Dimensions of oral health-related quality of life in an adult Swedish population

Assessment of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Using the Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) Instrument Among Secondary School Teachers of Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction Oral health has an impact on a person's general health, well-being, and quality of life. Due to their expertise and interactions with people, school staff members can actively contribute to the promotion of children's health if provided with the proper training. Methodology A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the "oral health-related quality of life" using the Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) instrument among the secondary school teachers of Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh. The study included a sample of 400 government secondary school teachers and 400 private secondary school teachers. The independent sample t-test was performed to assess the relationship between the mean of OIDP dimensions and the prevalence of dental caries. Any p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The data was analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 software package (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results In the present study, most of the participants (174 (43.5%) government teachers and 197 (49.2%) private teachers) were in the age group of 41-50 years. According to the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, the mean decayed teeth present for government and private school teachers were 0.45 ± 0.503 and 0.41 ± 0.493, respectively, and the mean DMF scores for government and private teachers were 1.27 ± 0.736 and 1.03 ± 0.757, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the DMFT scores and the mean scores for the dimensions of the OIDP among both government and private secondary school teachers. Conclusion The poor dental health status of teachers' has a bad impact on everyday performance and academic work. The findings of the study highlight the need for oral health education and good oral health maintenance among school teachers since they are the ones who can easily influence the behavior of the children.

A Danish version of the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14): translation and cross-cultural adaptation

Background

The Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire assesses quality of life related to people’s perception of oral disorders on their well-being. However, a translated and validated Danish version of OHIP-14 is not yet available.

The purpose of this pilot study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the English version of the OHIP-14 into Danish (OHIP-14-DK). In addition, to assess its content and face validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

Methods

The English version of OHIP-14 was translated into Danish following a standard protocol of cross-cultural adaptation. Stages I-IV: translation phase to generate a pre-final version “OHIP-14-DK”. Stage V: pre-testing phase. A random sample of 22 orthodontic patients (mean age 24.7 years, SD ±14.8; 14 females, 8 males) were selected at the Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University, Denmark. All patients self-completed the OHIP-14-DK and were then interviewed to assess its content and face validity. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. All patients completed the same questionnaire again at a one-week interval. Test-retest reliability was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

The initial and back translations were very similar: the OHIP-14-DK proved to have a good level of equivalence with no translation errors or deviations. Furthermore, the OHIP-14-DK seemed well-adapted to Danish culture and was understood by individuals down to 12 years of age. Pre-testing demonstrated good face and content validity; interviews had a response rate of 100% and confirmed that each item was understandable without inducing reluctance or hesitation. Thus, responses were related to their corresponding item. Therefore, no final adjustments were required for the pre-tested version. Cronbach’s alpha for the OHIP-14-DK subscales fell in the 0.75–0.84 range, indicating an adequate-to-good internal consistency. Spearman’s correlation coefficient for the OHIP-14-DK total score was 0.77. The ICC for the OHIP-14-DK total score was 0.91.

Conclusions

The OHIP-14-DK seems well adapted to Danish culture, proved to be face and content valid and also showed good internal consistency and excellent reliability. However, its psychometric properties still need to be tested.

Study registration

Not applicable

A program review of a community-based oral health care program for socially vulnerable and underserved citizens in Denmark

OBJECTIVES

To describe the oral health and oral health-related quality of life among social vulnerable adults enrolled in a special oral care program, and to evaluate the effect of oral care on their oral health-related quality of life.

METHOD

Social workers identified social vulnerable persons in social centres and referred them to the program. Dental clinics were arranged including a well-motivated staff to be special responsive to these clients. The participants, (n = 235, mean age 43.5 years) with drug abuse, being homeless, permanently unemployed, or with mental problems were offered low-cost treatment services. Data collection was made by clinical registration and questionnaires. Oral health-related quality of life was measured by means of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 index (OHIP-14).

RESULTS

94% of the participants had actual decayed teeth (mean 9.5). Forty-four per cent had not visited a dentist within 5 years and less than one-third reported tooth brushing twice a day, 17% even less frequent. One hundred and forty-six completed the dental program within the program period. Mean OHIP-14 score was 28.6 at baseline. Among those who fulfilled the program, the OHIP-14 score was reduced to 9.9 (p < .001).

CONCLUSION

Oral health among the study population was very poor. However, oral problems in this group can be solved, and their oral health-related quality of life can be increased although it requires special arrangements and special clinical environment.

Dimensional structure of the oral health-related quality of life in healthy Spanish workers

BACKGROUND

Oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL) is conceived as a multidimensional construct. Here our aim was to investigate the dimensional structure of OHQoL as measured by the Spanish versions of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaires applied simultaneously.

METHODS

We recruited a consecutive sample of 270 healthy Spanish workers visiting the Employment Risk Prevention Centre for a routine medical check-up. OHIP-14 was self-completed by participants but the OIDP was completed in face-to-face interviews. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to identify the underlying dimensions of the OHQoL construct assessed by both instruments. This factorial structure was later confirmed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using several estimators of goodness of fit indices.

RESULTS

EFA and the CFA identified and respectively confirmed a set of 3 underlying factors in both questionnaires that could be interpreted as functional limitation, pain-discomfort, and psychosocial impacts. The model achieved was seen to fit properly for both instruments, but the factorial structure was clearer for the OIDP.

