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Flores-Hidalgo A, Phero J, Steward-Tharp S, Williamson M, Paquette D, Krishnan D, Padilla R. Immunophenotypic and Gene Expression Analyses of the Inflammatory Microenvironment in High-Grade Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Lichen Planus. Head Neck Pathol 2024; 18:17. [PMID: 38456941 PMCID: PMC10923754 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-024-01624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) present diagnostic challenges due to clinical and histologic overlap. This study explores the immune microenvironment in OED, hypothesizing that immune signatures could aid in diagnostic differentiation and predict malignant transformation. METHODS Tissue samples from OED and OLP cases were analyzed using immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry (IF/IHC) for CD4, CD8, CD163/STAT1, and PD-1/PDL-1 expression. RNA-sequencing was performed on the samples, and data was subjected to CIBERSORTx analysis for immune cell composition. Gene Ontology analysis on the immune differentially expressed genes was also conducted. RESULTS In OED, CD8 + T-cells infiltrated dysplastic epithelium, correlating with dysplasia severity. CD4 + lymphocytes increased in the basal layer. STAT1/CD163 + macrophages correlated with CD4 + intraepithelial distribution. PD-1/PDL-1 expression varied. IF/IHC analysis revealed differential immune cell composition between OED and OLP. RNA-sequencing identified upregulated genes associated with cytotoxic response and immunosurveillance in OED. Downregulated genes were linked to signaling, immune cell recruitment, and tumor suppression. CONCLUSIONS The immune microenvironment distinguishes OED and OLP, suggesting diagnostic potential. Upregulated genes indicate cytotoxic immune response in OED. Downregulation of TRADD, CX3CL1, and ILI24 implies dysregulation in TNFR1 signaling, immune recruitment, and tumor suppression. This study contributes to the foundation for understanding immune interactions in OED and OLP, offering insights into future objective diagnostic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Flores-Hidalgo
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - James Phero
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott Steward-Tharp
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Megumi Williamson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine, Greenville, USA
| | - David Paquette
- Department of Surgical Sciences, East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine, Greenville, USA
| | - Deepak Krishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ricardo Padilla
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, USA
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Normando AGC, Dos Santos ES, Sá JDO, Busso-Lopes AF, De Rossi T, Patroni FMDS, Granato DC, Guerra ENS, Santos-Silva AR, Lopes MA, Paes Leme AF. A meta-analysis reveals the protein profile associated with malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1088022. [PMID: 36923449 PMCID: PMC10008949 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1088022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for biomarkers associated with oral leukoplakia malignant transformation is critical for early diagnosis and improved prognosis of oral cancer patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess protein-based markers potentially associated with malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia. Five database and the grey literature were searched. In total, 142 studies were included for qualitative synthesis, where 173 proteins were investigated due to their potential role in malignant progression from oral leukoplakia (OL) to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The abundance of these proteins was analyzed in fixed tissues and/or biofluid samples, mainly by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, and 12 were shared by both samples. Enrichment analysis revealed that the differential abundant proteins are mostly involved with regulation of cell death, regulation of cell proliferation, and regulation of apoptotic process. Also, these proteins are mainly expressed in the extracellular region (55.5%), cell surface (24.8%), and vesicles (49.1%). The meta-analysis revealed that the proteins related to tumor progression, PD-L1, Mdm2, and Mucin-4 were significantly associated with greater abundance in OSCC patients, with an Odds Ratio (OR) of 0.12 (95% CI: 0.04-0.40), 0.44 (95% CI: 0.24-0.81), and 0.18 (95% CI: 0.04-0.86), respectively, with a moderate certainty of evidence. The results indicate a set of proteins that have been investigated across OSCC initiation and progression, and whose transcriptional expression is associated with clinical characteristics relevant to the prognosis and aggressiveness. Further verification and validation of this biomarkers set are strongly recommended for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabriela Costa Normando
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Erison Santana Dos Santos
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jamile de Oliveira Sá
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ariane Fidelis Busso-Lopes
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tatiane De Rossi
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Campos Granato
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Alan Roger Santos-Silva
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Márcio Ajudarte Lopes
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
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Monteiro L, Mello FW, Warnakulasuriya S. Tissue biomarkers for predicting the risk of oral cancer in patients diagnosed with oral leukoplakia: A systematic review. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1977-1992. [PMID: 33290585 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We performed a systematic review to evaluate the published biomarkers related to oral leukoplakia (OL), aiming to identify the biomarkers that indicate any future risk of cancer in patients with oral leukoplakia. METHODS A search strategy was developed for three main electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO, and also for Google Scholar, until February 28, 2020. The study selection was performed in a two-phase process aiming at studies assessing tissue biomarkers for "malignant transformation of OL." Risk of bias analysis of included studies was performed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies Tool. RESULTS From 3,130 articles initially identified by searching databases, a total of 46 studies were included in this systematic review, with a combined sample of 3,783 patients, of whom 1,047 presented with malignant transformation of a previously diagnosed OL as reported by the authors. The cancer incidence in the whole group was 27.6% (range: 5.4% to 54.1%). The studies were derived from different geographic areas, including Asia (n = 21), Europe (n = 15), North America (n = 9), and Oceania (n = 1). There were 49 different molecular biomarkers evaluated in the 46 included studies: p53 and podoplanin proteins were the most frequently reported, followed by abnormalities at particular chromosomal loci (e.g., LOH). Risk of bias analysis revealed concerns associated with "measurement of prognostic factor," "study confounding" and "statistical analysis and reporting." CONCLUSIONS Substantial heterogeneity and lack of standardized reporting of data among the studies were identified. The most promising biomarkers reported to have a significant association with the malignant transformation in OL included podoplanin and chromosomal loci abnormalities. A critical examination of the follow-up studies on OL published so far indicated that tissue biomarkers that could predict the risk of oral cancer in patients with OL are still in a discovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Monteiro
- Medicine and Oral Surgery Department, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), IUCS - Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Weber Mello
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London, UK
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Yang H, Zhang S, Wang J, Fan J, Qiao Y, Taylor PR. Oral leukoplakia and the long-term risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer deaths in the Linxian dysplasia population. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:2804-2811. [PMID: 32808454 PMCID: PMC7529544 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate oral leukoplakia (OL) and risk of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer deaths in the Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial (NIT) cohort. METHODS A total of 3318 subjects with esophageal squamous dysplasia enrolled on 1 May 1985, and were followed up until 30 September 2015. Participants with OL at baseline were treated as an exposed group, while the remainder was selected as a control group. All subjects were followed monthly and reviewed quarterly by the Linxian Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS During the 30-year follow-up, a total of 902 UGI cancer deaths occurred, including 541 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) related, 284 gastric cardia carcinoma (GCC) related, and 77 gastric noncardia carcinoma (GNCC) related deaths. Relative to subjects without OL, the long-term risk of ESCC mortality in participants with OL increased by 26.1% (HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.05-1.52). In the subgroup analyses, adverse effects of OL on ESCC mortality were observed especially in younger subjects (HR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11-1.97), females (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.11-1.89), non-smokers (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.15-1.81), nondrinkers (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.57), and individuals with a family history of cancer (HR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05-1.79). No associations were observed between OL and risk of GCC and GNCC mortality. CONCLUSIONS OL may increase the long-term risk of ESCC mortality, especially in younger subjects, females, nondrinkers, non-smokers, and subjects with a family cancer history. Future studies are needed to explore the potentially etiological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Su Zhang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jianbing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jinhu Fan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Youlin Qiao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & GeneticsNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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Oral potentially malignant disorders: A scoping review of prognostic biomarkers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 153:102986. [PMID: 32682268 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to map evidence regarding biomarkers for malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). Seventy-three longitudinal studies investigating prognostic biomarkers for OPMD malignant transformation were included, encompassing 5612 disorders and 108 biomarkers, of which 72 were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Most biomarkers were assessed in one or two studies, while five (p53, Ki-67, podoplanin, p16, and DNA ploidy) were analyzed in five or more studies. All studies investigating podoplanin (n = 8) reported a significant association between positive/high immunoexpression and malignant transformation. Similarly, all studies assessing DNA ploidy (n = 5) found that aneuploidy or gross genomic aberrations were significantly associated with malignant transformation. Included studies often presented mixed data from different OPMD subtypes, inadequate description of population characteristics, and lack of adjusted analysis for confounding factors. One hundred and eight biomarkers were identified and, from these, podoplanin immunoexpression and DNA ploidy were considered promising candidates for future long-term clinical research.
