Determination of Essential and Toxic Elements in Tropical Fruit by Microwave-Assisted Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry

Quantitative Determination of Minerals and Toxic Elements Content in Tropical and Subtropical Fruits by Microwave-Assisted Digestion and ICP-OES

In the presented study, 15 tropical and subtropical fruits were studied for their mineral composition ranging from trace to major elements by ICP-OES after microwave digestion. The moisture amounts were assigned to be between 21.90 (tamarind) and 95.66% (pepino). The differences between the macroelement quantities of the fruits were established to be statistically significant (p<0.01). P and K quantities of fruits were displayed to be between 53.40 (pepino) and 927.74 mg/kg (tamarind) to 720.27 (pepino) and 13441.12 mg/kg (tamarind), respectively. While Ca quantities of fruits vary between 123.71 (pineapple) and 1519.76 mg/kg (blood orange), Mg quantities of fruits were established to be between 78.66 (pepino) and 875.02 mg/kg (tamarind). In general, the lowest macroelement quantities were determined in pepino fruit, but the highest P and K contents were determined in Gooseberry and Tamarind fruits, respectively. The microelement amounts of the fruits were established to be at very low levels compared to the macroelement contents. In general, the most abundant element in fruits was Fe, followed by Zn, Cu, Mn and B in decreasing order. In general, heavy metal quantities of fruits were detected at very low levels (except As and Ba). As and Ba quantities of fruits were assigned to be between 0.972 μg/g (mandarin) and 5.86 (kiwi) to 0.103 (pineapple) and 4.08 (avocado), respectively. As with macro and microelements, results regarding heavy metal concentrations varied depending on fruit types.

The Monitoring of Accumulations of Elements in Apple, Pear, and Quince Fruit Parts

In this study, the distribution of biogenic macro and micro element contents in the peel, pulp, and seeds of some cultivated fruits was observed. The element concentrations of these fruits, which have high commercial value and consumption in the world, were analyzed with ICP-OES. In the "Golden" and "Starking" apple varieties, the lowest and highest calcium amounts were detected in the pulp and seed parts of the fruits, respectively. Additionally, the lowest and highest calcium amounts of pear and quince fruits were found in the seed and pulp and peel and seed parts of the fruits, respectively. Potassium amounts of "Golden" and "Starking" apple parts were established to be between 3585.82 (seed) and 3930.87 mg/kg (pulp) and 3533.82 (peel) and 5671.55 mg/kg (pulp), respectively. Potassium amounts of pear and quince fruit parts were measured to be between 2340.65 (seed) and 5405.97 mg/kg (pulp) and 4455.23 (seed) and 8551.12 mg/kg (pulp), respectively. Iron quantities of the parts of "Golden" and "Starking" apple fruits were established from 4.80 (pulp) and 17.14 mg/kg (seed) to 7.80 (pulp) and 14.53 mg/kg (peel), respectively. While the Fe quantities of pear fruit parts are found to be between 4.51 (pulp) and 15.40 mg/kg (peel), the Fe contents of the parts of quince fruits were determined to be between 5.59 (pulp) and 27.27 mg/kg (peel). Zinc quantities of the parts of pear and quince fruits were recorded to be between 8.43 (pulp) and 12.71 mg/kg (seed) and 0.96 (pulp) and 37.82 mg/kg (seed), respectively. In fruit parts, the highest element was found in the seed, followed by pulp and peel in decreasing order.

Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment of horticultural crops in two sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

This particular study was aimed to establish the level of heavy metals in different horticultural crops cultivated by irrigation and the soil in two sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and quantitatively assess the health treat they pose for the consumer. A total of 151 vegetable samples comprised of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), potato (Solanum tuberosum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), beetroot (Beta vulgaris), green onion (Allium porrum L.) and 28 soil samples were collected for this study. Six toxic elements were analyzed using microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) after microwave assisted digestion of the samples. The concentrations of examined trace elements in vegetables (mg/kg) were found in the range of 5.50-93.00 for zinc; below detection limit (BDL)- 18.50 for copper; BDL-2.50 for nickel; BDL-17.00 for lead; 5.00-4256.50 for manganese and 22.00-8708.00 for iron. Considering the mean Pb content values, all vegetables exceeded the maximum permissible level set by the joint FAO/WHO commission in both irrigation sites. In case of Mn parsley, swiss chard, and green onion all from site two exceeded the maximum allowable values. With the exception of potato from irrigation site one, all vegetables exceeded the maximum permissible limit set for Fe concentration and out of which parsley, swiss chard, and green onion, all from site two, exceeded by more than double amount. The same trend is observed for the concentration of Mn and Fe in the soil samples. In fact, in both irrigation sites their concentration exceeded the allowable limits set by United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) for agricultural soils. The metal pollution load index revealed that in most of the vegetables studied the overall pollution load of trace metals were higher in Kolfe Keranyo irrigation site. The risk assessment study using indices like estimation of daily/weekly dietary exposure, hazard quotient and metal pollution load index all suggested consumption of the studied vegetables poses a significant health risk for the consumer. For adults the calculated target hazard quotient for the trace element Pb is higher than 1 (one) for all of studied vegetables ranging from 11.086 (cucumber) to 17.881 (beetroot) with a 98.216% and 98.464% contribution to the hazard indices, respectively. For a child consumer, Mn showed a higher target hazard quotient vales ranged from 0.0107 (cucumber) to 0.0495 (green onion) with a 70.86% and 88.85% contribution to the total hazard indices, respectively. The soil pollution indices also indicated that the degree of metal enrichment in soils and sediments are higher than the allowable limits. Therefore, a prompt action is required to curb the problem and ensure the public safety along the food system line.

