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Gogtay NJ, Desai S, Kadam VS, Kamtekar KD, Dalvi SS, Kshirsagar NA. A randomized, parallel-group study in Mumbai (Bombay), comparing chloroquine with chloroquine plus sulfadoxine—pyrimethamine in the treatment of adults with acute, uncomplicated,Plasmodium falciparummalaria. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2000.11813544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kumar S, Singh RK, Sharma R, Murthy RSR, Bhardwaj TR. Design, synthesis and evaluation of antimalarial potential of polyphosphazene linked combination therapy of primaquine and dihydroartemisinin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 66:123-37. [PMID: 25312346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Various polymer drug conjugates (13-16) such as primaquine and dihydroartemisinin conjugated 2-propoxy substituted polyphosphazenes (13), primaquine and dihydroartemisinin conjugated 4-acetamidophenoxy substituted polyphosphazenes (14), primaquine and dihydroartemisinin conjugated 4-formyl substituted polyphosphazenes (15) and primaquine and dihydroartemisinin conjugated 4-aminoethylbenzoate substituted polyphosphazenes (16) were synthesized using substituted polyphosphazenes as polymer and primaquine and dihydroartemisinin as combination antimalarial pharmacophores and formulated to nanoparticles to achieve novel controlled combined drug delivery approach for radical cure of malaria. The polymeric backbone was suitably substituted to impart different physicochemical properties. The polymer-drug conjugates were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (31)P NMR and their molecular weights were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography. The thermal properties of the conjugates (13-16) were studied by DSC and TGA. The conjugates (13-16) were then formulated to nanoparticles formulations to increase their uptake by hepatocytes and to achieve targeted drug delivery. The nanoparticle formulations were characterized by Zeta Sizer and their morphology were studied by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) imaging. The nanoparticles formulations exhibited biphasic in vitro drug release profile, the initial burst release followed by a sustained release owing to the non-fickian diffusion during first step release and fickian diffusion during second step release. In vivo antimalarial efficacy was tested using Plasmodium berghei (NK65 resistant strain) infected swiss albino mice at different doses. The combination therapy exhibited promising antimalarial efficacy at lower doses in comparison to the standard drug combination. Further, this combination therapy provided protection over 35days without any recrudescence, thus proving to be effective against resistant malaria. The study provides an alternative combination regimen found to be effective in the treatment of resistant malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kumar
- Polymer Chemistry and Technology Research Laboratory, Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; Research Scholar, Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144601, India.
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Dist. Ropar 140126, Punjab, India
| | - Rajiv Sharma
- Polymer Chemistry and Technology Research Laboratory, Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - R S R Murthy
- Polymer Chemistry and Technology Research Laboratory, Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - T R Bhardwaj
- Polymer Chemistry and Technology Research Laboratory, Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Mombo-Ngoma G, Supan C, Dal-Bianco MP, Missinou MA, Matsiegui PB, Ospina Salazar CL, Issifou S, Ter-Minassian D, Ramharter M, Kombila M, Kremsner PG, Lell B. Phase I randomized dose-ascending placebo-controlled trials of ferroquine--a candidate anti-malarial drug--in adults with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection. Malar J 2011; 10:53. [PMID: 21362162 PMCID: PMC3056844 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development and spread of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains is a major concern and novel anti-malarial drugs are, therefore, needed. Ferroquine is a ferrocenic derivative of chloroquine with proven anti-malarial activity against chloroquine-resistant and -sensitive P. falciparum laboratory strains. METHODS Adult young male aged 18 to 45 years, asymptomatic carriers of P. falciparum, were included in two-dose escalation, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase I trials, a single dose study and a multiple dose study aiming to evaluate oral doses of ferroquine from 400 to 1,600 mg. RESULTS Overall, 54/66 patients (40 and 26 treated in the single and multiple dose studies, respectively) experienced at least one adverse event, 15 were under placebo. Adverse events were mainly gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain (16), diarrhoea (5), nausea (13), and vomiting (9), but also headache (11), and dizziness (5). A few patients had slightly elevated liver parameters (10/66) including two patients under placebo. Moderate changes in QTc and morphological changes in T waves were observed in the course of the study. However, no adverse cardiac effects with clinical relevance were observed. CONCLUSIONS These phase I trials showed that clinically, ferroquine was generally well-tolerated up to 1,600 mg as single dose and up to 800 mg as repeated dose in asymptomatic young male with P. falciparum infection. Further clinical development of ferroquine, either alone or in combination with another anti-malarial, is highly warranted and currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Christian Supan
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias P Dal-Bianco
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michel A Missinou
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Blaise Matsiegui
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carmen L Ospina Salazar
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saadou Issifou
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Ramharter
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Maryvonne Kombila
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Idowu OA, Mafiana CF, Luwoye IJ, Adehanloye O. Perceptions and home management practices of malaria in some rural communities in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Travel Med Infect Dis 2008; 6:210-4. [PMID: 18571111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O A Idowu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
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Dongre VG, Karmuse PP, Ghugare PD, Kanojiya SK, Rawal S. Investigation of amodiaquine bulk drug impurities by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2227-2233. [PMID: 18543378 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Three unknown impurities in an amodiaquine bulk drug sample were detected by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)) method is described for the investigation of these impurities. Mass spectral data were acquired on an LCQ ion trap mass analyzer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operated in positive ion mode. The fragmentation behavior of amodiaquine and its impurities has been studied. Based on the mass spectral data and the specifics of the synthetic route, the possible structures of these impurities were elucidated as 4-[(5-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]-2-(diethylaminomethyl)phenol (impurity I), 4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-amino]phenol (impurity II) and 4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]-2-(diethylaminomethyl)-N(1)-oxy]phenol (impurity III). The structures were confirmed by their independent synthesis and NMR spectral assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaijanath G Dongre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Santacruz East, Mumbai, India.
