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Gadiyar I, Dobrovolny HM. Different routes of infection of H5N1 lead to changes in infecting time. Math Biosci 2024; 367:109129. [PMID: 38101614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection can result in a wide range of clinical outcomes from asymptomatic infection to severe disease and death. While there are undoubtedly many factors that contribute to the severity of disease, one possible contributing factor that needs more investigation is the route of infection. In this study, we use previously published data from cynomolgus macaques infected with A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) via either aerosol (with and without bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL)) or a combined intrabronchial, oral, and intranasal route. We fit a mathematical model of within host viral kinetics to the data and find that when the macaques are infected via the aerosol route with subsequent BAL, the infecting time is significantly lower than for the other two groups. A lower infecting time indicates that the virus spreads from cell to cell more rapidly for aerosol infection with BAL than for the combined deposition or aerosol deposition alone. This study helps elucidate the mechanism behind different infection outcomes caused by differences in routes of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaan Gadiyar
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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2
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Raj S, Matsuyama-Kato A, Alizadeh M, Boodhoo N, Nagy E, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Treatment with Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Ligands 3 and 21 Prevents Fecal Contact Transmission of Low Pathogenic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040977. [PMID: 37112957 PMCID: PMC10146471 DOI: 10.3390/v15040977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) can occur in poultry by direct or indirect contact with infected individuals, aerosols, large droplets and fomites. The current study investigated the potential of H9N2 AIV transmission in chickens via a fecal route. Transmission was monitored by exposing naïve chickens to fecal material from H9N2 AIV-infected chickens (model A) and experimentally spiked feces (model B). The control chickens received H9N2 AIV. Results revealed that H9N2 AIV could persist in feces for up to 60-84 h post-exposure (PE). The H9N2 AIV titers in feces were higher at a basic to neutral pH. A higher virus shedding was observed in the exposed chickens of model B compared to model A. We further addressed the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to limit transmission in the fecal model. Administration of CpG ODN 2007 or poly(I:C) alone or in combination led to an overall decrease in the virus shedding, with enhanced expression of type I and II interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs) in different segments of the small intestine. Overall, the study highlighted that the H9N2 AIV can survive in feces and transmit to healthy naïve chickens. Moreover, TLR ligands could be applied to transmission studies to enhance antiviral immunity and reduce H9N2 AIV shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Abstract
Due to the lack of prophylactic vaccines and effective treatment strategies against numerous public health conditions, viral infections remain a serious threat to global public health and socioeconomic development. The current ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, against which there is no prophylactic vaccine or licensed antiviral agents, underscores the need to continuously identify novel/effective treatment strategies against these infectious agents. Plants and plant-derived compounds have immensely contributed to the fight against numerous health conditions by providing bioactives that possess potent antimicrobial attributes, including antiviral activities. One such plant that has gathered much interest, due to its multiple medicinal properties, is the Nigella sativa plant, a flowering plant belonging to the family Ranunculacea, which is native to various regions of the world. In this chapter, we discuss the antiviral activities of N. sativa against critical viral pathogens, focusing more on the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the etiologic agent of the current unparalleled coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Mo J, Youk S, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Suarez DL, Lee DH, Killian ML, Bergeson NH, Spackman E. The pathogenicity and transmission of live bird market H2N2 avian influenza viruses in chickens, Pekin ducks, and guinea fowl. Vet Microbiol 2021; 260:109180. [PMID: 34271303 PMCID: PMC8355142 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
H2N2 subtype low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have persisted in live bird markets (LBMs) in the Northeastern United States since 2014. Although unrelated to the 1957 pandemic H2N2 lineage, there is concern that the virus could have animal and public health consequences because of high contact with humans and numerous species in the LBM system. The pathogenicity, infectivity, and transmissibility of six LBM H2N2 viruses isolated from three avian species in LBMs were examined in chickens. Two of these isolates were also tested in Pekin ducks and guinea fowl. Full genome sequence was obtained from all 6 isolates and evaluated for genetic markers for host adaptation and pathogenicity in poultry. Clinical signs were not observed in any host with any of the isolates, however one recent isolate was shed at higher titers than the other isolates and had the lowest bird infectious dose of all the isolates tested in all three species. This isolate, A/chicken/NY/19-012787-1/2019, was also the only isolate with a deletion in the stalk region of the neuraminidase protein (NA). This supports the theory that the NA stalk deletion is evidence of adaptation to gallinaceous poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseo Mo
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3089 Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Nichole H Bergeson
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9 subtype are enzootic in Asia, the Middle East, and parts of North and Central Africa, where they cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Of note, some strains of H9N2 viruses have been linked to zoonotic episodes of mild respiratory diseases. Because of the threat posed by H9N2 viruses to poultry and human health, these viruses are considered of pandemic concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). H9N2 IAVs continue to diversify into multiple antigenically and phylogenetically distinct lineages that can further promote the emergence of strains with pandemic potential. Somewhat neglected compared with the H5 and H7 subtypes, there are numerous indicators that H9N2 viruses could be involved directly or indirectly in the emergence of the next influenza pandemic. The goal of this work is to discuss the state of knowledge on H9N2 IAVs and to provide an update on the contemporary global situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Jegede A, Fu Q, Lin M, Kumar A, Guan J. Aerosol exposure enhanced infection of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:435-444. [PMID: 30307712 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To assess the impact of different routes of inoculation on experimental infection of avian influenza (AI) viruses in chickens, this study compared virus replication and cytokine gene expression in respiratory and gastrointestinal organ tissues of chickens, which were inoculated with four low pathogenic subtypes, H6N1, H10N7, H10N8, and H13N6 AI viruses via the aerosol, intranasal, and oral routes respectively. Aerosol inoculation with the H6N1, H10N7, and H10N8 viruses significantly increased viral titres and upregulated the interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β genes in the trachea and lung tissues compared to intranasal or oral inoculation. Furthermore, one or two out of six chickens died following exposure to aerosolized H6N1 or H10N8 virus respectively. The H13N6 virus reached the lung via aerosol inoculation although failed to establish infection. Collectively, chickens were more susceptible to aerosolized AI viruses compared to intranasal or oral inoculation, and virus aerosols might post a significant threat to poultry health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinlolu Jegede
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qigao Fu
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Min Lin
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiewen Guan
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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