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Li TJ, Hao YH, Tang YL, Liang XH. Periodontal Pathogens: A Crucial Link Between Periodontal Diseases and Oral Cancer. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:919633. [PMID: 35847109 PMCID: PMC9279119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.919633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows a striking link between periodontal diseases and various human cancers including oral cancer. And periodontal pathogens, leading to periodontal diseases development, may serve a crucial role in oral cancer. This review elucidated the molecular mechanisms of periodontal pathogens in oral cancer. The pathogens directly engage in their own unique molecular dialogue with the host epithelium to acquire cancer phenotypes, and indirectly induce a proinflammatory environment and carcinogenic substance in favor of cancer development. And functional, rather than compositional, properties of oral microbial community correlated with cancer development are discussed. The effect of periodontal pathogens on periodontal diseases and oral cancer will further detail the pathogenesis of oral cancer and intensify the need of maintaining oral hygiene for the prevention of oral diseases including oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-hang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Xing Q, Wu M, Chen R, Liang G, Duan H, Li S, Wang Y, Wang L, An C, Qin G, Sang N. Comparative studies on regional variations in PM 2.5 in the induction of myocardial hypertrophy in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145179. [PMID: 33611177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been indicated to be related to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in sensitive people. However, the underlying mechanisms of PM2.5-induced CVDs are poorly understood. In the present study, PM2.5 samples were collected during winter from four cities (Taiyuan, Beijing, Hangzhou, and Guangzhou) in China. Ten-month-old C57BL/6 female mice were exposed to PM2.5 suspension at a dosage of 3 mg·kg-1 (b. w.) every other day for 4 weeks by oropharyngeal aspiration. PM2.5 from Taiyuan increased the blood pressure and the thicknesses of the left ventricular anterior and posterior walls, decreased the ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm in cardiomyocytes and reduced the systolic function of the heart in mice. Further investigation revealed that PM2.5 from Taiyuan induced lung inflammatory cytokines with up-regulated expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The mRNA expression levels of myocardial hypertrophy markers atrial natriuretic peptide and the β isoform of myosin heavy chain (ANP and β-MHC), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in the myocardium were significantly increased after exposure to PM2.5 of Taiyuan. Furthermore, PM2.5 from Taiyuan activated the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/β-MHC signaling pathway in the myocardium. The correlation between the PM2.5 components and myocardial hypertrophy markers suggested that Zinc (Zn) and acenaphthene (AC) are related to the changes in ANP and β-MHC at the transcriptional level, respectively. The above results indicated that PM2.5 exposure induced myocardial hypertrophy in older mice, which might be related to the critical contributions of Zn and AC in PM2.5. The present study provides new insights into the mechanism of myocardial hypertrophy after PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisong Xing
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Meiqiong Wu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China; School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, PR China
| | - Gang Liang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Huiling Duan
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Shuyue Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key laboratory of Mineral Resources and Ecological Environment Monitoring, Hebei Research Center for Geoanalysis, Baoding, Hebei 071000, PR China
| | - Caixiu An
- Key laboratory of Mineral Resources and Ecological Environment Monitoring, Hebei Research Center for Geoanalysis, Baoding, Hebei 071000, PR China
| | - Guohua Qin
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
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3
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Salivary Proteomic Analysis of Betel Nut (Areca catechu) Consumers by Mass Spectrometry Revealed Primary Indication of Oral Malignancies. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Morris J, Gonzales CB, De La Chapa JJ, Cabang AB, Fountzilas C, Patel M, Orozco S, Wargovich MJ. The Highly Pure Neem Leaf Extract, SCNE, Inhibits Tumorigenesis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Disruption of Pro-tumor Inflammatory Cytokines and Cell Signaling. Front Oncol 2019; 9:890. [PMID: 31572681 PMCID: PMC6753233 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a deadly disease that comprises 60% of all head and neck squamous cell cancers. The leaves of the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) have been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries to treat numerous oral maladies and are known to have significant anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesize that a highly pure super critical CO2 Neem leaf extract (SCNE) prevents initiation and progression of OSCC via downregulation of intra-tumor pro-inflammatory pathways, which promote tumorigenesis. Hence, we investigated the anticancer effects of SCNE using in vitro and in vivo platforms. OSCC cell lines (SCC4, Cal27, and HSC3) were treated with SCNE while inflammation, proliferation, and migration were analyzed over time. SCNE treatment significantly inhibited OSCC cell proliferation and migration and reduced MMP activity in vitro, suggesting its potential to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. The preventive effects of SCNE in ectopic xenograft and 4NQO-1 (4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide) carcinogen-induced mouse models of OSCC were also evaluated. Indeed, xenografted nude mice showed significant reduction of OSCC tumor volumes. Likewise, SCNE significantly reduced the incidence of tongue dysplasia in the 4NQO-1 OSCC initiation model. In both OSCC animal models, SCNE significantly depressed circulating pro-cancer inflammatory cytokines (host and tumor-secreted) including NFkB, COX2, IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, and IFNγ. In addition, we demonstrate that SCNE downregulates STAT3 and AKT expression and activity in vitro. We also demonstrate that the primary active component, nimbolide (NIM), has significant anticancer activity in established OSCC xenografts. Lastly, we show that SCNE induces an M1 phenotype in tumor associated macrophages (TAMS) in vivo. Taken together, these data strongly support SCNE as means of preventing OSCC via downregulation of pro-cancer inflammatory cascades and NIM as a potential new therapy for existing OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Morris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Cara B Gonzales
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jorge J De La Chapa
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - April B Cabang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Christos Fountzilas
- Department of Medicine, GI Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Mandakini Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Orozco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Michael J Wargovich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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5
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Arosarena OA, Barr EW, Thorpe R, Yankey H, Tarr JT, Safadi FF. Osteoactivin regulates head and neck squamous cell carcinoma invasion by modulating matrix metalloproteases. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:409-421. [PMID: 28295306 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 60% of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) die of metastases or locoregional recurrence. Metastasis is mediated by cancer cell migration and invasion, which are in part dependent on extracellular matrix degradation by matrix metalloproteinases. Osteoactivin (OA) overexpression plays a role in metastases in several malignancies, and has been shown to upregulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity. To determine how OA modulates MMP expression and activity in HNSCC, and to investigate OA effects on cell invasion, we assessed effects of OA treatment on MMP mRNA and protein expression, as well as gelatinase and caseinolytic activity in HNSCC cell lines. We assessed the effects of OA gene silencing on MMP expression, gelatinase and caseinolytic activity, and cell invasion. OA treatment had differential effects on MMP mRNA expression. OA treatment upregulated MMP-10 expression in UMSCC14a (p = 0.0431) and SCC15 (p < 0.0001) cells, but decreased MMP-9 expression in UMSCC14a cells (p = 0.0002). OA gene silencing decreased MMP-10 expression in UMSCC12 cells (p = 0.0001), and MMP-3 (p = 0.0005) and -9 (p = 0.0036) expression in SCC25 cells. In SCC15 and SCC25 cells, OA treatment increased MMP-2 (p = 0.0408) and MMP-9 gelatinase activity (p < 0.0001), respectively. OA depletion decreased MMP-2 (p = 0.0023) and -9 (p < 0.0001) activity in SCC25 cells. OA treatment increased 70 kDa caseinolytic activity in UMSCC12 cells consistent with tissue type plasminogen activator (p = 0.0078). OA depletion decreased invasive capacity of UMSCC12 cells (p < 0.0001). OA's effects on MMP expression in HNSCC are variable, and may promote cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oneida A Arosarena
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric W Barr
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan Thorpe
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hilary Yankey
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph T Tarr
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fayez F Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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6
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Choudhary MM, France TJ, Teknos TN, Kumar P. Interleukin-6 role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 2:90-97. [PMID: 29204553 PMCID: PMC5698512 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine which plays an important role in a number of cellular processes including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and invasion. IL-6 mediates its downstream effects by activating a number of signaling cascades including JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. In addition to its effects on tumor cells, IL-6 also regulates tumor progression and tumor metastasis by modulating tumor angiogenesis and tumor lymphangiogenesis. A number of studies have shown that IL-6 levels are markedly upregulated in cancer patients. We and others have shown that high IL-6 expression independently predicts tumor recurrence, tumor metastasis and poor survival in head and neck cancer patients. Therefore targeting IL-6 signaling is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of IL-6 in HNSCC progression and potential therapeutic strategies to target IL-6 signaling for the treatment of head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaz M Choudhary
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas J France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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7
