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Hansen B, Eide TO, Reiråskag MA, Tjelle KA, Solem S, Hagen K. The Bergen 4-day treatment for social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:145. [PMID: 38383324 PMCID: PMC10880199 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the use of concentrated and intensified cognitive behaviour therapy for treating social anxiety disorder (SAD). The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of the Bergen 4-Day Treatment (B4DT) for treating SAD. METHODS This study adopted an open trial design without a control group. Thirty consecutively referred patients who were diagnosed with SAD were treated and assessed at pre-treatment, at post-treatment, and at the 3-month follow-up. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale was used to assess symptoms of SAD; the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale was used to assess anxiety symptoms; and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression. The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 was administered posttreatment. RESULTS Overall, patients reported a high level of satisfaction with the B4DT. Large effect sizes were observed for symptoms of SAD (d = 1.94-2.66) and for the secondary outcomes, i.e., generalized anxiety (d = 0.86-0.99) and depression (d = 0.62-0.83). The remission rate was 55.2% at follow-up, while the treatment response rate was 89.7%. CONCLUSIONS The B4DT is a promising treatment approach for patients with SAD. In the future, controlled trials should be performed to compare the efficacy of this treatment approach with standard outpatient treatment. Practical consequences, policy implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Hansen
- Bergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Crisis Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thorstein Olsen Eide
- Center for Crisis Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Molde Hospital, Møre Og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde, Norway
| | | | - Kristian August Tjelle
- Department of Psychiatry, Molde Hospital, Møre Og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Solem
- Bergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristen Hagen
- Bergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Psychiatry, Molde Hospital, Møre Og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde, Norway.
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Pitcho-Prelorentzos S, Heckel C, Ring L. Predictors of social anxiety among online dating users. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The Role of Environmental Factors in the Aetiology of Social Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterised by a marked and persistent fear of social/performance situations, and a number of key environmental factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the disorder. Hence, the current article reviews theoretical and empirical evidence linking the development of SAD with parenting factors, traumatic life events, and aversive social experiences. Specifically, research suggests that the risk of developing SAD is increased by over-controlling, critical and cold parenting, an insecure attachment style, aversive social/peer experiences, emotional maltreatment, and to a lesser extent other forms of childhood maltreatment and adversity. Moreover, these factors may lead to posttraumatic reactions, distorted negative self-imagery, and internalised shame-based schemas that subsequently maintain SAD symptomatology. However, further research is necessary to clarify the nature, interactions, and relative contributions of these factors. It is likely that SAD develops via a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors, and that multiple aetiological pathways underlie the development of the disorder.
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Fogliati VJ, Terides MD, Gandy M, Staples LG, Johnston L, Karin E, Rapee RM, Titov N, Dear BF. Psychometric properties of the Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-SPIN) in a large online treatment-seeking sample. Cogn Behav Ther 2016; 45:236-57. [PMID: 27046641 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2016.1158206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-SPIN) is a brief, three-item measure designed as a screening tool for social anxiety disorder (SAD). This study investigated the Mini-SPIN's psychometric properties in a series of trials of Internet-delivered treatment. Participants were 993 people seeking Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for a range of anxiety and mood disorders. Participants completed the Mini-SPIN, and were diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Version 5.0.0 (MINI). They also completed measures of depression, general anxiety, panic, neuroticism and general impairment. The Mini-SPIN's ability to discriminate between people with and without SAD, within a large sample of people seeking treatment for a range of psychological disorders, was assessed at initial assessment and three-month follow-up. The Mini-SPIN's criterion group validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity and responsiveness to treatment were also examined. Results demonstrated that the Mini-SPIN has an excellent ability to discriminate between those with and without SAD in a highly comorbid clinical sample, and also has good criterion group validity. The Mini-SPIN also exhibited excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and was responsive to treatment. These results highlight the Mini-SPIN's potential as an efficient and reliable measure of SAD in heterogeneous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Fogliati
- a eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Matthew D Terides
- a eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Milena Gandy
- a eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Lauren G Staples
