untreated lupine and pea diets, respectively, indicating high degradability of untreated feeds. Increasing the time and temperature of the heat treatment linearly increased the uCP16 concentrations in field bean and pea diets, but not in lupin diets. Autoclave treatment was more effective in decreasing uCP16 than oven treatment despite the lower temperatures used. However, the combination of highest temperatures and treatment time in autoclave increased acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) concentrations in protein feeds, indicating protein damage and decreased intestinal digestibility. Determining in vitro uCP and ADICP shows to be a promising method for evaluating protein value in heat-treated animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vaga
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Hetta
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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24
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Broderick GA. Quantifying Forage Protein Quality. FORAGE QUALITY, EVALUATION, AND UTILIZATION 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/1994.foragequality.c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Broderick
- U. S. Dairy Forage Research Center; U. S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service; 1925 Linden Dr. West Madison WI 53706
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25
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Udén P. Degradation of two soluble proteins - casein and egg protein by a macro in vitromethod. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 97:656-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Stefański T, Ahvenjärvi S, Huhtanen P, Shingfield K. Metabolism of soluble rapeseed meal (Brassica rapa L.) protein during incubations with buffered bovine rumen contents in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:440-50. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Edmunds B, Südekum KH, Spiekers H, Schuster M, Schwarz F. Estimating utilisable crude protein at the duodenum, a precursor to metabolisable protein for ruminants, from forages using a modified gas test. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Lorenz M, Karlsson L, Hetta M, Udén P. Recycling of microbial N and estimation of protein degradation by in vitro gas production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Maaroufi C, Chapoutot P, Sauvant D, Giger-Reverdin S. Fractionation of pea flour with pilot scale sieving. II. In vitro fermentation of pea seed fractions of different particle sizes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Karlsson L, Hetta M, Udén P, Martinsson K. New methodology for estimating rumen protein degradation using the in vitro gas production technique. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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In vitro method for determining the ruminal degradation rate of rapeseed meal protein using 15N isotope labelled ammonia nitrogen. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Getachew G, Dandekar A, Pittroff W, DePeters E, Putnam D, Goyal S, Teuber L, Uratsu S. Impacts of polyphenol oxidase enzyme expression in transgenic alfalfa on in vitro gas production and ruminal degradation of protein, and nitrogen release during ensiling. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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A batch incubation assay to screen plant samples and extracts for their ability to inhibit rumen protein degradation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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In vitro screening of plant extracts to enhance the efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen in ruminant diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Ruman degradation is crucial in the supply of dietary nutrients to meet the nutrient demands of the anaerobic microbes and body tissues of ruminant animals. Therefore, it is essential to study the dynamics of rumen degradation of various feeds before their potential use to formulate nutritious diets for ruminant animals. Amongst many methods that have been used in the past, thein saccomethod has been the most effective method to study rumen degradation. However, this method is undesirable due to its implications for animal welfare and costs. While manyin vitromethods have been tested as possible alternatives to thein saccomethod to study rumen degradation of feeds, they were unable to remove the need to use fistulated animals to obtain rumen fluid. Although solubility, enzyme- and faeces-basedin vitromethods do not require rumen fluid, they still need data from either thein saccomethod or the rumen fluid-basedin vitromethods for comparison and validation. Therefore, there is a need to developin vitromethods that do not require the need to surgically modify ruminants to obtain rumen fluid to study rumen degradation. We review the potentials and problems associated with the existing methods to study rumen degradation and their implications for the animal industry in different situations.
