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Han Y, Li XL, Zhang M, Wang J, Zeng S, Min JZ. Potential use of a dried saliva spot (DSS) in therapeutic drug monitoring and disease diagnosis. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:815-823. [PMID: 36605582 PMCID: PMC9805949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, scientific researchers have increasingly become interested in noninvasive sampling methods for therapeutic drug monitoring and disease diagnosis. As a result, dried saliva spot (DSS), which is a sampling technique for collecting dried saliva samples, has been widely used as an alternative matrix to serum for the detection of target molecules. Coupling the DSS method with a highly sensitive detection instrument improves the efficiency of the preparation and analysis of biological samples. Furthermore, dried blood spots, dried plasma spots, and dried matrix spots, which are similar to those of the DSS method, are discussed. Compared with alternative biological fluids used in dried spot methods, including serum, tears, urine, and plasma, saliva has the advantage of convenience in terms of sample collection from children or persons with disabilities. This review aims to provide integral strategies and guidelines for dried spot methods to analyze biological samples by illustrating several dried spot methods. Herein, we summarize recent advancements in DSS methods from June 2014 to March 2021 and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the key aspects of this method, including sample preparation and method validation. Finally, we outline the challenges and prospects of such methods in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Xi-Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
- Corresponding author.
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Yao W, Wang B, Wu Y, Wang J, Xu Z, Meng F, Wang P. Rapid Determination of Methamphetamine and Cocaine in Saliva by Portable Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- Hangzhou Neoline Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Dried matrix spots: an evolving trend in the toxicological field. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022; 18:86-102. [PMID: 35171452 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-021-00434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dried matrix spot (DMS) is a sampling technique, primarily used to analyze blood to diagnose metabolic diseases in newborns. As this technique has several advantages, DMS has started to be employed for other purposes using other biological matrices and increasingly in toxicology over the last decade. The aim of this work was to review the analytical methods using DMS which can be applied to drugs of abuse and which have been published since 2010. Three different databases were searched, using dried, spots, and drugs of abuse as the descriptors and using a snowball search. After applying the exclusion criteria, 39 papers remained. The most common publications were related to the use of blood, which corresponded to 77% of the papers, followed by urine and oral fluid, which corresponded to 13 and 10% of the papers, respectively. The selected studies covered different illicit drugs, sample sizes of 5 to 250 µL and spot sizes ranging from 3 to 18 mm in diameter. This review also examined the extraction techniques and the methods employed to analyze various biological matrices and drugs of abuse, mostly by liquid-extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The benefits of DMS include: a simple sample pretreatment, better stability than liquid matrices, a simple extraction procedure, lower costs, and environmental benefits. DMS appears to be a promising technique in the field of toxicology and provides new perspectives for use in forensic laboratories.
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Fabris AL, Yonamine M. Dried matrix spots in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1441-1458. [PMID: 34551580 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried matrix spots (DMS) has gained the attention of different professionals in different fields, including toxicology. Investigations have been carried out in order to assess the potential of using DMS for the analysis of illicit substances, the main interest of forensic toxicologists. This technique uses minimal volumes of samples and solvents, resulting in simple and rapid extraction procedures. Furthermore, it has proved to increase analyte stability, improving storage and transportation. However, DMS presents some limitations: the hematocrit influencing accuracy and inconsistencies regarding the means of spotting samples and adding internal standard on paper. Thus, we provide an overview of analytical methodologies with forensic applications focusing on drugs of abuse and discussing the main particularities, limitations and achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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Gorziza R, Cox J, Limberger RP, Arroyo-Mora LE. Study of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) extraction FROM dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) and LC-MS/MS detection. J Cannabis Res 2021; 3:30. [PMID: 34253256 PMCID: PMC8276387 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-021-00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral fluid is a widely studied matrix able to isolate the primary Cannabis constituent THC, facilitating its detection via mass spectrometry, and in most cases link these findings to recent drug use. As an alternative to liquid oral fluid, dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) is a simple and a low-cost sampling technique. It has shown improved stability compared to liquid samples, allowing for the possibility to preserve the specimens under various temperature and humidity conditions. The sampling strategy is straightforward and involves the application of a small quantity of oral fluid aliquot to a paper substrate that is set to air dry allowing for on-site collection at a large-scale demand. The goal of this study is to study THC and CBD extraction from DOFS, applying a previous established protocol for a LC–MS/MS qualitative method validation. Although other drugs of abuse have been included in DOFS methods, this is the first method validation including cannabinoids. An alternative oral fluid extraction method (WAX-S tips) is demonstrated to improve the recovery of the analytes. Methods A pool of blank oral fluid was used to prepare THC and CBD spiked DOFS samples for method validation and application. Spiked oral fluid was used to demonstrate WAX-S tips THC and CBD extraction. All samples were analyzed on a LC–MS/MS instrument. Results The qualitative method validation for THC and CBD confirmation in DOFS included method selectivity, matrix effects (< 20%), recovery (average of 25%), process efficiency (average of 21%), LOD (2 ng/mL for THC and 4 ng/mL for CBD), absence of carryover, and DOFS stability (70% in 35 days) as figures of merit. The method application in blindly prepared samples demonstrated the method capability to identify THC and CBD. WAX-S tips extraction showed an average of 91% recovery of THC and CBD from liquid oral fluid. Conclusions THC and CBD extraction from DOFS showed low recoveries. However, the LC–MS/MS qualitative confirmation of THC and CBD in DOFS could improve cannabinoids screening in oral fluid, as it shows adequate LOD and stability over time. This method has potential for assisting the screening of drivers under possible drug influence by facilitating sample transportation and temporary storage in dried spot form. Additional research is suggested for WAX-S tips extraction and quantitative method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gorziza
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Joseph Cox
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, 302 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Luis E Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, 302 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1161-1194. [PMID: 32757855 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007-2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).
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Extraction of dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) for the identification of drugs of abuse using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jacques ALB, Santos MKD, Limberger RP. Development and Validation of a Method Using Dried Oral Fluid Spot to Determine Drugs of Abuse. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1906-1912. [PMID: 31206667 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method using dried oral fluid spots was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. The oral fluid was applied to a Whatman 903 grade paper and submitted to a drying time of 2.5 h. The extraction procedure was optimized by chemometric approach using simplex centroid design. Spots were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile, buffer, and methanol. Calibration curves covered a linear concentration range of 40-500 ng/mL. Validation parameters of linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity, carryover, matrix effects, and stability were evaluated and showed satisfactory results. Spot homogeneity was also satisfactory, with less than 15% of deviation from nominal concentration. Spot volume did not influence accuracy when less than 100 μL of the sample was applied to the spot. The validation of the proposed method suggests a potential application in different scenarios in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Bemvenuti Jacques
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2752 Ipiranga Ave, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Maíra Kerpel Dos Santos
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2752 Ipiranga Ave, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2752 Ipiranga Ave, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
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