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Dauchy RT, Blask DE. Vivarium Lighting as an Important Extrinsic Factor Influencing Animal-based Research. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:3-25. [PMID: 36755210 PMCID: PMC9936857 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Light is an extrinsic factor that exerts widespread influence on the regulation of circadian, physiologic, hormonal, metabolic, and behavioral systems of all animals, including those used in research. These wide-ranging biologic effects of light are mediated by distinct photoreceptors, the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the nonvisual system, which interact with the rods and cones of the conventional visual system. Here, we review the nature of light and circadian rhythms, current industry practices and standards, and our present understanding of the neurophysiology of the visual and nonvisual systems. We also consider the implications of this extrinsic factor for vivarium measurement, production, and technological application of light, and provide simple recommendations on artificial lighting for use by regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, engineers, researchers, and research animal care staff that ensure best practices for optimizing animal health and wellbeing and, ultimately, improving scientific outcomes.
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Key Words
- blad, blue-enriched led light at daytime
- clock, circadian locomotor output kaput
- cct, correlated color temperature
- cwf, cool white fluorescent
- iprgc, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
- hiomt, hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase
- lan, light at night
- led, light-emitting diode
- plr, pupillary light reflex
- scn, suprachiasmatic nuclei
- spd, spectral power distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Dauchy
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Chrono-Neuroendocrine Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - David E Blask
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Chrono-Neuroendocrine Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Magee C, Olanrewaju H, Campbell J, Purswell J. Effect of photoperiod on live performance in neonatal broiler chicks. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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3
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Impact of light intensity or choice of intensity on broiler performance and behavior. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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4
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Aldridge D, Kidd M, Scanes C. Eating, drinking and locations of broiler chickens reared under commercial conditions with supplementary feeder line lighting. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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5
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Scanes CG. Avian Physiology: Are Birds Simply Feathered Mammals? Front Physiol 2020; 11:542466. [PMID: 33240094 PMCID: PMC7680802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.542466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are marked differences between the physiology of birds and mammals. These reflect the evolutionary distance between the two classes with the last common ancestor estimated as existing 318 million years ago. There are analogous organ systems in birds and mammals. However, marked differences exist. For instance, in the avian gastro-intestinal tract, there is a crop at the lower end of the esophagus. This functions both to store feed and for microbial action. The avian immune system lacks lymph nodes and has a distinct organ producing B-lymphocytes, namely the bursa Fabricius. The important of spleen has been largely dismissed until recently. However, its importance in both innate and specific immunity is increasingly recognized. There is a major difference between birds and mammals is the female reproductive system as birds produce large yolk filled eggs. The precursors of the yolk are synthesized by the liver. Another difference is that there is a single ovary and oviduct in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. Scanes
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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The length of the feed restriction period affects eating behavior, growth performance, and the development of the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract of young broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 99:1010-1018. [PMID: 32036958 PMCID: PMC7587655 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of restricting the access to feed on the anticipatory eating behavior, growth performance, and the development of the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in broilers. The experiment consisted in physical restriction of the access of broilers to feed for 0, 4, 6, or 8 h per day from 7 to 19 D of age. At 10, 13, 16, and 19 D of age, immediately before the start of the feed restriction (FR) period, 2 birds per cage were euthanized to evaluate crop and gizzard development. The experimental design was completely randomized, and the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) effects of fasting length on growth performance and GIT traits were determined. In addition, the effect of broiler age on GIT development was studied. From 7 to 19 D of age, ADFI (L, Q; P ≤ 0.05) and BW gain (L; P ≤ 0.01) decreased as the length of the FR period increased, with most of the differences observed with 6 or more hours of fasting. However, feed conversion ratio was not affected by FR length. The relative weight of the crop (% BW) and its fresh content increased (L; P ≤ 0.001) and the moisture of the digesta (%) decreased (L; P ≤ 0.001) as the FR period increased. The DM content (g) of the crop increased with FR, with most of the differences observed with 6 or more hours of fasting (L, Q; P ≤ 0.001). At 19 D of age, the Lactobacillus spp. count in the crop increased (L; P ≤ 0.05) with increase in the FR period. Fasting did not affect any gizzard trait at any age. In summary, physical restriction of the access to feed for 6 h or more reduced BW gain but did not affect feed conversion ratio in broilers from 7 to 19 D of age. Feed restriction for 4 to 8 h stimulated the anticipatory feeding behavior and crop development in broilers.