CONCLUSIONS

The results provide evidence for construct equivalence in the latent factors assessed by both OIDP and OHIP-14, suggesting that OHQoL is a three-dimensional construct. The prevalence of impact on these three factors was coherent between both indicators, pain-discomfort having the highest prevalence, followed by psycho-social impact, and functional limitation.

Oral health impact on quality of life in an adult Swedish population

OBJECTIVES

Oral health has a major impact on general quality of life. The aspects of oral health that are most important for each individual vary, and quality of life is a construct and not a measurable variable. The aim of this study was to describe the impact of oral health on quality of life in an adult Swedish population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study comprised a stratified random sample of 519 individuals. The OHIP-14 questionnaire was used and the answers were rated on a scale of 0-4.

RESULTS

Twenty-one percent of the respondents stated that they had no oral problems related to well-being, and 79% had some form of problem related to quality of life. The mean value for the entire population was 6.4 (SD = 7.1); 5.9 (SD = 7.1) for men and 6.8 (SD = 7.2) for women. Of individuals who stated that they had oral problems, the majority were women aged 20 years. Nineteen percent of 30-year-old men and 53% of 70-year-old women stated that they had had problems that had made life less satisfactory. Individuals who frequently experienced problems related to oral health, with scores of 16-41 points, accounted for 10%.

CONCLUSION

In this Swedish population, a number of individuals, young and old, experienced oral problems that had an impact on their well-being.

Oral health-related quality of life in a birth cohort of 32-year olds

OBJECTIVES

To describe oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among New Zealand adults and assess the relationship between clinical measures of oral health status and a well-established OHRQoL measure, controlling for sex, socioeconomic status (SES) and use of dental services.

METHODS

A birth cohort of 924 dentate adults (participants in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study) was systematically examined for dental caries, tooth loss, and periodontal attachment loss (CAL) at age 32 years. OHRQoL was measured using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire (OHIP-14). The questionnaire also collected data on each study member's occupation, self-rated oral health and reasons for seeing a dental care provider. SES was determined from each individual's occupation at age 32 years.

RESULTS

The mean total OHIP-14 score was 8.0 (SD 8.1); 23.4% of the cohort reported one or more OHIP problems 'fairly often' or 'very often'. When the prevalence of impacts 'fairly/very often' was modeled using logistic regression, having untreated caries, two or more sites with CAL of 4+ mm and 1 or more teeth missing by age 32 years remained significantly associated with OHRQoL, after adjusting for sex and 'episodic' dental care. Multivariate analysis using Poisson regression determined that being in the low SES group was also associated with the mean number of impacts (extent) and the rated severity of impacts.

CONCLUSIONS

OHIP-14 scores were significantly associated with clinical oral health status indicators, independently of sex and socioeconomic inequalities in oral health. The prevalence of impacts (23.4%) in the cohort was significantly greater than age- and sex-standardized estimates from Australia (18.2%) and the UK (15.9%).

Oral health-related quality of life: a critical appraisalof assessment tools used in elderly people

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to undertake a critical appraisal of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) measurements used for research in the elderly.

BACKGROUND

A variety of OHRQoL measurements have been developed in the past 20 years as a result of increased concern about the impact of oral conditions on a person's quality of life. There is need for an assessment aimed at prioritising the recommended measurements to be used for different purposes in the elderly.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Original English language papers using measurements to assess OHRQoL in the elderly were identified from Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, Medline and Lilacs databases. The search included all papers published from 1985 to February 2007. The criteria of assessment were: (i) measurement criteria (number of items and domains, and classification of the results found for each measurement); (ii) quantitative-qualitative criteria (frequency, acceptability, reproducibility, reliability, sensitivity and capability of being reproduced in other language versions).

RESULTS

In a total of 152 papers selected, 20 measurements were identified. However, only seven fulfilled all the measurement and quantitative-qualitative criteria.

CONCLUSION

Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index, Subjective Oral Health Status Indicators, Oral Health Impact Profile-49, Dental Impact on Daily Living, Oral Health Impact Profile-14, Oral Impact on Daily Performances and German Version of the Oral Heath Impact Profile were considered as instruments of choice to assess OHRQoL in the elderly. The other 13 instruments identified require further research aimed at a validation process and the use of a language other than English.

Exploring dimensions of oral health-related quality of life using experts–opinions

Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) is expected to be multidimensional. However, it is unknown what these dimensions are. This study aimed to explore the dimensional structure of OHRQoL using experts' opinions. A conceptual model of oral health with seven dimensions (functional limitation; physical pain; psychological discomfort; physical, psychological, social disability; handicap) was provided to 14 health care professionals. They assigned each of 49 items of an OHRQoL questionnaire, the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), to the seven model dimensions. All 49 items could be assigned to one or more dimensions of OHRQoL. All seven dimensions of the conceptual model of oral health were identified: Functional limitation appeared 14 times, physical pain eight times, psychological discomfort 12 times, physical disability once, psychological disability four times, social disability nine times, and handicap once. This supported a seven-dimensional model of OHRQoL. However, when items were grouped into clusters with unique content, a smaller model appeared with the dimensions oral functions, orofacial pain, psychological impact, and social impact.