The Level of Heavy Metal in Fresh and Processed Fruits: A Study Meta-analysis, Systematic Review, and Health Risk Assessment

Intake of fruits is important for health. However, it can be a contamination source of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The present study aimed to investigate the concentration of PTEs such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and Iron (Fe) in various fresh and processed fruits. All the studies related to the concentration of PTEs in fresh and processed fruits by international databases including were included and non-carcinogenic risks assessment was evaluated based on the total hazard quotient (TTHQ). According to findings highest concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were observed in pineapple, mango, and cherry, while the lowest concentrations of these metals were found in berries, pineapple, and berries. Regarding trace elements, peach and cucumber represented the highest and lowest concentrations of Fe, respectively. Moreover, the highest and lowest concentrations of Cu were related to plum and banana, respectively. Considering the type of continents, the highest concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ni, and Cu among fresh and processed fruits belonged to Pan American Health Organization (EMRO), EMRO, African Region (AFRO), European Region (EURO), AFRO, and Western Pacific Region (SEARO). Eventually, the non-carcinogenic risk assessment of the heavy metal in fresh and processed fruits indicated that the risk pattern was different in various countries and the calculated TTHQ level in infants was below 1. Overall, the consumption of fresh and processed fruits is safe and does not pose a risk to the health of consumers.

Mercury Determination in Certifiable Color Additives Using Thermal Decomposition Amalgamation and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Analysis

BACKGROUND

Color additives requiring batch certification by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) specification limits for certain elements and are usually analyzed by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). However, sensitivity for Hg is too low in some color additives.

OBJECTIVE

The thermal decomposition amalgamation-atomic absorption spectrometric (TDA-AAS) technique was investigated for providing quick and accurate determinations of Hg in certifiable color additives.

METHODS

Tests were performed to optimize conditions and test reliability of Hg determinations at and below the CFR specification limit of 1 mg/kg.

RESULTS

Sensitivity is much improved over XRF with limits of quantitation of 0.03 mg/kg for highly homogeneous color additives.

CONCLUSIONS

The TDA-AAS method can be used for determining Hg concentrations at and below the CFR specification limit. The technique is effective for all color additives, including those that are difficult to analyze by XRF, but less efficient for color additives that quickly deteriorate the catalyst. Regular quality checks using certified reference materials and in-house matrix-matched check standards are essential.

HIGHLIGHTS

The TDA-AAS method is applicable for use in routine color additive batch certification. Certain matrices (notably those that release nitrogen or sulfur oxides or halogens upon combustion) necessitate more frequent replacement of the catalyst and recalibration, impacting productivity. Color additives containing BaSO4, in color additive lakes, that are difficult to analyze by other techniques are well suited for TDA-AAS analysis.

Determination and Analysis of Trace Elements in Five Kinds of Traditional Chinese Medicine in High Blood Pressure Medicinal Food by ICP-AES

Objective. To establish a method for analysis of microelements in five kinds of traditional Chinese medicine in high blood pressure medicinal food, mainly including manganese, cobalt, selenium, iron, magnesium, and other 15 elements. Methods. The samples were digested using a microwave digestion instrument through NHO3-H2O2 solution, and then, the elements were synthesized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Results. The content of cobalt, manganese, zinc, copper, and nickel in the high blood pressure diet foods is higher, the RSD is between 0.005% and 4.82%, and the recovery rate ranges from 93.40% to 106.5%. The precision and recovery of the detection method are higher. Conclusion. The experiment result is better. Medicinal foods curing high blood pressure contain a number of micronutrients that are beneficial to the human body. This experiment provides some meaningful basis for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension.