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Piccolo V, Pastore A, Maisto M, Keivani N, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Summa V. Agri-Food Waste Recycling for Healthy Remedies: Biomedical Potential of Nutraceuticals from Unripe Tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Foods 2024; 13:331. [PMID: 38275698 PMCID: PMC10815480 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Unripe tomatoes represent an agri-food waste resulting from industrial by-processing products of tomatoes, yielding products with a high content of bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical properties. The food-matrix biological properties are attributed to the high steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) content. Among them, α-tomatine is the main SGA reported in unripe green tomatoes. This review provides an overview of the main chemical and pharmacological features of α-tomatine and green tomato extracts. The extraction processes and methods employed in SGA identification and the quantification are discussed. Special attention was given to the methods used in α-tomatine qualitative and quantitative analyses, including the extraction procedures and the clean-up methods applied in the analysis of Solanum lycopersicum L. extracts. Finally, the health-beneficial properties and the pharmacokinetics and toxicological aspects of SGAs and α-tomatine-containing extracts are considered in depth. In particular, the relevant results of the main in vivo and in vitro studies reporting the therapeutic properties and the mechanisms of action were described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (N.K.); (G.C.T.); (M.S.)
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Dario JGN, de Oliveira ER, de Souza RP, Theodorovicz S, Bernini GC, Ruiz G, de Carvalho RH, da Silva CA. Capsaicin and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Glycoside: Effects on the Reproductive Performance of Hyper-Prolific Sows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2794. [PMID: 37685058 PMCID: PMC10486751 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a natural source of vitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] and capsaicin (CAP) in the dietary supplementation of sows in the final phase (85-114 days) of gestation (Gest) and lactation (Lact) on the reproductive performance of the sows and health of piglets through two experiments (Exp I and II). In Exp I, 120 sows were subjected to four treatments: T1-control (without [1,25-(OH)2D3] and supplemental CAP); T2-3.5 µg 1,25-(OH)2D3/Gest/day and 7.0 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3/Lact/day; T3-7.0 µg CAP/Gest/day and 14.0 µg CAP/Lact/day; T4-1.75 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3 + 3.5 µg CAP/Gest/day and 3.5 µg 1,25-(OH)2D3 + 7.0 µg CAP/Lact/day. In Exp II, 200 sows were randomly blocked, factorial 2 × 2 (without or with Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3 and without or with CAP): T1-control (without Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3 and CAP); T2-3.5 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3/Gest/day and 7.0 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3/Lact/day; T3-7.0 µg CAP/Gest/day and 14.0 µg CAP/Lact/day; T4-3.5 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3 + 7 µg CAP/Gest/day; and 7.0 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3 + 14.0 µg CAP/Lact/day. The duration of delivery (3:48 vs. 4:57 h) and the percentage of stillbirths (5.37% vs. 7.61%) were improved (p < 0.05) in the group that received Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3 (Exp II) compared to the control group. Moreover, the dystocia rate decreased (p < 0.05) in Exp II, which received Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3 (4.21 vs. 27.63%), and in Exp I, which received the combination of Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3 + CAP (12 vs. 40%) compared to the respective control groups. Colostrum production was greater (p < 0.05) in sows that received Vit 1,25-(OH)2D3 supplementation compared to the control group, consequently resulting in higher colostrum intake (p < 0.05) of the piglets (330 vs. 258 g/piglet). The additives reduced the incidence of diarrhea (p < 0.05) in piglets (Exp I and II). Thus, the use of additives improved the reproductive performance of sows and contributed to litter growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gabriela Nagi Dario
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (J.G.N.D.); (S.T.); (G.C.B.); (G.R.); (R.H.d.C.)
| | - Eduardo Raele de Oliveira
- Project Coordinator and Assistant at NutriQuest TechnoFeed, São Paulo 13025-320, SP, Brazil; (E.R.d.O.); (R.P.d.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Pereira de Souza
- Project Coordinator and Assistant at NutriQuest TechnoFeed, São Paulo 13025-320, SP, Brazil; (E.R.d.O.); (R.P.d.S.)
| | - Sabrina Theodorovicz
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (J.G.N.D.); (S.T.); (G.C.B.); (G.R.); (R.H.d.C.)
| | - Giovana Chimentão Bernini
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (J.G.N.D.); (S.T.); (G.C.B.); (G.R.); (R.H.d.C.)
| | - Gabriela Ruiz
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (J.G.N.D.); (S.T.); (G.C.B.); (G.R.); (R.H.d.C.)
| | - Rafael Humberto de Carvalho
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (J.G.N.D.); (S.T.); (G.C.B.); (G.R.); (R.H.d.C.)
| | - Caio Abércio da Silva
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (J.G.N.D.); (S.T.); (G.C.B.); (G.R.); (R.H.d.C.)