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Ibrahim SA, El-Ghonaimy EA, Hassan H, Mahana N, Mahmoud MA, El-Mamlouk T, El-Shinawi M, Mohamed MM. Hormonal-receptor positive breast cancer: IL-6 augments invasion and lymph node metastasis via stimulating cathepsin B expression. J Adv Res 2016; 7:661-70. [PMID: 27482469 PMCID: PMC4957008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal-receptor positive (HRP) breast cancer patients with positive metastatic axillary lymph nodes are characterized by poor prognosis and increased mortality rate. The mechanisms by which cancer cells invade lymph nodes have not yet been fully explored. Several studies have shown that expression of IL-6 and the proteolytic enzyme cathepsin B (CTSB) was associated with breast cancer poor prognosis. In the present study, the effect of different concentrations of recombinant human IL-6 on the invasiveness capacity of HRP breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was tested using an in vitro invasion chamber assay. The impact of IL-6 on expression and activity of CTSB was also investigated. IL-6 treatment promoted the invasiveness potential of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells displayed elevated CTSB expression and activity associated with loss of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin protein levels upon IL-6 stimulation. To validate these results in vivo, the level of expression of IL-6 and CTSB in the carcinoma tissues of HRP-breast cancer patients with positive and negative axillary metastatic lymph nodes (pLNs and nLNs) was assessed. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining data showed that expression of IL-6 and CTSB was higher in carcinoma tissues in HRP-breast cancer with pLNs than those with nLNs patients. ELISA results showed carcinoma tissues of HRP-breast cancer with pLNs exhibited significantly elevated IL-6 protein levels by approximately 2.8-fold compared with those with nLNs patients (P < 0.05). Interestingly, a significantly positive correlation between IL-6 and CTSB expression was detected in clinical samples of HRP-breast cancer patients with pLNs (r = 0.78, P < 0.01). Collectively, this study suggests that IL-6-induced CTSB may play a role in lymph node metastasis, and that may possess future therapeutic implications for HRP-breast cancer patients with pLNs. Further studies are necessary to fully identify IL-6/CTSB axis in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Eslam A El-Ghonaimy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Noha Mahana
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Tahani El-Mamlouk
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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8
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Bagan L, Sáez GT, Tormos MC, Labaig-Rueda C, Murillo-Cortes J, Bagan JV. Salivary and serum interleukin-6 levels in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:737-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Lee JH, Lee YS, Lee EJ, Lee JH, Kim TY. Capsiate Inhibits DNFB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice through Mast Cell and CD4+ T-Cell Inactivation. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1977-1985. [PMID: 25806854 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicin has many biological effects, such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antiangiogenic effects, but it is rarely used because of its high pungency. Capsiate, a nonpungent capsaicin analog, also has multiple biological effects, similar to those of capsaicin, but does not cause irritation. However, the effect of capsiate on allergic responses and immune cells has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of capsiate on atopic dermatitis, mouse CD4+ T cells, and mast cell activation. Capsiate inhibited DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Topical treatment with capsiate suppressed serum IgE levels and cytokine and chemokine expression in the skin of DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice. In addition, it suppressed the activation of CD4+ T cells and mast cells, which are implicated in allergic diseases. Capsiate inhibited the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cells. Treatment with capsiate inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and degranulation from activated bone marrow-derived mast cells through the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signal pathways. Consistent with these results, treatment with capsiate inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Taken together, our results suggest that capsiate might be a good candidate molecule for the treatment of allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji H Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun S Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji H Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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11
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De Oliveira L, Lash G, Murray-Dunning C, Bulmer J, Innes B, Searle R, Sass N, Robson S. Role of Interleukin 8 in Uterine Natural Killer Cell Regulation of Extravillous Trophoblast Cell Invasion. Placenta 2010; 31:595-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Mohamed MM, Cavallo-Medved D, Rudy D, Anbalagan A, Moin K, Sloane BF. Interleukin-6 increases expression and secretion of cathepsin B by breast tumor-associated monocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem 2010; 25:315-24. [PMID: 20110692 DOI: 10.1159/000276564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, monocytes respond to paracrine stimuli from breast cancer cells by secreting molecules that participate in breast cancer growth, invasion, intravasation and metastasis. Here we examined the effects of media conditioned by MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells (231-CM) on expression and secretion of proteases and secretion of cytokines by U937 human monocytes. We found that 231-CM increased U937: 1) proliferation; 2) expression, activity and secretion of the cysteine protease cathepsin B (CTSB); 3) secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9; and 4) secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). We further demonstrated by western blotting and enzymatic activity assays that the increases in CTSB secretion and activity induced by 231-CM could be reduced by neutralizing antibodies against IL-6. Our data suggest a role for IL-6 in increased monocyte expression and secretion of CTSB in response to soluble factors secreted by breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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13