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Celentano A, Glurich I, Borgnakke WS, Farah CS. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Prognostic biomarkers in oral leukoplakia and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia-A systematic review of retrospective studies. Oral Dis 2020; 27:848-880. [PMID: 32306449 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review retrospective studies examining prognostic potentials of candidate biomarkers to stratify malignant progression of oral leukoplakia (OL) and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL). MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Evidence-Based Medicine and Web of Science databases targeted literature published through 29 March 2018. Inter-rater agreement was ascertained during title, abstract and full-text reviews. Eligibility evaluation and data abstraction from eligible studies were guided by predefined PICO questions and bias assessment by the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Reporting followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis criteria. Biomarkers were stratified based on cancer hallmarks. RESULTS Eligible studies (n = 54/3,415) evaluated 109 unique biomarkers in tissue specimens from 2,762 cases (2,713 OL, 49 PVL). No biomarker achieved benchmarks for clinical application to detect malignant transformation. Inter-rater reliability was high, but 65% of included studies had high "Study Confounding" bias risk. CONCLUSION There was no evidence to support translation of candidate biomarkers predictive of malignant transformation of OL and PVL. Systematically designed, large, optimally controlled, collaborative, prospective and longitudinal studies with a priori-specified methods to identify, recruit, prospectively follow and test for malignant transformation are needed to enhance feasibility of prognostic biomarkers predicting malignant OL or PVL transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ingrid Glurich
- Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Wenche S Borgnakke
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Camile S Farah
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, Perth, WA, Australia.,Oral, Maxillofacial and Dental Surgery, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Dineshshankar J, Ganapathy N, Yoithapprabhunath TR, Swathiraman J, Maheswaran T, Ilayaraja V. Morphological Analysis of Elastic Fibers in Various Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Epithelial Dysplasia Using Verhoeff-Van Gieson Stain. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2019; 10:RMMJ.10367. [PMID: 31335308 PMCID: PMC6649776 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy in India. The aggressiveness of OSCC is analyzed not only based on the dysplastic features and tumor infiltration pattern, but also by means of the stromal changes that pave the way for an invasion into the connective tissue. The role of elastic fibers in the progression of OSCC is still unknown because of sparse literature and the masking effect of overlying inflammatory cells and the lower number of elastic fibers in the lamina propria. The present study provides further insight into the qualitative assessment of elastic fibers in various grades of dysplasia and OSCC. OBJECTIVES To analyze the morphological changes exhibited by the elastic fibers in epithelial dysplasia and OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two sections were cut from each of 60 samples of varying grades of OSCC and 60 samples of varying grades of epithelial dysplasia followed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Verhoeff-Van Gieson stain. RESULTS Statistically significant results were obtained for qualitative analysis of elastic fibers. A change in density and orientation to overlying epithelium and tumor islands was seen on progressing from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated OSCC and in progressing grades of dysplasia. CONCLUSION The uniqueness of this study lies in the exploration of elastic fibers in dysplasia and well-differentiated OSCC, a less explored field. The study of the connective tissue stromal changes can be used as an adjunct to histological grading.
