1
|
Tang C, Jiang X, Liu C, Washburn BK, Sathe SK, Rao Q. Effect of temperature on structural configuration and immunoreactivity of pH-stressed soybean (Glycine max) agglutinin. Food Chem 2024; 442:138376. [PMID: 38219572 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Soybean agglutinin (SBA) was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and liquid chromatography. Purified SBA was used to produce monoclonal antibodies through hybridoma technology. SBA secondary structure was studied using circular dichroism. pH-stressed (pHs 3.0, 7.2, 8.5, and 9.6) SBA physical properties (particle size, ζ-potential, and aggregation temperature) were investigated. Gel electrophoresis (non-native and native) was used to study heat-induced structural configuration changes in SBA. The effect of pH and temperature on the immunoreactivity of SBA was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblots probed with two anti-SBA monoclonal antibodies with either linear or conformational epitopes. The hemagglutinating activity of heated SBA was measured by hemagglutination assay. Our results indicated that SBA had the least thermostability at pH 3.0 and the highest at pH 8.5. Temperature-induced structural configuration change on pH-stressed SBA led to immunoreactivity change. Heat-induced (70 and 80 °C) soluble SBA aggregation was proportionally related to hemagglutinating activity reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunya Tang
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Xingyi Jiang
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Brian K Washburn
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Shridhar K Sathe
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Qinchun Rao
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Y, Chang SKC, Zhang Y. Determination of protease inhibitors, glycinin, and beta-conglycinin in soybeans and their relationships. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1082-1095. [PMID: 35142372 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to search for suitable soybean varieties for different applications, the protein contents of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI), Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor (BBI), glycinin (11S), and β-conglycinin (7S) of 93 soybean samples from different sources and harvest years were quantified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Meanwhile, the protease inhibitory activities against trypsin and chymotrypsin were determined. Results showed that the individual protein contents and trypsin inhibitor activities differed significantly (p < 0.05) among soybean samples. KTI contents ranged from 5.25 to 14.60 mg·g-1 ; BBI contents ranged from 1.81 to 5.74 mg·g-1 ; 11S varied from 13.65% to 48.55% and 7S varied from 15.68% to 42.15% of total soluble protein; trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities were 8.93-20.95 mg TI·g-1 and 4.18 -12.79 mg CI·g-1 , respectively. Excellent linear relationships existed between trypsin inhibitor contents and their activities. The regression equations offer a rapid method for estimating the activity of KTI or BBI in raw soybeans. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The regression equations established based on a large number of soybean varieties offered a rapid method to estimate the activity of trypsin inhibitors. The data presented here provided useful information for the food industry or breeders to select soybean varieties with different inhibitory activities or protein contents for different food processing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- College of Art and Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sam K C Chang
- Experimental Seafood Processing Laboratory, Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Pascagoula, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Experimental Seafood Processing Laboratory, Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Pascagoula, Mississippi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wen Y, Liu A, Meng C, Li Z, He P. Quantification of lectin in soybeans and soy products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1185:122987. [PMID: 34656828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lectin is one of the major anti-nutritional factors in soybeans and inhibits digestion of dietary protein. Here, an absolute quantification method was developed to detect lectin using synthetic peptide 183TTSWDLANNK192 as reference standard and corresponding isotope labeled peptide TTSWDLANNK (Alanine-13C3,15N) as internal standard to normalize results. After the ground soybeans and soy products were defatted with n-hexane and extracted with extraction buffer, the crude protein extract was digested on filter membrane by trypsin. Further, the enzymatic hydrolysis peptides were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The synthetic reference peptide showed a detection limit of 0.27 ng/mL and a linear relationship in the range of 3.2-1000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.997). Correspondingly, the detect limit of lectin in soybean samples was 35.5 μg/g. The results showed that the recoveries of the lectin in spiked samples ranged from 80.9% to 108.7% with intra-day precisions (% CV) less than 9%. The method was successfully used to evaluate lectin levels in hundreds of soybean seeds from different varieties and soy products from different soybean processing techniques. Furthermore, the method may provide a potential application as a general method for the ultrasensitive detection of various protein anti-nutritional factors in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Anguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chengzhen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Pingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan L, Liu Y, Lan H, Bao N, Zhao Y, Sun H, Qin G, Farouk MH. Biological Mechanisms Induced by Soybean Agglutinin Using an Intestinal Cell Model of Monogastric Animals. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:639792. [PMID: 34150879 PMCID: PMC8207199 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.639792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean agglutinin (SBA) has a toxic effect on most animals. The anti-nutritional mechanisms of SBA are not fully understood, in terms of cell survival activity and metabolism of intestinal cells. This study aims to investigate the effects of SBA on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and to verify the mechanism of SBA anti-nutritional characters based on proteomic-based analysis. The IPEC-J2 cell line was cultured with medium containing 0.0, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/mL SBA. With increasing SBA levels, the percentage of the cells at G0/G1 phase, cell apoptosis rates, expressions of Bax and p21, and the activities of Casp-3 and Casp-9 were increased, while cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 expressions were declined (p < 0.05). The proteomic analysis showed that the numbers of differentially expressed proteins, induced by SBA, were mainly enriched in different pathways including DNA replication, base excision repair, nucleus excision repair, mismatch repair, amide and peptide biosynthesis, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, as well as structures and functions of mitochondria and ribosome. In conclusion, the anti-nutritional mechanism of SBA is a complex cellular process. Such process including DNA related activities; protein synthesis and metabolism; signal-conducting relation; as well as subcellular structure and function. This study provides comprehensive information to understand the toxic mechanism of SBA in monogastrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hainan Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mohammed Hamdy Farouk
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
In vivo and in vitro model studies on noodles prepared with antioxidant-rich pseudocereals. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
6
|
Pan L, Farouk MH, Qin G, Zhao Y, Bao N. The Influences of Soybean Agglutinin and Functional Oligosaccharides on the Intestinal Tract of Monogastric Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E554. [PMID: 29439523 PMCID: PMC5855776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean agglutinin (SBA) is a non-fiber carbohydrate-related protein and the main anti-nutritional factor that exists in soybean or soybean products. SBA possesses a specific binding affinity for N-glyphthalide-d-galactosamine or galactose and has a covalently linked oligosaccharide chain. SBA mediates negative effects on animal intestinal health by influencing the intestinal structure, barrier function, mucosal immune system, and the balance of the intestinal flora. Functional oligosaccharides are non-digestible dietary oligosaccharides that are commonly applied as prebiotics since the biological effects of the functional oligosaccharides are to increase the host health by improving mucosal structure and function, protecting the integrity of the intestinal structure, modulating immunity, and balancing the gastrointestinal microbiota. The purpose of this review is to describe the structure and anti-nutritional functions of SBA, summarize the influence of SBA and functional oligosaccharides on the intestinal tract of monogastric animals, and emphasize the relationship between SBA and oligosaccharides. This review provides perspectives on applying functional oligosaccharides for alleviating the anti-nutritional effects of SBA on the intestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Mohammed Hamdy Farouk
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Guixin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Nan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maranna S, Verma K, Talukdar A, Lal SK, Kumar A, Mukherjee K. Introgression of null allele of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor through marker-assisted backcross breeding in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). BMC Genet 2016; 17:106. [PMID: 27407019 PMCID: PMC4943013 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presence of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) in soybean seeds necessitates pre-heat treatment of the soy-flour for its inactivation before using it in food and feed products. The heat treatment not only enhances processing costs of the soy-based foods and feeds but also affects seed-protein quality and solubility. Genetic elimination of KTI is an important and effective approach. Therefore, molecular marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) approach was adopted for genetic elimination of KTI from two popular soybean genotypes, DS9712 and DS9814. PI542044, an exotic germplasm line was used as donor of the kti allele which inhibits functional KTI peptide production. RESULTS Foreground selection for the kti allele was performed with three closely linked SSR markers while background selection was done with 93 polymorphic SSR markers. Plants in the BC1F1 generation were found to recover 70.4-87.63 % and 60.26-73.78 % of the recurrent parent genome (RPG) of DS9712 and DS9814, respectively. Similarly, selected plants in the BC2F1 generation had 93.01-98.92 % and 83.3-91.67 % recovery of their respective RPGs. Recombinant selection was performed so as to identify plants with minimal linkage drag. Biochemical analysis of the seeds of the selected plants (ktikti) confirmed absence of KTI peptides in the seeds. Phenotypically, the selected plants were comparable to the respective recurrent parent in yield and other traits. CONCLUSIONS MABB approach helped in speedy development of 6 KTI free breeding lines of soybean. Such lines will be suitable for the farmers and the soybean industries to use in production of soy-based foods and feeds without pre-heat treatment of the soy-flour. It would contribute towards wider acceptability of soy-based foods and feeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar Maranna
- />ICAR- Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, MP India
- />Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Khushbu Verma
- />Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Akshay Talukdar
- />Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Lal
- />Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- />Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Keya Mukherjee
