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Shi H, Ward-Deitrich C, Ponte F, Sicilia E, Goenaga-Infante H, Sadler PJ. Photosubstitution and photoreduction of a diazido platinum(IV) anticancer complex. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:13044-13054. [PMID: 39028324 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01587h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The hyphenation of HPLC with its high separation ability and ICP-MS with its excellent sensitivity, allows the analysis of Pt drugs in biological samples at the low nanomolar concentration levels. On the other hand, LC-MS provides molecular structural confirmation for each species. Using a combination of these methods, we have investigated the speciation of the photoactive anticancer complex diazido Pt(IV) complex trans, trans, trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(py)2] (FM-190) in aqueous solution and biofluids at single-digit nanomolar concentrations before and after irradiation. FM-190 displays high stability in human blood plasma in the dark at 37 °C. Interestingly, the polyhydroxido species [{PtIV(py)2(OH)4} + Na]+ and [{PtIV(py)2(N3)(OH)3} + Na]+ resulting from the replacement of azido ligands, as determined by LC-MS, were the major products after photoirradiation of FM-190 with blue light (463 nm). This finding suggests that such photosubstituted Pt(IV) tri- and tetra-hydroxido species could play important roles in the biological activity of this anticancer complex. Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations show that these Pt(IV) species arising from FM-190 in aqueous media can be formed directly from a singlet excited state. The results highlight how speciation analysis (metallomics) can shed light on photoactivation pathways for FM-190 and formation of potential excited-state pharmacophores. The ability to detect and identify photoproducts at physiologically-relevant concentrations in cells and tissues will be important for preclinical development studies of this class of photoactivatable platinum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Christian Ward-Deitrich
- LGC Limited, National Measurement Laboratory (NML), Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK.
| | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cs, Italy.
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cs, Italy.
| | - Heidi Goenaga-Infante
- LGC Limited, National Measurement Laboratory (NML), Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Khokhar FM, Jahangir TM, Khuhawar MY, Khaskheli MI, Khokhar LA, Abro MI, Khaskheli MA, Muqaddisa P. Analysis of platinum-based anticancer injections cisplatin and carboplatin in blood serum and urine of cancer patients by photometry, fluorometry, liquid chromatography using a Schiff-base as derivatizing reagent. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115808. [PMID: 37939547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Photometric, fluorometric and liquid chromatographic methods were proposed to analyze Pt(II) from cis-platin and carbo-platin injections after derivatization with reagent 2-oxo-propanoic acid N-phenylhydrazonecarbothioamide. The reagent reacted with metals Au(III), Ag(I), Mn(II), Pt(II), Mo(VI), V(V/IV) to develop their characteristic colors in the pH range 3-12 and were extracted in organic solvent trichloromethane. The photoluminescent behavior of ligand and its metal complexes was investigated to correlate the emission pattern. Liquid chromatographic method was also proposed to analyze cis-platin and carbo-platin anti-cancer drugs based on the pre-column derivatizing platinum(II) with ligand. The complex of platinum was separated and eluted from HPLC column Microsorb C-18, (150 cm x 4.6 mm i.d, 5 µm) comprising eluents - tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (1 mM)-sodium acetate (1 mM)-acetonitrile-water-methanol (02:02:06:22:68 v/v/v/v/v). Metals Au(III), Ag(I), Mn(II), V(IV/V), Mo(VI) were also separated completely. The linear calibration range 0.5-2.5 µg/mL was observed following Beer's law with detection limit of 150.00 ng/mL Pt(II). The determination of cis-platin and carbo-platin injections by photometric, fluorometric and chromatographic methods showed RSD (n = 3) 1.14-3.12, 0.98-2.84, 0.92-2.72% respectively. The developed methods were employed to analyze cis-platin in samples of serum and urine of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and platinum amounts were observed within 45.0-86.0, 49.0-91.0, 42.0-84.0 ng/mL and 82.0-398, 81.0-389, 74.0-391 ng/mL with relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 4) of 2.28-3.88, 2.40-3.82, 2.52-3.82% and 2.52-3.91, 2.44-3.94, 1.98-3.24% by liquid chromatographic, fluorometric and photometric techniques respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Muhammad Khokhar
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Zip Code: 71500, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
| | - Taj Muhammad Jahangir
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Zip Code: 71500, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yar Khuhawar
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Zip Code: 71500, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal Khaskheli
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Zip Code: 71500, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Laeeq Ahmed Khokhar
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Zip Code: 71500, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ilyas Abro
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Pirh Muqaddisa
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
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Abstract
The uncontrolled release of pharmaceutical drugs into the environment raised serious concerns in the last decades as they can potentially exert adverse effects on living organisms even at the low concentrations at which they are typically found. Among them, platinum based cytostatic drugs (Pt CDs) are among the most used drugs in cancer treatments which are administered via intravenous infusion and released partially intact or as transformation products. In this review, the studies on environmental occurrence, transformation, potential ecotoxicity, and possible treatment for the removal of platinum cytostatic compounds are revised. The analysis of the literature highlighted the generally low total platinum concentration values (from a few tens of ng L−1 to a few hundred μg L−1) found in hospital effluents. Additionally, several studies highlighted how hospitals are sources of a minor fraction of the total Pt CDs found in the environment due to the slow excretion rate which is longer than the usual treatment durations. Only some data about the impact of the exposure to low levels of Pt CDs on the health of flora and fauna are present in literature. In some cases, adverse effects have been shown to occur in living organisms, even at low concentrations. Further ecotoxicity data are needed to support or exclude their chronic effects on the ecosystem. Finally, fundamental understanding is required on the platinum drugs removal by MBR, AOPs, technologies, and adsorption.