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Getachew G, Pittroff W, Putnam D, Dandekar A, Goyal S, DePeters E. The influence of addition of gallic acid, tannic acid, or quebracho tannins to alfalfa hay on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lana R, Leopoldino W, Oliveira J, Veloso R, Nunes P, Queiroz A. Parâmetros da degradação protéica ruminal de diferentes alimentos e rações estimados por técnica in vitro. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352007000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram realizados três experimentos para estudar os parâmetros de degradação protéica ruminal. No primeiro, foram incubadas, em líquido ruminal de bovinos, dietas isoprotéicas contendo capim-elefante, fubá de milho e farelo de soja, em cinco níveis de concentrado (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 e 100:0), adicionado ou não de monensina (5µM). Houve efeito linear decrescente do nível de concentrado sobre a concentração de amônia e degradabilidade da proteína bruta (DPB), e efeito cúbico sobre a concentração de proteína solúvel, com máximo valor em dieta com 25% de concentrado. A monensina diminuiu a DPB e a concentração de proteína solúvel, sem afetar a produção de amônia. No segundo experimento, foram incubados cinco diferentes volumosos (silagens de milho - Zea mays L. e de capim-elefante - Pennisetum purpureum, silagem pré-secada de braquiária -Brachiaria decumbens, feno de Tifton 85 -Cynodon sp. amonizado e feno de Tifton 85). A silagem pré-secada de capim-braquiária e o feno de Tifton 85 amonizado apresentaram as maiores concentrações de amônia (8,7 e 5,3mg/dl) e proteína solúvel (5,4 e 7,0mg/dl), devido aos seus maiores teores de PB, seguidos da silagem de capim-elefante e feno de Tifton 85. A DPB variou de 29,6 a 80,6%, para a silagem pré-secada de braquiária e para o feno de Tifton 85, e a degradabilidade potencial da matéria seca de 40,1 a 64,3%, para a silagem de capim-elefante e silagem pré-secada de braquiária, respectivamente. A degradabilidade efetiva da proteína bruta apresentou baixos valores devido à baixa taxa de degradação da fração insolúvel. No terceiro experimento, foram incubados diferentes tipos de camas de frango (casca de café, capim-elefante seco picado, sabugo de milho ou cepilho), contendo ou não monensina (5µM). Não houve diferença nas concentrações de amônia entre as diferentes camas de frango, na ausência de monensina. Entretanto, com monensina, a cama de capim-elefante apresentou o menor nível de amônia e a de cepilho, o maior. As camas influenciaram o conteúdo de proteína solúvel e a DPB, que variaram de 9,0 a 14,5mg/dl e 39 a 63%, respectivamente, sem efeitos da monensina.
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Effect of polyethylene glycol onin vitrodegradability ofnitrogen and microbial protein synthesis fromtannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Determination of microbial degradability of N is important in formulating a sound supplementation strategy for efficient utilisation of basal as well as supplementary diet components.In vitrodegradability of N (IVDN) from tannin-containing browses (Acacia cyanophylla, Acacia albida, Acioa barteriandQuercus ilex) and two herbaceous legumes (Desmodium intortumandDesmodium uncinatum) was determined using thein vitrogas-production method coupled with NH3-N measurement in the presence and absence of a tannin-binding agent (polyethylene glycol (PEG), molecular mass 6000). Addition of PEG to tannin-containing feeds significantly (P< 0·05) increasedin vitrogas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and IVDN. The use of PEG as a tannin-binding agent increased IVDN from 28 to 59, 32 to 72, 19 to 40, 32 to 73, 40 to 80, and 26 to 77 % inA. cyanophylla, A. albida, A. barteri,D. intortum,D. uncinatumandQ. ilexrespectively. There was significant correlation between total phenolic compounds (total phenol, TP; total tannin, TT) in leguminous forages and percentage increase in IVDN on addition of PEG (P< 0·05;R20·70 and 0·82 for TP and TT respectively). The difference in IVDN observed in the absence and presence of PEG indicates the amount of protein protected from degradation in the rumen by tannins. When measured after 24 h incubation, tannin-containing feeds incubated in absence of PEG resulted in higher microbial protein synthesis than in the presence of PEG. Addition of PEG significantly (P< 0·05) reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis expressed as μmol purine/mmol SCFA.
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Evaluation of four tropical browse legumes as nitrogen sources: Comparison of in vitro gas production with other methods to determine N degradability. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effect of polethylene glycol on gas production parameters and nitrogen disappearance of some tree forages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bento M, Makkar H, Acamovic T. Effect of mimosa tannin and pectin on microbial protein synthesis and gas production during in vitro fermentation of 15N-labelled maize shoots. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hossain M, Becker K. In vitro rumen degradability of crude protein in seeds from four Sesbania spp. and the effects of treatments designed to reduce the levels of antinutrients in the seeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bhatta R, Krishnamoorthy U, Mohammed F. Effect of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed husk tannins on in vitro rumen fermentation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Getachew G, Blümmel M, Makkar H, Becker K. In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Makkar H, Aderibigbe A, Becker K. Comparative evaluation of non-toxic and toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas for chemical composition, digestibility, protein degradability and toxic factors. Food Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(97)00183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aderibigbe A, Johnson C, Makkar H, Becker K, Foidl N. Chemical composition and effect of heat on organic matter- and nitrogen-degradability and some antinutritional components of Jatropha meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(96)01136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Makkar H, Becker K. Nutrional value and antinutritional components of whole and ethanol extracted Moringa oleifera leaves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(96)01023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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