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8
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Nagao T, Warnakulasuriya S, Sakuma H, Miyabe S, Hasegawa S, Machida J, Suzuki K, Fukano H, Shimozato K, Hashimoto S. p53 and ki67 as biomarkers in determining response to chemoprevention for oral leukoplakia. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:346-352. [PMID: 27605086 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed a randomized controlled chemoprevention trial of oral leukoplakia by administrating a low dose of beta-carotene and vitamin C supplements. 17% of subjects in the experimental arm (4/23) demonstrated clinical remission (complete or partial response) at completion of the trial. The objective of this study was to determine whether baseline expression of p53 and ki67 demonstrated any differences between those responding or not responding to our intervention. A secondary objective was to elucidate any relationship between dietary factors and clinical responses. METHODS For this biomarker study, we included all subjects in the experimental group (n = 23) who were non-smokers. Among 16 who completed the trial for 1 year of supplementation, there were four responders and 12 non-responders at 1-year follow-up. Following immuno-staining for p53 and ki67, the percentage of positive cell nuclei were analyzed as labeling index (LI). RESULTS Expression of p53 was greater in basal layers than in para-basal layers. Mean para-basal LI of p53 was higher in non-responding (26.0) than in responding subjects (11.2) (P = 0.028). ki67 LIs were not significantly different in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Expression of p53 was inversely related to clinical response to the supplements. Other biomarkers that may recognize subject's responsiveness to chemoprevention require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nagao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Okazaki City Hospital, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Oral Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer/Precancer, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Department of Oral Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer/Precancer, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hidenori Sakuma
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyabe
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaragi, Japan
| | - Junichiro Machida
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Health Science, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukano
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shimozato
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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Ramirez-Mares MV, Kobayashi H, de Mejia EG. Inhibitory effect of Camellia sinensis, Ilex paraguariensis and Ardisia compressa tea extracts on the proliferation of human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:269-278. [PMID: 28959547 PMCID: PMC5615828 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis were investigated, using three human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines (OSCC-3, SCC-61, and SQ-20B). Aqueous extracts of Camellia sinensis, Ilex paraguariensis, and Ardisia compressa were tested and (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was used for comparison. For EGCG the IC50 values were between 80 and 166 μM and for the extracts among 75 and 505 μM eq. (+) catechin, with C. sinensis demonstrating dominant cytotoxicity. There was not a correlation between antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry analysis revealed similarities in response for EGCG and C. sinensis. The A. compressa extract altered DNA distribution (P < 0.05) and was the most effective in induction of apoptosis via caspases (P < 0.05). Not all HNSCC cells tested responded to the same preventive agents. The fact that A. compressa inhibits HNSCC cell proliferation makes this aqueous extract a potential source of chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideka Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, MC-051, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801,USA
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, MC-051, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801,USA
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PITX1 is a reliable biomarker for predicting prognosis in patients with oral epithelial dysplasia. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:750-754. [PMID: 24527083 PMCID: PMC3919858 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired-like homeodomain 1 (PITX1) genes are essential in human development. In the present study, PITX1 protein expression was evaluated in human normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), with the aim of examining the expression patterns of these critical genes during the multi-stage transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia to OSCC. PITX1 and Ki-67 expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 26 individuals with normal oral mucosa, 106 patients with oral epithelial dysplasia and 97 OSCC patients. The labeling indices (LIs) of PITX1 and Ki-67 were calculated and their correlation with the incidence of malignancy was evaluated. The PITX1 LI of the dysplasia specimens was significantly lower than that of the normal oral mucosa samples, but significantly higher than that of the OSCC samples. The oral epithelial dysplasia patients that exhibited low PITX1 expression showed a significantly higher incidence of malignant transformation than those exhibiting high PITX1 expression, regardless of the histological grades of their oral epithelial dysplasias. On the other hand, no correlation was observed between the Ki-67 LI and the incidence of malignancy. These results suggested that PITX1 suppression is associated with malignant transformation in the oral epithelium and that PITX1 expression may serve as a novel biomarker for predicting prognosis in oral epithelial dysplasia.
