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Batista da Silva C, Volpato MC, Muniz BV, dos Santos CP, Serpe L, Ferreira LEN, de Melo NFS, Fraceto LF, Groppo FC, Franz-Montan M. Promising potential of articaine-loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapules for intraoral topical anesthesia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246760. [PMID: 33571275 PMCID: PMC7877576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether the permeation capacity and analgesic efficacy of articaine (ATC) could be increased and cytotoxicity decreased by encapsulation in poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanocapsules (ATCnano), aiming at local or topical anesthesia in dentistry. Cellular viability was evaluated (using the MTT test and fluorescence microscopy) after 1 h and 24 h exposure of HaCaT cells to ATC, ATCnano, ATC with epinephrine (ATCepi), and ATC in nanocapsules with epinephrine (ATCnanoepi). The profiles of permeation of 2% ATC and 2% ATCnano across swine esophageal epithelium were determined using Franz-type vertical diffusion cells. Analgesic efficacy was evaluated with a von Frey anesthesiometer in a postoperative pain model in rats, comparing the 2% ATC, 2% ATCnano, 2% ATCepi, and 2% ATCnanoepi formulations to 4% ATCepi (a commercially available formulation). We show that use of the nanocapsules decreased the toxicity of articaine (P<0.0001) and increased its flux (P = 0.0007). The 2% ATCepi and 4% ATCepi formulations provided higher analgesia success and duration (P<0.05), compared to 2% ATC, 2% ATCnano, and 2% ATCnanoepi. Articaine-loaded poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanocapsules constitute a promising formulation for intraoral topical anesthesia (prior to local anesthetic injection), although it is not effective when injected in inflamed tissues for pain control, such as irreversible pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Batista da Silva
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Health Sciences, University of Mogi das Cruzes–UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Volpato
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vilela Muniz
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Itapeva Faculty of Social and Agrarian Sciences—FAIT, Itapeva, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleiton Pita dos Santos
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Serpe
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Nunes Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunology, Guarulhos University–UNG, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Ferreira Silva de Melo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Institute, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Carlos Groppo
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Franz-Montan
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Čižmáriková R, Čižmárik J, Valentová J, Habala L, Markuliak M. Chiral Aspects of Local Anesthetics. Molecules 2020; 25:E2738. [PMID: 32545678 PMCID: PMC7355888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thanks to the progress made in chemical technology (particularly in the methodologies of stereoselective syntheses and analyses) along with regulatory measures, the number of new chiral drugs registered in the form of pure enantiomers has increased over the past decade. In addition, the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of the individual enantiomers of already-introduced racemic drugs are being re-examined. The use of the pure enantiomer of a drug that has been used to date in the form of a racemate is called a "chiral switch". A re-examination of the properties of the pure enantiomers of racemates has taken place for local anesthetics, which represent a group of drugs which have long been used. Differences in (R) and (S)-enantiomers were found in terms of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic activity as well as in toxicity. Levobupivacaine and robivacaine were introduced into practice as pure (S)-(-)-enantiomers, exhibiting more favorable properties than their (R)-(+)-stereoisomers or racemates. This overview focuses on the influence of chirality on the pharmacological and toxicological activity of local anesthetics as well as on individual HPLC and capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods used for enantioseparation and the pharmacokinetic study of individual local anesthetics with a chiral center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ružena Čižmáriková
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.Č.); (J.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Jozef Čižmárik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jindra Valentová
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.Č.); (J.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Ladislav Habala
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.Č.); (J.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Mário Markuliak
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.Č.); (J.V.); (M.M.)
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Graesbøll K, Sasse-Middelhoff H, Heimburg T. The thermodynamics of general and local anesthesia. Biophys J 2014; 106:2143-56. [PMID: 24853743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthetics are known to cause depression of the freezing point of transitions in biomembranes. This is a consequence of ideal mixing of the anesthetic drugs in the membrane fluid phase and exclusion from the solid phase. Such a generic law provides physical justification of the famous Meyer-Overton rule. We show here that general anesthetics, barbiturates, and local anesthetics all display the same effect on melting transitions. Their effect is reversed by hydrostatic pressure. Thus, the thermodynamic behavior of local anesthetics is very similar to that of general anesthetics. We present a detailed thermodynamic analysis of heat capacity profiles of membranes in the presence of anesthetics. Using this analysis, we are able to describe experimentally observed calorimetric profiles and predict the anesthetic features of arbitrary molecules. In addition, we discuss the thermodynamic origin of the cutoff effect of long-chain alcohols and the additivity of the effect of general and local anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaare Graesbøll
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Heimburg
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in articaine can be related to superior bone tissue penetration: a molecular dynamics study. Biophys Chem 2010; 154:18-25. [PMID: 21227568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that cause reversible loss of nociception during surgical procedures. Articaine is a commonly used LA in dentistry that has proven to be exceptionally effective in penetrating bone tissue and induce anesthesia on posterior teeth in maxilla and mandibula. In the present study, our aim was to gain a deeper understanding of the penetration of articaine through biological membranes by studying the interactions of articaine with a phospholipid membrane. Our approach involves Langmuir monolayer experiments combined with molecular dynamics simulations. Membrane permeability of LAs can be modulated by pH due to a titratable amine group with a pKa value close to physiological pH. A change in protonation state is thus known to act as a lipophilicity switch in LAs. Our study shows that articaine has an additional unique lipophilicity switch in its ability to form an intramolecular hydrogen bond. We suggest this intramolecular hydrogen bond as a novel and additional solvent-dependent mechanism for modulation of lipophilicity of articaine which may enhance its diffusion through membranes and connective tissue.
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