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Lima FV, Martins TEA, Morocho-Jácome AL, Almeida IF, Rosado CF, Velasco MVR, Baby AR. Analytical tools for urocanic acid determination in human samples: A review. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:438-447. [PMID: 33090611 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Urocanic acid is a chromophore found in the skin that has been identified as an important immunosuppressant and carcinogenesis mediator through its photoisomerization from trans to cis form induced by ultraviolet radiation. Research on analytical methods that explore urocanic acid isomerization is indispensable to fully understand the deleterious effects mediated by this biomarker. In this context, the current relevant analytical methods for determination of these isomers in human samples are summarized in this review. The methods presented here are applicable to human samples collected by noninvasive methods (or minimally invasive), encompassing an array of analytical techniques, including high-performance capillary electrophoresis, confocal Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, among others. Developed high-performance liquid chromatography methods have proven to be advantageous, allowing noninvasive collections for in vivo analysis and the confocal Raman, specially, for real-time analysis. Among all these methods, high-performance liquid chromatography is the most investigated one with mass spectrometry or ultraviolet detector, and the mass spectrometry detector being the most studied in the last years, demonstrating high sensitivity, very low detection limits, and accurate identification, especially for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Vieira Lima
- Division to Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Healthy Science, University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Health Sciences Institute, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Morocho-Jácome
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Filipa Almeida
- Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Fialho Rosado
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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