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Hrichi H, Kouki N, Tar H. Analytical methods for the quantification of cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin in various matrices over the last two decades. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412918666210929105058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Platinum derivatives including cisplatin and its later generations carboplatin, and oxaliplatin remain the most largely used drugs in the therapy of malignant diseases. They exert notable anticancer activity towards numerous types of solid tumors such as gastric, colorectal, bladder, ovary, and several others. The chemotherapeutic activity of these compounds, however, is associated with many unwanted side effects and drug resistance problems limiting their application and effectiveness. Proper dosage is still an inherent problem, as these drugs are usually prescribed in small doses.
Objective:
Several analytical methods have been reported for the accurate quantification of cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin and their metabolites either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, in different matrices such as pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids, cancer cells, and environmental samples. The main goal of this review is to systematically study the analytical methods already used for the analysis of cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin in various matrices during the last two decades.
Results and Conclusion:
In the literature, reviews showed that numerous analytical methods such as electroanalytical, UV-visible spectrophotometry, chromatographic, fluorescence, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and other spectroscopic methods combined with mass spectrometry were used for the determination of these compounds in various matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Hrichi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Kouki
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Buraidah, P.O. Box: 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haja Tar
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Buraidah, P.O. Box: 51911, Saudi Arabia
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Tafazoli H, Safaei M, Shishehbore MR. A New Sensitive Method for Quantitative Determination of Cisplatin in Biological Samples by Kinetic Spectrophotometry. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1217-1222. [PMID: 32418934 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a kinetic spectrophotometric method for accurate, sensitive and rapid determination of cisplatin in biofluids. The developed method is based on the inhibitory effect of cisplatin on the oxidization of Janus Green by bromate in acidic media. The change in absorbance as the criteria of the oxidation reaction was followed spectrophotometrically. To obtain the highest rate of sensitivity, efficient reaction parameters were optimized. Under optimum experimental conditions, a calibration graph was obtained linearly over the range 10.0 - 5750.0 μg L-1 and the limit of detection (3sb/m) was 4.2 μg L-1 of cisplatin. The interfering effect of diverse species was investigated. The developed method was used for the quantification of cisplatin in bio fluids of patients treated with cisplatin, spiked bio fluids and pharmaceutical samples and yielded satisfactory results.
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Marković K, Milačič R, Vidmar J, Marković S, Uršič K, Žakelj MN, Cemazar M, Sersa G, Unk M, Ščančar J. Monolithic chromatography on conjoint liquid chromatography columns for speciation of platinum-based chemotherapeutics in serum of cancer patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 57:28-39. [PMID: 31557573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monolithic chromatography using convective interaction media (CIM) disks or columns can be used in the separation step of speciation analysis. When different monolithic disks are placed in one housing, forming conjoint liquid chromatography (CLC) monolithic column, two-dimensional separation is achieved in a single chromatographic run. METHODS Here, we assembled low-pressure (maximum 50 bar) CLC monolithic column, which consists of two 0.34 mL shallow CIM monolithic disks and high-pressure CLC column (maximum 150 bar) from 0.1 mL analytical high performance short bed CIMac monolithic disks. Both the CLC columns constructed from affinity Protein G and weak anion exchange diethylamine (DEAE) disks, were applied for the speciation of cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin in spiked standard serum proteins, spiked human serum and serum of cancer patients. The analytical performances of the CLC columns used were evaluated by comparing their robustness, selectivity, repeatability and reproducibility. The separated serum proteins were detected on-line by ultraviolet (UV) and eluted Pt species by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For accurate quantification of the separated Pt species (unbound Pt-based chemotherapeutic from species associated to transferrin (Tf), human serum albumin (HSA) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG)), post column isotope dilution (ID)-ICP-MS was used. RESULTS The data from analyses showed that both tested CLC monolithic columns gave statistically comparable results, with the low-pressure CLC column exhibiting better resolving power and robustness. It also enables more effective cleaning of monolithic disks and to analyse larger series of serum samples than the high-pressure CLC column. Analyses of serum samples of cancer patients treated with cisplatin or carboplatin showed that Pt-chemotherapeutics were bound preferentially to HSA (around 80%). The portion of unbound Pt in general did not exceed 2%, up to 5% of Pt was associated with Tf and approximately 20% with IgG. Column recoveries, calculated as a ratio between the sum of concentrations of Pt species eluted and concentration of total Pt in serum samples, were close to 100%. CONCLUSIONS Low-pressure CLC column exhibited greater potential than high-pressure CLC column, and can be thus recommended for its intended use in speciation analysis of metal-based biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Marković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Vidmar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Marković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Uršič
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Nikšić Žakelj
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Unk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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