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Abstract
On target cells, interleukin-6 (IL-6) interacts with its receptor complex consisting of the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the signal transducing protein gp130. IL-6R can exist as a soluble protein (sIL-6R), which binds the ligand IL-6. This soluble complex can bind to gp130 on cells that lack the membrane-bound IL-6R and initiate signaling. This process is named transsignaling. The significance of transsignaling via sIL-6R is underlined by different publications and exceeds very probably the significance of the membrane-bound IL-6R. It is the general assumption that sIL-6R acts as an agonist in combination with IL-6 resulting in an enhancement of the IL-6 effects. In this article, we suppose 'non-agonistic' properties. There are several publications that give reasons to speculate that sIL-6R (a) has IL-6-antagonistic effects, (b) has orphan properties and (c) interacts with yet unknown binding partners different from IL-6. Knowledge about additional properties of sIL-6R will enlarge the biologic understanding of this molecule and might give an explanation for the sometimes contrasting effects of the cytokine IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Knüpfer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Absood A, Hu B, Bassily N, Colletti L. VIP inhibits human HepG2 cell proliferation in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 146:285-92. [PMID: 18077011 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive and often fatal neoplasm. HepG2 cells are a cell line derived from HCC. This investigation shows that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) inhibits HepG2 cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, VIP decreases the expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT-3) and phosphorylated STAT-3 (pSTAT-3). Transfection of HepG2 cells with STAT-3 siRNA also dose-dependently inhibits proliferation. These findings suggest that VIP-mediated inhibition of HepG2 proliferation may be mediated by STAT-3. Further studies demonstrate that VIP increases HepG2 cAMP levels and 8-cl-cAMP inhibits HepG2 proliferation as well as pSTAT-3 and STAT-3 levels, suggesting that cAMP is also involved in the inhibition of HepG2 proliferation. VIP also attenuates the proliferative effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) on HepG2 cells. These preliminary studies suggest that the antiproliferative actions of VIP may offer a new and promising means of suppressing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Absood
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Meeran SM, Katiyar S, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Interleukin-12 deficiency is permissive for angiogenesis in UV radiation-induced skin tumors. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3785-93. [PMID: 17440092 PMCID: PMC1986731 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that endogenous deficiency of interleukin (IL)-12 promotes photocarcinogenesis in mice. To characterize the role of IL-12 deficiency in tumor angiogenesis, we developed IL-12p35 knockout (IL-12 KO) mice on a C3H/HeN background. IL-12 KO mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts were subjected to a photocarcinogenesis protocol. When tumor yield was stabilized, samples of tumor and tumor-uninvolved UVB-exposed skin were collected and subjected to immunohistochemistry, gelatinolytic zymography, real-time PCR, and Western blot analysis of angiogenic factors. We found that the protein, mRNA expression and/or activity of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9, and basic fibroblast growth factor, which play crucial roles in tumor growth, were significantly higher in UVB-exposed skin and tumors of IL-12 KO mice compared with WT mice. With respect to the tumor vasculature, the expression of CD31-positive cells and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor were higher in the tumors of IL-12 KO mice than WTs. The proliferative capacity of tumor cells of the IL-12 KO mice was significantly higher than their WT counterparts when determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and by analyzing the expression of cyclin D1. The level of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and the expression of IL-23 in tumors of IL-12 KO mice were markedly higher than in the tumors of WT mice. IL-23 has been shown to promote tumor growth. Together, these data indicate for the first time that IL-12 deficiency promotes proangiogenic stimuli in UVB-induced skin tumors and suggest that endogenous enhancement of IL-12 levels may be effective in the prevention and treatment of UV-induced skin cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/biosynthesis
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Interleukin-12/deficiency
- Interleukin-23/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Skin/radiation effects
- Skin Neoplasms/blood supply
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Meeran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Suchitra Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Santosh K. Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
- Author for Correspondence: Santosh K. Katiyar, Ph.D., Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670, University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. Phone: 205-975-2608, Fax: 205-934-5745;
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16