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11
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Yokoyama M. Alterations in Stromal Reaction During Tumor Progression in Oral Mucosa. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.20.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Brennan M, Migliorati CA, Lockhart PB, Wray D, Al-Hashimi I, Axéll T, Bruce AJ, Carpenter W, Eisenberg E, Epstein JB, Holmstrup P, Jontell M, Nair R, Sasser H, Schifter M, Silverman B, Thongprasom K, Thornhill M, Warnakulasuriya S, van der Waal I. Management of oral epithelial dysplasia: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 103 Suppl:S19.e1-12. [PMID: 17257863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the goals of the fourth meeting of The World Workshop on Oral Medicine (WWOM IV) included a review of the pathophysiology and future directions for the clinical management of patients with oral epithelial dysplasia, excluding the lips and oropharynx. In the pathophysiology review of dysplasia since WWOM III (1998-2006), a wide range of molecular changes associated with progression of dysplasia to squamous cell carcinoma were found. These include loss of heterozygosity, dysregulation of apoptosis, aberrant DNA expression, and altered expression of numerous tissue markers. Based on the literature search, no single molecular pathway has been identified as the primary factor in progression of dysplasia to squamous cell carcinoma. A systematic review of medical (i.e., nonsurgical) management strategies for the treatment of dysplastic lesions has shown promising results in short-term resolution of dysplasia in the small number of studies that met eligibility criteria for review. However, because of the limited periods of follow-up reported in these studies, it remains unclear as whether resolution of dysplasia would actually be a long-term benefit of these interventions. This question is particularly germane when it is considered in the context of prevention of future development of squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the lack of randomized controlled trials that have shown effectiveness in the prevention of malignant transformation, no recommendations can be provided for specific surgical interventions of dysplastic oral lesions either.
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13
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Kanojia D, Vaidya MM. 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced experimental oral carcinogenesis. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:655-67. [PMID: 16448841 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human oral cancer is the sixth largest group of malignancies worldwide and single largest group of malignancies in the Indian subcontinent. Seventy percent of premalignant cancers appear from premalignant lesions. Only 8-10% of these lesions finally turn into malignancy. The appearance of these premalignant lesions is one distinct feature of human oral cancer. At present there is dearth of biomarkers to identify which of these lesions will turn into malignancy. Regional lymph node metastasis and locoregional recurrence are the major factors responsible for the limited survival of patients with oral cancer. Paucity of early diagnostic and prognostic markers is one of the contributory factors for higher mortality rates. Cancer is a multistep process and because of constrain in availability of human tissues from multiple stages of oral carcinogenesis including normal tissues, animal models are being widely used, aiming for the development of diagnostic and prognostic markers. A number of chemical carcinogens like coal tar, 20 methyl cholanthrene (20MC), 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) have been used in experimental oral carcinogenesis. However, 4NQO is the preferred carcinogen apart from DMBA in the development of experimental oral carcinogenesis. 4NQO is a water soluble carcinogen, which induces tumors predominantly in the oral cavity. It produces all the stages of oral carcinogenesis and several lines of evidences suggest that similar histological as well as molecular changes are observed in the human system. In the present review an attempt has been made to collate the information available on mechanisms of action of 4NQO, studies carried out for the development of biomarkers and chemopreventives agents using 4NQO animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kanojia
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410 208, India
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Nikitakis NG, Sauk JJ, Papanicolaou SI. The role of apoptosis in oral disease: mechanisms; aberrations in neoplastic, autoimmune, infectious, hematologic, and developmental diseases; and therapeutic opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 97:476-90. [PMID: 15088032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed form of cell death, which primarily functions to eliminate senescent or altered cells that are useless or harmful for the multicellular organism. Contrary to necrosis, apoptosis represents a physiologic cellular mechanism, normal function and control of which are critical for the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. In contrast, aberrations of the apoptotic mechanisms that cause excessive or deficient programmed cell death have been linked to a wide array of pathologic conditions. This review briefly summarizes the major apoptotic pathways and molecules and presents the most important oral diseases that are related to dysregulation of apoptosis. Knowledge of the association between aberrations in apoptotic mechanisms and human pathology hopefully will be implemented for the design of improved diagnostic and prognostic assays and the development of novel, more efficient, therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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