- />Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Breeze ML, Leyva-Guerrero E, Yeaman GR, Dudin Y, Akel R, Brune P, Claussen F, Dharmasri C, Golbach J, Guo R, Maxwell C, Privalle L, Rogers H, Liu K, Shan G, Yarnall M, Thiede D, Gillikin N. Validation of a Method for Quantitation of Soybean Lectin in Commercial Varieties. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
9
|
Dreon MS, Fernández PE, Gimeno EJ, Heras H. Insights into embryo defenses of the invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata: egg mass ingestion affects rat intestine morphology and growth. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2961. [PMID: 24945629 PMCID: PMC4063725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spread of the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata is expanding the rat lungworm disease beyond its native range. Their toxic eggs have virtually no predators and unusual defenses including a neurotoxic lectin and a proteinase inhibitor, presumably advertised by a warning coloration. We explored the effect of egg perivitellin fluid (PVF) ingestion on the rat small intestine morphology and physiology. Methodology/Principal Findings Through a combination of biochemical, histochemical, histopathological, scanning electron microscopy, cell culture and feeding experiments, we analyzed intestinal morphology, growth rate, hemaglutinating activity, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation after oral administration of PVF to rats. PVF adversely affects small intestine metabolism and morphology and consequently the standard growth rate, presumably by lectin-like proteins, as suggested by PVF hemaglutinating activity and its cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cell culture. Short-term effects of ingested PVF were studied in growing rats. PVF-supplemented diet induced the appearance of shorter and wider villi as well as fused villi. This was associated with changes in glycoconjugate expression, increased cell proliferation at crypt base, and hypertrophic mucosal growth. This resulted in a decreased absorptive surface after 3 days of treatment and a diminished rat growth rate that reverted to normal after the fourth day of treatment. Longer exposure to PVF induced a time-dependent lengthening of the small intestine while switching to a control diet restored intestine length and morphology after 4 days. Conclusions/Significance Ingestion of PVF rapidly limits the ability of potential predators to absorb nutrients by inducing large, reversible changes in intestinal morphology and growth rate. The occurrence of toxins that affect intestinal morphology and absorption is a strategy against predation not recognized among animals before. Remarkably, this defense is rather similar to the toxic effect of plant antipredator strategies. This defense mechanism may explain the near absence of predators of apple snail eggs. Filled with nutritious substances to nourish the embryos, eggs of most animals are often the targets of pathogens and predators. An exception are the eggs of Pomacea canaliculata –known as the apple snail– which have hardly any predators. This freshwater snail is a serious aquatic crop pest in several continents, listed among the 100 worst invasive species. It is the host of a roundworm responsible for the rat lungworm disease causing human eosinophilic meningitis. The spread of this emerging infectious disease has been associated with the expansion of apple snails. They lay eggs above water level in bright pink-reddish masses, presumably a warning coloration. Indeed, eggs have chemical defenses, including neurotoxic and antinutritive proteins. The authors found that the ingestion of egg extracts adversely affects rat small intestine inducing large, reversible changes in the intestinal wall that limits the ability to absorb egg nutrients causing a diminished growth rate. Apple snail eggs are the first animal known to deter predators by this mechanism, but remarkably this defense is rather similar to the toxic effect of plant seeds proteins. These overlapping egg defenses that predators have not managed to overcome yet may partially explain the reproductive success of P. canaliculata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos S. Dreon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) – CONICET CCT, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia E. Fernández
- Instituto de Patología B. Epstein, Cátedra de Patología General Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo J. Gimeno
- Instituto de Patología B. Epstein, Cátedra de Patología General Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) – CONICET CCT, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cuadrado C, Hajos G, Burbano C, Pedrosa MM, Ayet G, Muzquiz M, Pusztai A, Gelencser E. Effect of Natural Fermentation on the Lectin of Lentils Measured by Immunological Methods. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100220137655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
|
11
|
Gelencsér É. Novel research strategy for safe use of legume proteins in human nutrition. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.38.suppl.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies on protein antinutrients and allergens naturally present in legume seeds have shown that these compounds are responsible for the impaired performance of experimental animals when exposed for a long term. These reactions were characterized by lowered nutritional performance, reduced growth, pure digestion and absorption, changes in gut motility, structural damage in small intestine and diarrhoea. A lot of efforts were made for gathering data on heat stability and resistance to chemical or enzyme treatments of these compounds to reduce or eliminate these harmful effects.A novel research approach has described that these compounds have a special regulatory role in the gut metabolism and modulate hormone and immune responses which resulted in a novel concept of “nonnutritive biologically active compound”. These studies revealed that the chemical structure of these compounds was responsible for the induction of such physiological reactions as increased endogen N-loss, change in the plasma amino acid concentration or plasma lipid composition with reduction of total cholesterol level or developing of harmful immune responses to luminal antigens resistant to the gut digestion. Resent studies were therefore related to the description of their interaction with the gut metabolism and understanding of the modulation of gut immune responses to luminal antigens.This review was inspired to summarise the research efforts on the above field performed by the Nutritional and Biological Units of the Central Food Research Institute.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- É. Gelencsér
