Differential Pulse Polarographic Determination of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Fluids

Eco-friendly approach for determination of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids through fluorescence quenching of eosin Y

An easy, verified spectrofluorimetric approach was established for the investigation of moxifloxacin in pure forms, pharmaceutical preparations, and biological fluids. The approach involves forming a binary complex of moxifloxacin and eosin Y in an acetate buffer with a pH of 3.6. The highest quenching of eosin Y with moxifloxacin occurs at 545 nm. Several factors, such as pH, buffer type and concentration, and eosin Y concentration, were carefully studied. The calibration graph showed a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and moxifloxacin concentrations between 0.2 and 10 µg mL^-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. It was determined that the detection and quantification limits were 0.0322 µg mL^-1 and 0.0976 µg mL^-1, respectively. The impact of common excipients was investigated, but no interferences were discovered. Standard forms of moxifloxacin, pharmaceuticals, and biological samples have all been studied using the established methodology. The method, which successfully complied with ICH requirements, was used for the analysis of moxifloxacin in its pure form, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and biological samples. The percentage recoveries obtained were ranged from 99.50 to 102.50% for pharmaceutical preparations and from 100.50 to 102.50% for human blood plasma and urine. Proposed mechanisms for the reaction between moxifloxacin and eosin Y.

Voltammetric Pathways for the Analysis of Ophthalmic Drugs

Background:

This review investigates the ophthalmic drugs that have been studied with voltammetry in the web of science database in the last 10 years.

Introduction:

Ophthalmic drugs are used in the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of various ophthalmological diseases and conditions. A significant literature has emerged in recent years that investigates determination of these active compounds via electroanalytical methods, particularly voltammetry. Low cost, rapid determination, high availability, efficient sensitivity and simple application make voltammetry one of the most used methods for determining various kinds of drugs including ophthalmic ones.

Methods:

In this particular review, we searched the literature via the web of science database for ophthalmic drugs which are investigated with voltammetric techniques using the keywords of voltammetry, electrochemistry, determination and electroanalytical methods.

Results:

We found 33 types of pharmaceuticals in nearly 140 articles. We grouped them clinically into seven major groups as antibiotics, antivirals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-glaucomatous drugs, steroidal drugs, local anesthetics and miscellaneous. Voltammetric techniques, electrodes, optimum pHs, peak potentials, limit of detection values, limit of quantification values, linearity ranges, sample type and interference effects were compared.

Conclusion:

Ophthalmic drugs are widely used in the clinic and it is important to determine trace amounts of these species analytically. Voltammetry is a preferred method for its ease of use, high sensitivity, low cost, and high availability for the determination of ophthalmic drugs as well as many other medical drugs. The low limits of detection values indicate that voltammetry is quite sufficient for determining ophthalmic drugs in many media such as human serum, urine and ophthalmic eye drops.

Fiberoptic-Coupled Spectrofluorometer with Array Detection as a Process Analytical Chemistry Tool for Continuous Flow Monitoring of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics

Nowadays, there is an increasing need for sensitive real-time measurements of various analytes and monitoring of industrial products and environmental processes. Herein, we describe a fluorescence spectrometer in continuous flow mode in which the sample is fed to the flow cell using a peristaltic pump. The excitation beam is introduced to the sample chamber by an optical fiber. The fluorescence emitted upon excitation is collected at the right angle using another optical fiber and then transmitted to the fluorescence spectrometer which utilizes an array detector. The array detection, as a key factor in process analytical chemistry, made the fluorescence spectrometer suited for multiwavelength detection of the fluorescence spectrum of the analytes. After optimization of the experimental parameters, the system has been successfully employed for sensitive determination of four fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. The linear dynamic ranges of four fluoroquinolones were between 0.25 and 20 μg·mL-1, and the detection limit of the method for ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin were 81, 36, 35, and 93 ng·mL-1, respectively. Finally, the proposed system is carried out for determination of fluoroquinolones in some pharmaceutical formulations.

Development and validation of sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of moxifloxacin antibiotic in pure and commercial tablets

New, accurate, sensitive and reliable kinetic spectrophotometric method for the assay of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MOXF) in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations has been developed. The method involves the oxidative coupling reaction of MOXF with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride monohydrate (MBTH) in the presence of Ce(IV) in an acidic medium to form colored product with lambda max at 623 and 660 nm. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in absorbance at 623 nm as a function of time. The initial rate and fixed time methods were adopted for constructing the calibration curves. The linearity range was found to be 1.89-40.0 μg mL(-1) for initial rate and fixed time methods. The limit of detection for initial rate and fixed time methods is 0.644 and 0.043 μg mL(-1), respectively. Molar absorptivity for the method was found to be 0.89×10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1). Statistical treatment of the experimental results indicates that the methods are precise and accurate. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the estimation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride in tablet dosage form with no interference from the excipients. The results are compared with the official method.

Moxifloxacin hydrochloride

A comprehensive profile of moxifloxacin HCl with 198 references is reported. A full description including nomenclature, formulae, elemental analysis, and appearance is included. Methods of preparation for moxifloxacin HCl, its intermediates, and derivatives are fully described. In addition, the physical properties, analytical methods, stability, uses and applications, and pharmacology of moxifloxacin HCl are also discussed.

Methods for the analysis of fluoroquinolones in biological fluids

Methods for the analysis of ten selected fluoroquinolone antibiotics in biological fluids are reviewed. Approaches for sample preparation, detection methods, limits of detection and quantitation, and recovery information are provided for both single analyte and multi-analyte fluoroquinolone methods.

Atomic absorption spectroscopic, conductometric and colorimetric methods for determination of some fluoroquinolone antibacterials using ammonium reineckate

Three accurate, rapid and simple atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS), conductometric and colorimetric methods were developed for the determination of gatifloxacin (GTF), moxifloxacin (MXF) and sparfloxacin (SPF). The proposed methods depend upon the reaction of ammonium reineckate with the studied drugs to form stable precipitate of ion-pair complexes, which was dissolved in acetone. The pink coloured complexes were determined either by AAS or colorimetrically at lambda(max) 525 nm directly using the dissolved complex. Using conductometric titration, the studied drugs could be evaluated in 50% (v/v) acetone. The optimizations of various experimental conditions were described. Optimum concentration ranges for the determination of GTF, MXF and SPF were 5.0-150, 40-440 microg mL(-1) and 0.10-1.5 mg mL(-1) using atomic absorption (AAS), conductometric and colorimetric methods, respectively. Detection and quantification limits are ranges from 1.5 to 2.3 microg mL(-1) using AAS method or 30-45 microg mL(-1) using colorimetric method. The proposed procedures have been applied successfully to the analysis of these drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and the results are favourably comparable to the reference methods.