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Findeisen E, Südekum KH, Hummel J, Clauss M. Increasing feed intake in domestic goats (Capra hircus): Measured effects on chewing intensity are probably driven by escape of few, large particles from the forestomach. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 257:110972. [PMID: 33940177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On the one hand, oral processing - mastication - is considered a relatively inflexible component of mammalian feed acquisition that constrains instantaneous intake rates. On the other hand, experimental data shows that the level of feed intake affects faecal particle size and hence net chewing efficiency in ruminants, with larger particles occurring in the faeces at higher intakes. Here, we report the effect of an increased feed intake during maintenance (L1), late (200% of L1) and peak lactation (300% of L1) of a consistent diet (hay:concentrates 50:50) in eight domestic goats on various measures of digestive physiology including faecal mean particle size (MPS). Increasing intake led to an increased gut fill, a reduction in digesta retention times, and an increase in faecal MPS (from 0.57 to 0.72 mm). However, this was an effect of the large particle fraction (>2 mm) being disproportionately excreted at higher intakes; if MPS was assessed on the basis of particles below the typical escape threshold (≤1 mm), there was no difference between intake levels. These findings suggest that the effect of intake on the calculated net chewing efficiency in ruminants may rather be an effect of increased large particle escape from the forestomach than a reduced chewing intensity per bolus during ingestion or rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Findeisen
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Südekum
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic für Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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The nutritive value of five pasture species occurring in the summer grazing ranges of the Pyrenees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800058689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFive species of alpine pasture plants from the Pyrenees representing 3 botanical groups: grasses (Festuca eskia, Nardus stricta), forbs (Anthyllis vulneraria, Galium verum) and shrubs (Echinospartum horridum), were collected monthly from June to September and analysed for nitrogen (N) content, cell wall composition, in vitro enzymatic digestibility (DMDe) and volume of gas produced by microbial fermentation. Among the dicotyledenous varieties, A. vulneraria and G. verum showed the highest nutritive value whilst that of E. horridum was low due to high lignin content. Grasses showed moderate nutritive values in June rapidly decreasing thereafter. Nitrogen content and organic matter digestibility (OMDg) of A. vulneraria remained relatively constant through the sampling period whereas it abruptly decreased for remaining species from July. Gas production significantly differed among species during the first 48 h of microbial fermentation but not at later stages of fermentation. Collection date did not affect gas production before 24 h of incubation but significant differences were found thereafter with samples from June and July being more degraded than from August and September. Principal component analysis associated OMDg positively with N content and gas production and negatively with fibre content. Lignin proportion did not significantly correlate with gas production or with OMDg, suggesting that the degree of lignification is not the only factor affecting microbial fermentation but other factors such as lignin tissue locations may be involved. A. vulneraria has been revealed as very good forage with a high potential in extensive animal production systems. Both OMDg and DMDe methods seem more accurate than chemical analyses for evaluating forages at different stages of maturity.
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Galyean ML, Goetsch AL. Utilization of Forage Fiber by Ruminants. FORAGE CELL WALL STRUCTURE AND DIGESTIBILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/1993.foragecellwall.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Galyean
- Clayton Livestock Research Center; Clayton New Mexico
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Abstract
AbstractSix sport horses were given 1·26 times the measured maintenance energy requirement (MEm) from each of the four following diets: H1, meadow hay in the long form (organic matter digestibility OMD = 0·541); HMI, 700g/kg the same hay and 300 g/kg pelleted maize; HSBPI, 600g/kg hay and 400g/kg pelleted dehydrated sugar-beet pulp; SCFI, 500g/kg wheat straw and 500g/kg pelleted compound food (experiment 1). In experiment 2, eight sport horses were equipped with a portable device for recording feeding behaviour and fed at 1·31 MEm diet HI (meadow hay in the long form: OMD = 0·574).Circadian energy expenditure (EE) of horses was determined by indirect calorimetry using two large open-circuit respiration chambers. Horses were continuously standing. Increase in metabolic rate (IMR) during eating was calculated from the difference between the mean EE obtained during each eatingperiod and the corresponding resting EE. The mean daily ingestion rate of hay H2 amounted to 148 (s.d. 27)mg dry matter per kg metabolic body weight per min. IMR during the two main meals averaged 0·388 (s.d. 0·059) and was not significantly different between diets H1, H2, HM1 and SCF1. Expressed per kg dry matter intake, energy cost of eating (ECE) was similar for diets H2, H1 and SCF1 but significantly lower for HSBP1 and HM1 (P<0·05). ECE of simple foods was calculated from those of the diets and of hay: proportionately 0·010, 0·042, 0·102 and 0·285 metabolizable energy intake for pelleted maize, pelleted SBP, long hay and wheat straw, respectively.