- a eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Luke Johnston
- a eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Eyal Karin
- a eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- b Centre for Emotional Health , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Nickolai Titov
- a eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Blake F Dear
- a eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
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Helgadottir FD, Menzies RG, Onslow M, Packman A, O'Brian S. Safety behaviors and speech treatment for adults who stutter. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2014; 57:1308-1313. [PMID: 24687147 DOI: 10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-13-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Those with anxiety use safety behaviors when attempting to prevent negative outcomes. There is evidence that these behaviors contribute to the persistence of anxiety disorders. Safety behaviors have been prominent in the cognitive behavior therapy literature during the last decade, particularly with social phobia management. However, nothing is known of safety behavior use by those who stutter. This is surprising given the high prevalence of social phobia in the stuttering population who seek clinical help. METHOD Clinical psychologists and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) created a list of safety behaviors that might be used by adults during treatment for stuttering. Participants were 160 SLPs who were asked whether they advised adults who stutter to use any of these safety behaviors. RESULTS SLPs commonly recommend safety behaviors during stuttering management. Factor structures were found for the following 5 safety behavior categories: (a) general safety behaviors, (b) practice and rehearsal, (c) general avoidance, (d) choosing safe and easy people, and (e) control-related safety behaviors. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to determine the frequency with which adults who receive stuttering treatment follow these clinician recommendations. In addition, there is a need to experimentally determine whether following such recommendations prevents fear extinction at long-term follow-up.
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The relation between social anxiety and audience perception: examining Clark and Wells' (1995) model among adolescents. Behav Cogn Psychother 2013; 42:555-67. [PMID: 23635882 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465813000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clark and Wells' cognitive model of social anxiety proposes that socially anxious individuals have negative expectations of performance prior to a social event, focus their attention predominantly on themselves and on their negative self-evaluations during an event, and use this negative self-processing to infer that other people are judging them harshly. AIMS The present study tested these propositions. METHOD The study used a community sample of 161 adolescents aged 14-18 years. The participants gave a speech in front of a pre-recorded audience acting neutrally, and participants were aware that the projected audience was pre-recorded. RESULTS As expected, participants with higher levels of social anxiety had more negative performance expectations, higher self-focused attention, and more negative perceptions of the audience. Negative performance expectations and self-focused attention were found to mediate the relationship between social anxiety and audience perception. CONCLUSIONS The findings support Clark and Wells' cognitive model of social anxiety, which poses that socially anxious individuals have distorted perceptions of the responses of other people because their perceptions are coloured by their negative thoughts and feelings.
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Togher L, Power E, Rietdijk R, McDonald S, Tate R. An exploration of participant experience of a communication training program for people with traumatic brain injury and their communication partners. Disabil Rehabil 2012; 34:1562-74. [PMID: 22360709 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2012.656788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the experiences of participants who attended communication training programs for people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their everyday communication partners (CP) as part of a non-randomised controlled trial. METHOD The participants were people with TBI and their CP, who were family members or carers of the people with TBI. Twenty-six participants (13 participants with TBI and 13 CP) completed the JOINT program, which involved participants with TBI and CP attending the program together. Fourteen participants with TBI completed the TBI SOLO training program, which did not involve the participation of a CP. Semi-structured videotaped interviews were completed by all participants at the end of the training. Using a six-step generic analysis procedure, data were categorised into topics and then subtopics to identify conceptually discrete units. RESULTS Participants described improvements in communication skills, the impact of improved communication skills, valuable components of the programs and components that needed changes. CONCLUSION The accounts of participants provided additional evidence for the effectiveness of the training programs, assisted with identifying helpful components of the training and demonstrated the usefulness of a qualitative research methodology as part of evaluating the outcomes of the clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Togher
- Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011; 24:78-87. [PMID: 21116133 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e3283423055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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