- 1 Central Food Research Institute Unit of Biology, Department of Food Safety H-1022 Budapest Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Response to GM soybeans—revisiting a controversial format. Nat Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt1207-1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Zang J, Li D, Piao X, Tang S. Effects of soybean agglutinin on body composition and organ weights in rats. Arch Anim Nutr 2006; 60:245-53. [PMID: 16736858 DOI: 10.1080/17450390600679082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of soybean agglutinin dosage level on growth, body composition, plasma lipids, glucose, urea nitrogen content and aminotransferase activities in rats. Male and female rats (n=60) weaned at 19 d were given a dose of 0, 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, or 14.0 mg soybean agglutinin by gastric infusion once daily for 10 days. With increasing doses of soybean agglutinin, body weight, lipid content of carcass, spleen and kidneys relative dry weights decreased, while small intestine and pancreatic weight, the contents of urea nitrogen and triglyceride, and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase linearly increased in plasma. Though soybean agglutinin decreased plasma insulin content, changes in plasma glucose content due to soybean agglutinin were not detected. It is suggested that dietary soybean agglutinin may affect the secretion of other hormones besides insulin, which modulate blood glucose reserves. In conclusion, consumption of soybean agglutinin resulted in a depletion of lipid and an overgrowth of small intestine and pancreas in rats. Meanwhile, poor growth of spleen and kidneys was observed in the soybean agglutinin-fed rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zang
- National Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Csáky I, Fekete S. Soybean: feed quality and safety. Part 1: biologically active components. A review. Acta Vet Hung 2004; 52:299-313. [PMID: 15379445 DOI: 10.1556/avet.52.2004.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A large number of soybean components have diverse biological activities. These include hormonal, immunological, bacteriological and digestive effects. The presently known allergens are listed. The divergence between chemical evaluation and biological value is highlighted. The following components are discussed: Kunitz inhibitor, Bowman-Birk inhibitor, saponins, soyacystatin, phytoestrogens (daidzein, glycitein, genistein), Maillard products, soybean hydrophobic protein, soy allergens, lecithin allergens, raffinose, stachyose, 2-pentyl pyridine. The studies describing the effects of the isolated components are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Csáky
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1078 Budapest, István u 2, Hungary.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Olguin MC, Hisano N, D’Ottavio AE, Zingale MI, Revelant GC, Calderari SA. Nutritional and antinutritional aspects of an Argentinian soy flour assessed on weanling rats. J Food Compost Anal 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1575(03)00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Friedman M, Brandon DL. Nutritional and health benefits of soy proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:1069-86. [PMID: 11312815 DOI: 10.1021/jf0009246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Soy protein is a major component of the diet of food-producing animals and is increasingly important in the human diet. However, soy protein is not an ideal protein because it is deficient in the essential amino acid methionine. Methionine supplementation benefits soy infant formulas, but apparently not food intended for adults with an adequate nitrogen intake. Soy protein content of another essential amino acid, lysine, although higher than that of wheat proteins, is still lower than that of the milk protein casein. Adverse nutritional and other effects following consumption of raw soybean meal have been attributed to the presence of endogenous inhibitors of digestive enzymes and lectins and to poor digestibility. To improve the nutritional quality of soy foods, inhibitors and lectins are generally inactivated by heat treatment or eliminated by fractionation during food processing. Although lectins are heat-labile, the inhibitors are more heat-stable than the lectins. Most commercially heated meals retain up to 20% of the Bowman-Birk (BBI) inhibitor of chymotrypsin and trypsin and the Kunitz inhibitor of trypsin (KTI). To enhance the value of soybeans in human nutrition and health, a better understanding is needed of the factors that impact the nutrition and health-promoting aspects of soy proteins. This paper discusses the composition in relation to properties of soy proteins. Also described are possible beneficial and adverse effects of soy-containing diets. The former include soy-induced lowering of cholesterol, anticarcinogenic effects of BBI, and protective effects against obesity, diabetes, irritants of the digestive tract, bone, and kidney diseases, whereas the latter include poor digestibility and allergy to soy proteins. Approaches to reduce the concentration of soybean inhibitors by rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds, immunoassays of inhibitors in processed soy foods and soybean germplasm, the roles of phytoestrogenic isoflavones and lectins, and research needs in all of these areas are also discussed. This integrated overview of the widely scattered literature emphasizes general concepts based on our own studies as well as recent studies by others. It is intended to stimulate interest in further research to optimize beneficial effects of soy proteins. The payoff will be healthier humans and improved animal feeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|