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Gangnat I, Kreuzer M. Effect of supplementing sows with <i>Solanum glaucophyllum</i>,
a natural source of calcitriol, on farrowing performance,
piglet survival and litter performance. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/146610/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Melo FG, Ocarino NM, Reis AMS, Gimeno EJ, Massone AR, Melo MM, Botelho AFM, Stehmann JR, Serakides R. The Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. extract reduces mineralized matrix synthesis in osteogenically differentiated rat mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1256-1266. [PMID: 32281708 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. has been used to treat and prevent diseases in human and veterinary medicine. On the other hand, plant poisoning causes several bone diseases, among them osteoporosis, which is characterized by osteoblastic hypoplasia. Because the osteoblast is a cell derived from the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow, the hypothesis is that the plant reduces the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of S. glaucophyllum Desf. extract on MSCs cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium. We determined by liquid chromatography that 1 ml of plant extract contained 3.8 μl of 1,25(OH)2 D3 (calcitriol). Four groups of MSCs cultivated in osteogenic medium were evaluated as follows: (a) treated with 100 μl of extract/L containing 0.4 μg/L of calcitriol; (b) treated with 1 ml of extract/L containing 4 μg/L of calcitriol; (c) treated with 5 ml of extract/L containing 20 μg/L of calcitriol; and (d) a control group without extract. We performed alkaline phosphatase activity assay, analysis of MTT conversion to formazan, and evaluated the percentage of cells, and number and diameter of mineralization nodules. The expression of gene transcripts for osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and BMP-2 was analysed by RT-qPCR. After 21 days, there was a significant reduction in MTT conversion to formazan in treated groups, of the cellularity in the group with 5 ml of extract/L, and in the number and size of mineralization nodules in the groups treated with 1 and 5 ml of extract/L. The 5 ml extract/L concentration also reduced transcript expression of osteopontin. It is concluded that S. glaucophyllum Desf. at concentrations of 1 and 5 ml extract/L reduced mineralized matrix synthesis in MSCs cultivated in osteogenic differentiation medium, which suggests that this is one of the mechanisms by which osteoporosis occurs in intoxicated animals.
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Melo FG, Ocarino NM, Sena Reis AM, Gomes LA, Magalhães Cardoso KM, Gimeno EJ, Massone AR, Melo MM, Machado Botelho AF, Serakides R. Rat mesenchymal stem cell cultures as a model to elucidate the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of bone metaplasia induced by Solanum glaucophyllum intoxication. Toxicon 2019; 169:25-33. [PMID: 31421160 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of this experiment is that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are involved in the genesis of the bone metaplasia caused by Solanum glaucophyllum intoxication. We determined using liquid chromatography that 1 mL of plant extract contained 3.8 μl of 1,25(OH)2D3. The ability of 100 μL, 1 mL and 5 mL of extract/L, containing 1 nM (0.4 μg/L), 10 nM (4 μg/L) and 50 nM (20 μg/L) of 1,25(OH)2D3, respectively, in inducing the osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow MSCs from rats was tested. At the concentrations of 1 and 5 mL of extract/L of culture medium without osteogenesis-inducing factors, the plant extract induced the osteogenic differentiation of the MSCs, as was evidenced by the greater synthesis of mineralized matrix. At the higher concentration (5 mL of extract/L), an increase in the relative expression of BMP-2 gene was observed. It was concluded that rat bone marrow MSC culture is a good model for studying the effects of the S. glaucophyllum extract on the osteogenic differentiation of undifferentiated cells. Also, S. glaucophyllum extracts containing 10 nM (4 μg/L) and 50 nM (20 μg/L) of 1,25(OH)2D3 induce the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms by which S. glaucophyllum causes bone metaplasia.
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Kaunda JS, Zhang YJ. The Genus Solanum: An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Biological Properties Review. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:77-137. [PMID: 30868423 PMCID: PMC6426945 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the genus Solanum has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies. Solanum is the largest genus in the family Solanaceae, comprising of about 2000 species distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa, Australia, and parts of Asia, e.g., China, India and Japan. Many of them are economically significant species. Previous phytochemical investigations on Solanum species led to the identification of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, lignans, sterols, phenolic comopunds, coumarins, amongst other compounds. Many species belonging to this genus present huge range of pharmacological activities such as cytotoxicity to different tumors as breast cancer (4T1 and EMT), colorectal cancer (HCT116, HT29, and SW480), and prostate cancer (DU145) cell lines. The biological activities have been attributed to a number of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids and phenols. This review features 65 phytochemically studied species of Solanum between 1990 and 2018, fetched from SciFinder, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Wikipedia and Baidu, using "Solanum" and the species' names as search terms ("all fields").
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sakah Kaunda
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Irazoqui AP, De Genaro P, Buitrago C, Bachmann H, González-Pardo V, Russo de Boland A. 1α,25(OH) 2D 3-glycosides from Solanum glaucophyllum leaves extract induce myoblasts differentiation through p38 MAPK and AKT activation. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.033670. [PMID: 29685991 PMCID: PMC5992525 DOI: 10.1242/bio.033670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Solanum glaucophyllum leaf extract (SGE) increases VDR protein levels and promotes myoblast differentiation. Here, we investigated whether p38 MAPK and AKT are involved in SGE actions. Cell-cycle studies showed that SGE prompted a peak of S-phase followed by an arrest in the G0/G1-phase through p38 MAPK. Time course studies showed that p38 MAPK and AKT phosphorylation were statistically increased by SGE (10 nM) or synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3 (1 nM) treatment. Furthermore, p38 MAPK and AKT inhibitors, SB203580 and LY294002 respectively, suppressed myoblasts fusion induced by SGE or synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3 We have also studied differentiation genes by qRT-PCR. myoD1 mRNA increased significantly by SGE (24-72 h) or 1α,25(OH)2D3 (24 h) treatment. mRNA expression of myogenin also increased upon SGE or 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Finally, MHC2b mRNA expression, a late differentiation marker, was increased significantly by both compounds at 72 h compared to control. Taken together, these results suggest that SGE, as synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3, promotes myotube formation through p38 MAPK and AKT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Irazoqui
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Pablo De Genaro
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Claudia Buitrago
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - Verónica González-Pardo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina .,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Ana Russo de Boland
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Schlegel P, Guggisberg D, Gutzwiller A. Tolerance to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 glycosides from Solanum glaucophyllum by the growing pig. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:119-124. [PMID: 28237727 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Solanum glaucophyllum leaves contain high levels of glycosidically bound 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, the most important vitamin D metabolite. The tolerance to this source was evaluated during six weeks with fifty weaned pigs fed increasing levels (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20μg 1,25(OH)2D3/kg diet). The diet contained, per kg, 9.7g Ca, 3.5g digestible P and 2000IU cholecalciferol. Ten additional pigs were fed a diet containing 1000IU cholecalciferol/kg, without 1,25(OH)2D3. Weekly plasma and final kidney, bone and urinary mineral contents, bone density and breaking strength served as indicators for possible adverse effects of the supplement. All animals grew well and remained clinically healthy. The measured parameters remained unchanged when 1000 replaced 2000IU cholecalciferol/kg and when 1,25(OH)2D3 was fed up to 10μg/kg. Twenty μg 1,25(OH)2D3 increased plasma Ca and decreased plasma P from the 2nd and the 4th experimental week onwards, respectively. Twenty μg 1,25(OH)2D3 increased final plasma Ca and 1,25(OH)2D3 and reduced final plasma P by respectively 19, 56 and 13%. Twenty μg 1,25(OH)2D3 also increased kidney Ca and urinary Ca by 43 and 69%, respectively, reduced bone breaking strength by 12% and tended to decrease bone ash by 3%. To conclude, 2000IU D3 was not beneficial compared to 1000IU cholecalciferol; up to 10μg 1,25(OH)2D3 per kg diet did not lead to observed adverse effects; 20μg 1,25(OH)2D3 altered the homeostatic regulation of Ca and P thus, may lead to first signs of possible adverse effects, such as soft tissue calcification.
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Gili V, Pardo VG, Ronda AC, De Genaro P, Bachmann H, Boland R, de Boland AR. In vitro effects of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃-glycosides from Solbone A (Solanum glaucophyllum leaves extract; Herbonis AG) compared to synthetic 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ on myogenesis. Steroids 2016; 109:7-15. [PMID: 26968127 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of glycoside derivatives of 1α,25(OH)2D3 endows plants to gradual release of the free bioactive form of 1α,25(OH)2D3 from its glycoconjugates by endogenous animal tissue glycosidases. This results in increased half-life of the hormone in blood when purified plant fractions are administered for therapeutic purposes. In this work, we evaluated the role 1α,25(OH)2D3-glycosides enriched natural product (Solbone A) from Solanum glaucophyllum leaf extract compared with synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3 on myogenic differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts. For these, differentiation markers and myogenic parameters were studied in C2C12 myoblasts. Results showed that Solbone A, likewise the synthetic hormone, increased creatine kinase activity at day 2 after differentiation induction (60%, p<0.05). Solbone A and synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3 increased vitamin D3 receptor protein expression at 10nM (50% and 30%, respectively) and the transcription factor myogenin (80%, p<0.05). However, tropomyosin expression was not affected by both compounds. In addition, myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein expression was increased 30% at day 2 of differentiation. Solbone A or synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3 had no effects on myogenin nor MHC cell localization. Cellular mass increased with myogenesis progression, being Solbone A more effective than synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3. Finally, Solbone A, as well as synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3, augmented the index fusion of cultured muscle fibers. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that Solbone A exhibit at least equal or greater effects on early myoblast differentiation as synthetic hormone, suggesting that plant glycosides could be an effective, accessible and cheaper substitute for synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3 to promote muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gili
- INBIOSUR-CONICET-Depto. Biología Bioquímica & Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Verónica Gonzalez Pardo
- INBIOSUR-CONICET-Depto. Biología Bioquímica & Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Ana C Ronda
- INBIOSUR-CONICET-Depto. Biología Bioquímica & Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Pablo De Genaro
- INBIOSUR-CONICET-Depto. Biología Bioquímica & Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Heini Bachmann
- Herbonis AG, Rheinstrasse 28, CH-4302 Augst, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Boland
- INBIOSUR-CONICET-Depto. Biología Bioquímica & Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Ana Russo de Boland
- INBIOSUR-CONICET-Depto. Biología Bioquímica & Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina.
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