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8
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Buyse J, Simons P, Boshouwers F, Decuypere E. Effect of intermittent lighting, light intensity and source on the performance and welfare of broilers. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19960012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Buyse
- Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Louvain, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - P.C.M. Simons
- Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Louvain, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Centre for Applied Poultry Research, Spelderholt 9, 7360 AA Beekbergen, The Netherlands
| | - F.M.G. Boshouwers
- Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Louvain, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, R.U. Utrecht, Yalelaan 2, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E. Decuypere
- Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Louvain, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Martel A, Mans C, Doss GA, Williams JM. Effects of Midazolam and Midazolam-Butorphanol on Gastrointestinal Transit Time and Motility in Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus). J Avian Med Surg 2019; 32:286-293. [PMID: 31112641 DOI: 10.1647/2017-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive contrast gastrointestinal (GI) studies are performed frequently in avian medicine to identify GI obstruction, luminal distension, and intracoelomic mass effects. However, repeated manual restraint and radiographic positioning may result in a stress-response and associated morbidity in birds, which can be attenuated by administration of sedative drugs. In mammals, many sedative drugs have been shown to affect GI transit times and motility. In this randomized, blinded, controlled prospective study, the effects of midazolam (M; 6 mg/kg IM) and midazolam-butorphanol (MB; 3 mg/kg each IM) on GI transit times were evaluated in 12 healthy cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Iohexol (20 mL/kg) was administered by crop gavage 15 minutes after induction of sedation, and fluoroscopic images were obtained at different time points. Both sedation protocols significantly affected GI transit times and motility, and the MB protocol had more pronounced effects. Overall median (range) GI transit times were 60 (30-120), 90 (30-120), and 120 (120-180) minutes for the control, M, and MB groups, respectively. Ventricular contractions were markedly reduced with both sedation protocols, while esophageal boluses were reduced only in the MB group. Visualization of the GI tract after iohexol administration was graded highest in the control group and poorest in the MB group. Our results show that commonly used sedative drugs have significant effects on GI transit time and motility in birds. Therefore, GI transit times obtained in sedated birds should not be compared to available reference transit times obtained from unsedated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martel
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christoph Mans
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Grayson A Doss
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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11
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Svihus B, Itani K. Intestinal Passage and Its Relation to Digestive Processes. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Shynkaruk T, Classen HL, Crowe TG, Schwean-Lardner K. The impact of dark exposure on broiler feeding behavior and weight of gastrointestinal tract segments and contents. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2448-2458. [PMID: 30690551 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ross 308 broilers were observed at 2 ages to quantify how duration of darkness affects behavior and alters the gastrointestinal tract (GIT, segment and content weights) over 24 h. Four treatments provided 1 (1D), 4 (4D), 7 (7D), or 10 (10D) h of darkness. Birds (n = 4000) were housed in 8 rooms with 8 pens per room (2 replications per treatment and 4 replications per gender per room). The GIT data were collected on day 27 to 28 (6 males per treatment, euthanized at 2 h intervals for 24 h) and expressed as a percentage of body weight. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, with treatment nested within room. Production data were analyzed as a 4 (dark) x 2 (gender) factorial arrangement and GIT data as a 4 (dark) x 12 (time) factorial arrangement. Regression analyses established relationships between darkness and dependent variables. At 31 d, regression analyses showed no effect on body weight. The highest feed consumption was observed under 4D. Mortality was lowest under 10D. Birds on 10D were the most feed efficient and had the heaviest crops. Crop content interacted with time of day, with peaks prior to dark under 4D, 7D, and 10D. Empty gizzard weight increased linearly as dark increased (P < .01). Behavior was examined as a 4 (dark) x 2 (age) x 2 (gender) factorial arrangement of treatments. Five birds per gender per room were focally observed for 24 h. Dark data were examined using regression analyses and an analysis of variance assessed age and gender data. As dark increased, feeding bout frequency increased and total time spent at the feeder decreased linearly (P = 0.01 and P < .01, respectively). As birds aged, feeding frequency decreased and feed bout length increased. Males visited the feeder more frequently. Birds anticipated dark periods >4 h and increased feeding activity prior to dark. Broilers adapt their feeding behavior in response to dark exposure, which alters GIT segment and content weight and likely feed passage rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shynkaruk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - H L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - T G Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon 57N 5A9, Canada
| | - K Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
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Abstract
There is considerable debate as to the optimal light intensities for growing chickens. This is influencing regulations and industry practices. The present study examines the preference of broiler chickens for light intensity. A choice system was developed to allow determination of the preferences of broiler chickens for light intensity. This system had three light proof pens each with feeders or waterers but different light intensities. There was a connecting transit pen with a light intensity of 1 to 2 lux. This allowed birds access to the pens each with feeders or waterers. There were markedly more chickens observed in the pens each with feeders or waterers and a light intensity of 20 lux than 5 lux. Moreover, more feed was consumed in the 20 lux pens than 5 pens. There were also high numbers of chickens in the transit compartment with its low light intensity (1 to 2 lux) and no feeders or waterers. Broiler chickens exhibited a preference for 20 lux light intensity for feeding compared to 5 lux light intensity. The present study supports the view that there should be a light intensity of at least 20 lux for the areas around the feeders and also suggests that light intensity may be reduced in other areas for resting and other activities.
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Fasting and refeeding induce differential changes in hypothalamic mRNA abundance of appetite-associated factors in 7 day-old Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 227:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Rodrigues I, Choct M. Feed intake pattern of broiler chickens under intermittent lighting: Do birds eat in the dark? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:174-178. [PMID: 31193854 PMCID: PMC6544580 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reflects the results of a short experiment conducted in parallel with a larger trial which aimed to test the assumption that 'consumption of feed by broiler chickens during periods of darkness is largely negligible'. To that effect, on d 31, feeders of birds raised under intermittent lighting (IL), i.e. 1 h of light [1L]:3 h of dark (3D):1L:3D:1L:3D:1L:3D:2L:6D, were weighed at the onset and at the end of each period of darkness (or scotoperiod). Moreover, in order to compare the feeding behavior of IL birds with that of broilers raised under continuous lighting (CL, i.e. 18L:6D), their feeders were weighed in parallel and at the same time points. On d 31, feed intake of IL birds during scotoperiods represented 45% of their 24 h feed intake. Both CL and IL birds presented anticipatory feed intake prior to the long nocturnal period of darkness (6D), as well as higher feed intake right at the onset of lighting at 06:00. Feed intake of CL birds during the 6D nocturnal scotoperiod was negligible at around 2% of their total feed intake. Intermittent lighting birds exhibited excitement at the start of each hour-length scotoperiod and, within that time, ingested around 2.5 times the amount of feed ingested by CL birds. Although short, this study revealed several interesting observations which might be worth further exploring in a larger, lengthier, behavior-focused experiment. Amongst other factors, it might be interesting to understand whether the high feed intake observed during scotoperiods for IL birds in reflective of the whole flock or rather a coping mechanism developed mainly by hierarchically lower-ranking birds to achieve their daily feed intakes requirements.
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16
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Doss GA, Martel A, Mans C, Williams JM. Effects of Midazolam and Midazolam-Butorphanol on Gastrointestinal Transit Time and Motility in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). J Avian Med Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1647/2018-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grayson A. Doss
- From the University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Scie
| | - Anna Martel
- From the University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Scie
| | - Christoph Mans
- From the University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Scie
| | - Jackie M. Williams
- From the University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Scie
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17
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Rodrigues I, Choct M. The foregut and its manipulation via feeding practices in the chicken. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3188-3206. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Koçer B, Bozkurt M, Ege G, Tüzün AE, Konak R, Olgun O. Effects of a meal feeding regimen and the availability of fresh alfalfa on growth performance and meat and bone quality of broiler genotypes. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:318-329. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1440378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Koçer
- Department of Nutrition, Poultry Research Institute, Erbeyli, Turkey
| | - M. Bozkurt
- Department of Nutrition, Poultry Research Institute, Erbeyli, Turkey
| | - G. Ege
- Department of Nutrition, Poultry Research Institute, Erbeyli, Turkey
| | - A. E. Tüzün
- Kocarlı Vocational School, