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Hamzah N, Höjer Holmgren K, Åstot C, van der Schans MJ, de Reuver L, Vanninen P. Chlorinated organic compounds in concrete as specific markers for chlorine gas exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132332. [PMID: 37598516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The formation of chlorinated organic compounds in concrete debris exposed to reactive chlorine was studied to search for markers specific to chlorine gas exposure. Concrete materials of different origins were exposed to a range of species of reactive chlorine including bleach, humid and dry chlorine gas at different concentrations. Chlorinated organic compounds in concrete extracts were analysed by targeted gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) and by non-targeted screening using the corresponding high-resolution techniques (GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS). Overall, different levels and species of chlorinated organic compounds namely chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes, chloromethoxyphenols, chloromethylbenzenes and chloral hydrate were identified in these chlorinated concrete extracts; two examples of diagnostic markers for neat chlorine exposure were trichloromethylbenzene and tetrachlorophenol. The old concrete samples from the 1930s and 1950s had the most chlorinated organic compounds after exposure to neat chlorine gas. Lignin or lignin degradation products were identified as probable candidates for phenolic precursor molecules in the concrete samples. Multivariate data analysis (OPLS-DA) shows distinct patterns for bleach and chlorine exposure. The chlorinated chemicals and specific markers for chlorine gas discovered in our research assist other laboratories in forensic investigations of chlorine gas attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhazlina Hamzah
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Karin Höjer Holmgren
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Crister Åstot
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcel J van der Schans
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Dep. CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Leo de Reuver
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Dep. CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Paula Vanninen
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Farahani H, Neshati J. Application of Nanocube-Functionalized Nitrogen-Doped Melamine Sponge for Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) of Phenolic Compounds From Aquatic Media. ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2191969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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El-Deen AK, Shimizu K. Miniaturized ternary deep eutectic solvent-based matrix solid-phase dispersion: A green sample preparation method for the determination of chlorophenols in river sediment. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200717. [PMID: 36367364 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
New ternary deep eutectic solvents were prepared and applied as efficient green dispersing solvents in miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion to extract chlorophenols from river sediments for the first time. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector was used to analyze the target analytes. The significant factors affecting the extraction were optimized as follows: dispersant (100 mg), sample (100 mg), ternary eutectic solvents (150 μl), grinding for 1 min, 450 μl of acetonitrile as the elution solvent, and vortex mixing for 20 s. Under the optimal conditions, the method exhibited excellent linearity (correlation coefficient > 0.9980), low limits of detection between 1.039-2.478 μg/g, and extraction recoveries between 93.9% and 99.2%. Furthermore, the method demonstrated excellent precision in the intra- and inter-day analysis with a relative standard deviation below 6%. When compared to conventional extraction techniques, the miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion considerably reduced samples and solvent usag, offering important environmental benefits. The green profile of the method was assessed using the complementary green analytical procedure index tool confirming its eco-friendship. The technique was finally employed to evaluate sediment samples from three distinct locations along the Zuibaiji River, indicating its applicability for monitoring environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Kamal El-Deen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Han C, Zhu W, Ma G, Chen Y, Li X, Wei X, Yu H. Computational insight into biotransformation of halophenols by cytochrome P450: Mechanism and reactivity for epoxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131708. [PMID: 34352543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halophenols (XPs) have aroused great interests due to their high toxicity and low biodegradability. Previous experimental studies have shown that XPs can be catalytically transformed into epoxides and haloquinones by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). However, these metabolites have never been detected directly. Moreover, the effects of the reaction site and the type and number of halogen substituents on the biotransformation reactivity of halophenols still remain unknown. In this work, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to simulate the CYP-mediated biotransformation of 36 XPs with mono-, di-, and tri-halogen (F, Cl, and Br) substitutions to unravel the mechanism and relevant kinetics of XPs epoxidation. The whole epoxidation process consists of initial rate-determining O-addition and subsequent ring-closure steps. The simulation results show that the epoxidation in low-spin (LS) state is kinetically preferred over that in high-spin (HS) state, and the formation of epoxide metabolite is strongly exothermic. For all XPs, the epoxidation reactivity follows the order of ortho/para O-addition > meta O-addition. Moreover, the O-addition with higher energy barriers roughly corresponds to chlorophenols and fluorophenols with more halogen atoms. Compared with dichlorophenols, the additional ortho-Cl substitution on trichlorophenols can slightly increase the energy barriers of meta O-addition. By contrast, the additional inclusion of an ortho-Cl to monochlorophenols enhances the meta O-addition reactivity of dichlorophenols. Overall, the present work clarifies the biotransformation routes of XPs to produce epoxides, and identifies the key factors affecting the epoxidation reactivity, which are beneficial in understanding comprehensively the metabolic fate and toxicity of XPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenyang Han
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Wenyou Zhu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
| | - Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China.
| | - Yewen Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xinqi Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China.
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Liu J, Liu Y, Guo Z, Chen X, Li Z, Xu Y, Wang Y, Zhao J. Development of On-Line Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for the Determination of Phenols in River Water. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1844224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhian Guo
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yidong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingchan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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