1
|
Moran ET, Bedford MR. Endogenous mucin conveyed to the mucosa with microbes can assure lumen fermentation and large intestinal security-swine versus fowl. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:403-410. [PMID: 37635931 PMCID: PMC10457508 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous protein leaving the ileum largely consists of accrued mucins from the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that had resisted digestion. The amounts released rely on their mucosal generation during enteral feeding which vary with age as well as diet. These digestion resistant proteins of endogenous origin continue to be unavailable in the large intestine, whereas those of dietary origin provide amino acids that largely support the existing microbial population while denying limited amounts for absorption. Other mucins pre-exist within the large intestine as two layers at the lumen surface. A loose layer harboring a diverse microbial population is superimposed on the unstirred water layer (USWL) which simultaneously acts as an obstacle to microbes at the loose layer while performing as a molecular sieve for nutrients. The USWL is formed through interplay between enterocyte and goblet cells; however, the basis for presence of the loose layer is elusive. Large intestinal fermentation predominates within the colon of swine, whereas fowl employ their ceca. Motility within the colon of swine segregates fine materials into haustrae out-pocketings that parallel their placement within the ceca of fowl. Viscous mucins from small intestinal endogenous losses may envelop microbes within the large intestinal lumen to present successive adherents on the USWL that assemble its loose layer. The loose layer continually functions as a microbial reservoir in support of lumen fermentation. Microbial catabolism of mucin within the loose layer is known to be slow, but its proximity to the enterocyte is of advantage to enterocyte absorption with by-product amino acids fostering the USWL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin T. Moran
- Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, AL 36849-5416, USA
| | - Michael R. Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Road, Wiltshire, SN8 4NA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moran ET, Bedford MR. Large intestinal dynamics differ between fowl and swine: Anatomical modifications, microbial collaboration, and digestive advantages from fibrolytic enzymes. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:160-170. [PMID: 36254218 PMCID: PMC9550523 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner. Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca. Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action, then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated. Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla. Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon. Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum. Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core. Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids (VFA) and electrolytes being absorbed. Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation. The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered. Resistant starches (RS) and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon, whereas non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid. Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon. These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface. Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates. Fibrolytic enzymes, when supplemented to feed, may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation. Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na+, whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated. Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin T. Moran
- Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, AL 36830-5416, USA
| | - Michael R. Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the monogastric-like in vitro digestion of maize flours dried at different temperatures. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Navarro DMDL, Bruininx EMAM, de Jong L, Stein HH. Effects of physicochemical characteristics of feed ingredients on the apparent total tract digestibility of energy, DM, and nutrients by growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2265-2277. [PMID: 29688508 PMCID: PMC6095346 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of physicochemical characteristics of feed ingredients on DE and ME and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, DM, and nutrients were determined in growing pigs using ingredients with different ratios between insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF). Eighty growing barrows (BW: 48.41 ± 1.50 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 10 diets and eight replicate pigs per diet. Dietary treatments included a corn-based diet, a wheat-based diet, a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet, and seven diets based on a mixture of the corn-SBM diet and canola meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn germ meal (CGM), copra expellers, sugar beet pulp (SBP), synthetic cellulose, or pectin. Values for the ATTD of DM and nutrients were also compared with the in vitro digestibility of GE, DM, and nutrients. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE was greater (P < 0.05) in wheat than in canola meal, DDGS, CGM, copra expellers, SBP, and synthetic cellulose, but not different from corn, SBM, or pectin. SBM had greater (P < 0.05) DE and ME (DM basis) compared with all other ingredients. The concentration of ME (DM basis) was greater (P < 0.05) in wheat than in canola meal, DDGS, CGM, copra expellers, SBP, synthetic cellulose, and pectin, but not different from corn. Stronger correlations between total dietary fiber (TDF) and DE and ME than between ADF or NDF and DE and ME were observed, indicating that TDF can be used to more accurately predict DE and ME than values for NDF or ADF. The DE, ME, and the ATTD of DM in ingredients were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with in vitro ATTD of DM, indicating that the in vitro procedure may be used to estimate DE and ME in feed ingredients. Swelling and water-binding capacity were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the ATTD of IDF, TDF, nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), and insoluble NSP, and viscosity was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the ATTD of NDF, IDF, and insoluble NSP, indicating that some physical characteristics may influence digestibility of fiber. However, physical characteristics of feed ingredients were not correlated with the concentration of DE and ME, which indicates that these parameters do not influence in vivo energy digestibility in feed ingredients. It is concluded that the DE and ME in feed ingredients may be predicted from some chemical constituents and from in vitro digestibility of DM, but not from physical characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik M A M Bruininx