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McIntosh HM, Jones KL. Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 2005:CD000386. [PMID: 16235276 PMCID: PMC6532604 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000386.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine (AQ), and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) are inexpensive drugs, but treatment failure is a problem. Combination therapy may reduce treatment failure. CQ or AQ plus SP are affordable options of combination treatment, but there is debate about their effectiveness. OBJECTIVES To assess the combination of CQ or AQ plus SP compared with SP alone for first-line treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register (April 2005), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to April 2005), EMBASE (1974 to April 2005), LILACS (1982 to April 2005), Science Citation Index (1981 to April 2005), African Index Medicus (1993 to 1998), and reference lists. We also contacted researchers at relevant organizations and a pharmaceutical company. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials in adults or children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were eligible for inclusion. The main outcomes of interest were total and clinical failure at day 28 follow up and serious adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two people independently applied the inclusion criteria. One author extracted data and another checked them independently. We used relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS Twelve trials (2107 participants) met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of five AQ trials (461 participants) showed a statistically significant reduction in total failure at day 28 with the combination therapy (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.91), and meta-analysis of three trials (384 participants) showed a significant reduction in clinical failure at day 28 (RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.49). The statistical significance in the total failure analysis was sensitive to losses to follow up. Data from two CQ trials showed no advantage for total failure with combination therapy at day 28. There was no evidence from the included trials of serious adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence base is not strong enough to support firm conclusions. The available evidence suggests that AQ plus SP can achieve less treatment failure than SP, but this might depend on existing levels of parasite resistance to the individual drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M McIntosh
- NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, Delta House, 50 West Nile Street, Glasgow, Scotland, UK G1 2NP.
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Jian-ping S, Socheat D, Seila S. A comparative study of dihydroartemisinin compounds in treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampong of Cambodia. Chin J Integr Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02836350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Ndeezi G, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ. Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 358:368-74. [PMID: 11502317 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine in sub-Saharan Africa necessitates use of alternative antimalarial agents. Affordable alternative treatments include sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and amodiaquine. Combination of antimalarial agents can increase therapeutic efficacy and delay emergence of drug resistance. We compared the efficacy of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, and an amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine combination for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in a region of high chloroquine resistance. METHODS Patients with symptoms of uncomplicated falciparum malaria and confirmed disease in Kampala, Uganda, were randomly assigned to receive sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (25 mg/kg sulfadoxine, and 1.25 mg/kg pyrimethamine) plus placebo; amodiaquine (25 mg/kg) plus placebo; or amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Patients were followed up for 14 days, and clinical and parasitological outcomes were assessed. FINDINGS 90% (400/445) of patients enrolled in the study successfully completed 14 days of follow-up. Treatment failure based on clinical criteria occurred in 13 of 131 (10%) patients on sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine, nine of 131 (7%) on amodiaquine, and four of 138 (3%) on amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Based on parasitological criteria, treatment failed in 26%, 16%, and 10% of these patients, respectively. Amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine was significantly more effective than sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine alone in children aged younger than 5 years (clinical failure in 3.5% vs 13.9%, respectively, risk difference 10.4% [95% CI, 1.6-19.3] p=0.021; parasitological failure in 12.8% vs 26.4%, risk difference 13.6% [1.2-26.0] p=0.041). INTERPRETATION Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, and amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine were all effective for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Uganda. The amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine combination was the most effective, and could be the optimum low-cost alternative to chloroquine in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Staedke
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 0811, 3rd and Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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McIntosh HM. Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000:CD000386. [PMID: 11687077 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amodiaquine and chloroquine give fast relief from malaria symptoms, particularly fever. When used alone in areas where there is some parasite resistance they do not completely clear parasites from the blood in all cases, and so not all patients are cured of infection. The major disadvantage of using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone is that it takes a relatively long time to relieve fever. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of chloroquine or amodiaquine given with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria. SEARCH STRATEGY The Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, African Index Medicus and LILACS were searched. Experts in the field and drug companies were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised trials of chloroquine or amodiaquine given with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine compared with either drug alone in adults or children with confirmed uncomplicated falciparum malaria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two people independently applied the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted by the reviewer and checked independently by another person. MAIN RESULTS Five trials were included. Fever clearance time was reduced by combination therapy compared with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone. Parasite clearance at day seven follow-up was not significantly different for chloroquine or amodiaquine treatment with or without sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Parasite clearance at day 28 was better with combination therapy compared with chloroquine or amodiaquine alone (odds ratio 14.28, 95% confidence interval 6.76 to 30.19), but not significantly better than sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone (odds ratio 3.17, 95% confidence interval 0.96 to 10.43). There was no evidence from the included trials of serious side effects with combination treatment. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS In areas where chloroquine or amodiaquine are still effective, despite some degree of resistance, using these drugs in combination with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, rather than sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone, may make people feel better faster and improve sustained parasites clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M McIntosh
- NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, York, UK, YO10 5DD.
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