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Bayat A, Rinne M, Kuoppala K, Ahvenjärvi S, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P. Ruminal large and small particle kinetics in dairy cows fed red clover and grass silages harvested at two stages of growth. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lechner I, Barboza P, Collins W, Fritz J, Günther D, Hattendorf B, Hummel J, Südekum KH, Clauss M. Differential passage of fluids and different-sized particles in fistulated oxen (Bos primigenius f. taurus), muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces): Rumen particle size discrimination is independent from contents stratification. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 155:211-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Munn A, Clissold F, Tarszisz E, Kimpton K, Dickman C, Hume I. Hindgut Plasticity in Wallabies Fed Hay either Unchopped or Ground and Pelleted: Fiber Is Not the Only Factor. Physiol Biochem Zool 2009; 82:270-9. [DOI: 10.1086/597527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Rinne M, Huhtanen P, Jaakkola S. Digestive processes of dairy cows fed silages harvested at four stages of grass maturity. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:1986-98. [PMID: 12162669 DOI: 10.2527/2002.8071986x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to quantify ruminal digestive processes that could help to identify factors limiting DMI when silages differing in grass maturity were fed to dairy cows. Four silages were harvested at 1-wk intervals from a primary growth of a timothy-meadow fescue sward, resulting in feeds with digestible OM content in DM (D-value) of 739, 730, 707, and 639 g/kg in the order of succeeding harvest date. Four ruminally cannulated dairy cows were given ad libitum access to these silages supplemented with 7 kg concentrate per day in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Rumen function was clearly affected by decreasing digestibility of silage fed. Passage rate of digestible NDF (DNDF) and indigestible NDF (INDF) increased, but it could not prevent the accumulation of DM, NDF, DNDF, and INDF into the rumen when silages of progressing grass maturity were fed. The greatest proportional increases in rumen pool were found in INDF and in medium particles (separated by wet sieving and measuring 315 to 2,500 microm). The passage of medium INDF particles decreased (P < 0.01) linearly (from 0.0365/h to 0.0281/h) with increasing maturity of grass ensiled, and it was slower than passage of small (80 to 315 microm) particles (on average 0.0524/h). Particle size reduction of large INDF particles to medium INDF particles was slower (P < 0.001) in the early cut silages (0.0216/h to 0.0484/h) but reduction of medium INDF particles to small INDF particles was faster (P < 0.001) in early cut silages (0.0436 to 0.0305). Passage of medium size particles and(or) rate of medium particle breakdown to small particles were potential intake-constraining properties of low digestibility forages, whereas large particle reduction to medium particles seemed not to be limiting. The increased feed intake of the early-cut silages was accompanied by decreased rumen fill, suggesting that rumen fill was not at least solely responsible for feed intake control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rinne
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen.
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Effect of level of inclusion and method of presentation of a single distillery by-product on the processes of ingestion of concentrate feeds by horses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(01)00304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Buxton DR. Quality-related characteristics of forages as influenced by plant environment and agronomic factors. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(95)00885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Buxton DR. Quality-related characteristics of forages as influenced by plant environment and agronomic factors. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401%2895%2900885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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Forage Quality for Ruminants: Plant and Animal Considerations11This paper includes data presented by the senior author to the 28th Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference, Boise, ID, October 26–28, 1993. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)32575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huhtanen P, Kaustell K, Jaakkola S. The use of internal markers to predict total digestibility and duodenal flow of nutrients in cattle given six different diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(94)90173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Michalet-Doreau B, Ould-Bah M. In vitro and in sacco methods for the estimation of dietary nitrogen degradability in the rumen: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90112-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
For fiber in dairy cattle diets to be effective it must be masticated initially during feeding and again during rumination. Time spent chewing is directly related to saliva secretion, which helps buffer the rumen environment and optimizes fiber digestion. Reduction in feed particle size occurs during chewing, which is a prerequisite for passage of feeds from the forestomach, but the extent of particle breakdown during chewing depends upon the feed. Manipulating the dietary concentration of plant cell walls or the physical form of forage can alter chewing behavior and rumen function of the dairy cow, thereby optimizing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Beauchemin
- Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Lethbridge, Alberta
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