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
- Agrifirm Innovation Center, Royal Dutch Agrifirm, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Lineke de Jong
- Agrifirm Innovation Center, Royal Dutch Agrifirm, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Penn R, Ward BJ, Strande L, Maurer M. Review of synthetic human faeces and faecal sludge for sanitation and wastewater research. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 132:222-240. [PMID: 29331910 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Investigations involving human faeces and faecal sludge are of great importance for urban sanitation, such as operation and maintenance of sewer systems, or implementation of faecal sludge management. However, working with real faecal matter is difficult as it not only involves working with a pathogenic, malodorous material but also individual faeces and faecal sludge samples are highly variable, making it difficult to execute repeatable experiments. Synthetic faeces and faecal sludge can provide consistently reproducible substrate and alleviate these challenges. A critical literature review of simulants developed for various wastewater and faecal sludge related research is provided. Most individual studies sought to develop a simulant representative of specific physical, chemical, or thermal properties depending on their research objectives. Based on the review, a suitable simulant can be chosen and used or further developed according to the research needs. As an example, the authors present such a modification for the development of a simulant that can be used for investigating the motion (movement, settling and sedimentation) of faeces and their physical and biological disintegration in sewers and in on-site sanitation systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roni Penn
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara J Ward
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Linda Strande
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Max Maurer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hardacre AK, Lentle RG, Yap SY, Monro JA. Does viscosity or structure govern the rate at which starch granules are digested? Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:667-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
7
|
Physical Property Changes in Raw and Roasted Almonds during Gastric Digestion In vivo and In vitro. FOOD BIOPHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-013-9315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
8
|
Rheological Properties and Textural Attributes of Cooked Brown and White Rice During Gastric Digestion in Vivo. FOOD BIOPHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-013-9288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
9
|
Bornhorst GM, Ströbinger N, Rutherfurd SM, Singh RP, Moughan PJ. Properties of Gastric Chyme from Pigs Fed Cooked Brown or White Rice. FOOD BIOPHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-012-9277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
10
|
TAKAHASHI T. Flow Behavior of Digesta and the Absorption of Nutrients in the Gastrointestine. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:265-73. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru TAKAHASHI
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Faculty of Human Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lentle RG, Janssen PWM. Manipulating digestion with foods designed to change the physical characteristics of digesta. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:130-45. [PMID: 20112156 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802248726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We explore how foods can be designed to modulate digestion and to promote health by changing the physical properties of digesta. The physical characteristics of digesta are discussed along with their impact on the physiology of digestion with special reference to sites where these characteristics are likely to influence digestive efficiency. Evidence is reviewed regarding the effects of supplementation with viscoactive agents on the flow and mixing of digesta in particular segments of the human gut that, by changing the rheology and liquid permeability of digesta in that segment, influence specific aspects of digestion and absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Lentle
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lentle RG, Stafford KJ, Bekkour K, Aserevujanon P, Sylvester S, Hemar Y. Changes in the viscoelastic behaviour of the rumenal digesta mat of sheep fed on pasture or chaffed lucerne hay. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 94:495-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2009.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
13
|
Juśkiewicz J, Zduńczyk Z, Jankowski J, Król B, Milala J. Gastrointestinal tract metabolism of young turkeys fed diets supplemented with pure nystose or a fructooligosaccharide mixture. Arch Anim Nutr 2008; 62:389-403. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390802332944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Amerah A, Ravindran V, Lentle R, Thomas D. Influence of particle size and xylanase supplementation on the performance, energy utilisation, digestive tract parameters and digesta viscosity of broiler starters. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:455-62. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660802251749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