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Katiyar SK. Interleukin-12 and photocarcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 224:220-7. [PMID: 17239911 PMCID: PMC2080793 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation induces immunosuppression and inflammatory responses, as well as oxidative stress and DNA damage, in skin cells and these various effects have been implicated in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers, i.e., photocarcinogenesis. The cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 has been shown to possess potent antitumor activity in a wide variety of murine tumor models. In this review, we summarize the evidence that IL-12 plays a role in preventing photocarcinogenesis, and present a model of its possible mechanisms of action. Treatment of mice with IL-12 prevents UV-induced immunosuppression in a process mediated by repair of UV-induced damaged DNA. After exposure to the photocarcinogenesis protocol, the development of UV-induced tumors is more rapid and the tumor multiplicity and tumor size are significantly greater in IL-12-deficient or knockout (KO) mice than their wild-type counterparts. IL-12-deficiency in mice enhances the proliferation potential of tumor cells, and this may be one of the reasons for the rapid growth of the tumors and their greater size. The rate of malignant transformation of UV-induced papillomas to carcinomas also is higher in the IL-12 KO mice than in their wild-type counterparts in terms of carcinoma incidence and carcinoma multiplicity. UV-induced DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and sunburn cells is lower, or repaired more rapidly, in wild-type mice than IL-12 KO mice. The IL-12-associated reduction in UV-specific CPDs is due to induction of DNA repair, and particularly enhancement of nucleotide-excision repair. We suggest that endogenous stimulation of IL-12 may protect the skin from UV-induced immunosuppression, DNA damage, and, ultimately, the risk of photocarcinogenesis. Taken together, this information suggests that augmentation of IL-12 should be considered as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670, University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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17
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Maeda A, Schneider SW, Kojima M, Beissert S, Schwarz T, Schwarz A. Enhanced photocarcinogenesis in interleukin-12-deficient mice. Cancer Res 2006; 66:2962-9. [PMID: 16540644 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UV-induced DNA damage is the basis for the development of UV-mediated skin cancer because reduction of DNA damage lowers the risk for photocarcinogenesis. The cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 was shown to exhibit the capacity to reduce UV-induced DNA damage presumably via induction of nucleotide excision repair. Because IL-12 is also produced in the skin, we wondered whether endogenous IL-12 protects from photocarcinogenesis. Therefore, we used knockout mice that lack the IL-12p40 chain and thus do not secrete biologically active IL-12. IL-12p40 knockout (IL-12p40-/-) and wild-type (wt) mice were exposed thrice weekly to UV. Skin biopsies obtained after 6 weeks revealed significantly increased numbers of sunburn cells in IL-12p40-/- mice. Additionally, a higher load of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers could be detected in the skin of UV-exposed IL-12p40-/- mice. Staining of epidermal sheets with an antibody against the tumor suppressor gene p53 revealed a higher number of p53 patches in the skin of IL-12p40-/- mice. After approximately 200 days, first skin tumors developed. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a significantly increased probability of tumor development in the IL-12p40-/- mice. In addition, the number of tumors developing in the individual mice was significantly higher in IL-12p40-/- mice than in wt mice. Tumors obtained in IL-12p40-/- mice grew faster than those obtained from wt mice on inoculation into nu/nu mice. This was confirmed in an electrophysiologic assay evaluating the intrinsic invasive potency of tumor cells. Together, these data indicate that IL-12 deficiency is associated with an increased risk to develop UV-induced skin cancer, implying that endogenous IL-12 may protect from photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Maeda
- Department of Dermatology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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18
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Xue M, Le NTV, Jackson CJ. Targeting matrix metalloproteases to improve cutaneous wound healing. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 10:143-55. [PMID: 16441234 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.1.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wound repair is a physiological event in which tissue injury initiates a repair process leading to restoration of structure and function of the tissue. Cutaneous wound repair can be divided into a series of overlapping phases including formation of fibrin clot, inflammatory response, granulation tissue formation incorporating re-epithelialisation and angiogenesis and finally, matrix formation and remodelling. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of neutral proteases that play a vital role throughout the entire wound healing process. They regulate inflammation, degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) to facilitate the migration of cells and remodel the new ECM. However, excessive MMP activity contributes to the development of chronic wounds. Selective control of MMP activity may prove to be a valuable therapeutic approach to promote healing of chronic ulcers. Recent evidence indicates that the anticoagulant, activated protein C may be useful in the treatment of non-healing wounds by preventing excessive protease activity through inhibition of inflammation and selectively increasing MMP-2 activity to enhance angiogenesis and re-epithelialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory Level 1, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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