15
|
Lentle RG, Janssen PWM. Physical characteristics of digesta and their influence on flow and mixing in the mammalian intestine: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2008; 178:673-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-008-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
16
|
Dikeman CL, Barry KA, Murphy MR, Fahey GC. Diet and measurement techniques affect small intestinal digesta viscosity among dogs. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Takahashi T, Sakaguchi E. Transport of bacteria across and along the large intestinal lumen of guinea pigs. J Comp Physiol B 2005; 176:173-8. [PMID: 16320062 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-005-0039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to observe the transport of fluorescently labelled viable bacteria in the large intestinal lumen of guinea pigs after the injection of the bacteria into the proximal colon. Bacteria were transported along the radial and longitudinal axes of the intestine and were separated from dietary residue, accumulated, and then transported back to the caecum. These observations, together with the heterogeneous distribution of bacterial species and chemical composition across and along the large intestine, suggest that there are several different microenvironments within the intestinal lumen between which bacteria and/or dietary residues move. The existence of different microenvironments within the intestinal lumen is consistent with poor mixing of the digesta within the large intestine of pigs and chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 1-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Takahashi T, Karita S, Ogawa N, Goto M. Crystalline cellulose reduces plasma glucose concentrations and stimulates water absorption by increasing the digesta viscosity in rats. J Nutr 2005; 135:2405-10. [PMID: 16177204 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.10.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cellulose is generally considered not to affect the viscosity of the digesta in the upper gastrointestinal tract, we found previously that the ingestion of cellulose elevated the viscosity of the gastric, small intestinal, and cecal contents when particulate matter was included in the measurements. We hypothesized that the digesta viscosity influences absorption. Here, we examined the effects of crystalline cellulose on plasma glucose concentrations by infusing control and cellobiose- and cellulose-containing artificial digesta of approximately 30 mL into the small intestine of rats. Cellulose, but not cellobiose, decreased the postinfusion plasma glucose concentration (P < 0.05), although cellulose did not cause adsorption or dilution of glucose. Among the physical properties of the artificial digesta, only viscosity was responsible for the decrease in the plasma glucose concentration, whereas water content, free water, bound water, and osmotic pressure were not. The cellulose-induced increase in digesta viscosity may delay glucose diffusion in the lumen, as found in our previous study. Cellulose also stimulated water absorption from the small intestine (P < 0.05), which may be attributable to increases in the water potential of the digesta moving through the small intestine. The ingestion of cellulose with meals, which increases digesta viscosity, is likely to modulate the postprandial plasma glucose concentration and to reduce the incidence of diarrhea associated with enteral nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takahashi
- Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurima Machiya 1577, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lentle RG, Hemar Y, Hall CE, Stafford KJ. Periodic fluid extrusion and models of digesta mixing in the intestine of a herbivore, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). J Comp Physiol B 2005; 175:337-47. [PMID: 15928916 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-005-0490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The digesta in four gut compartments (proximal and distal halves of small intestine, caecum, and proximal colon) of a wild hindgut fermenting herbivore, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), were investigated by rheometry and permeametry. Digesta from all compartments were highly viscous and exhibited shear-thinning. Apparent viscosity was positively related to dry matter content, and increased from proximal small intestine to colon. Dynamic rheological measurements showed that in small intestinal digesta the elastic modulus was greater than the viscous modulus and their ratios were characteristic of weak gels, indicating that digesta could sustain compression. The apparent viscosity of distal small intestinal digesta was markedly lower when measured by capillary viscometry than by rotatory viscometry, indicating that plug flow was likely to be facilitated by lubrication from a peripheral layer of less viscous fluid; i.e., there was an augmented plug flow. Permeametry showed that fluid was extruded from all digesta on compression at physiological pressures, that there was significant permeability of proximal and distal small intestinal digesta, but that digesta became progressively compacted during permeation, with a concomitant reduction in permeability as dry matter content increased. It is proposed that conditions within the small intestine differ from those of an ideal plug flow reactor as radial mixing and turbulence cannot occur. Instead, we suggest that segmentation and peristalsis aid radial mixing of the fluid phase by compressing the solid phase, with extrusion of fluid through the digesta plug. This extrusion may be followed by resorption of fluid back into the plug when the elasticity of the solid phase of digesta is Hookean, thus aiding the mixing of secreted enzymes with insoluble substrates within the plug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Lentle
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag, 11222 Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|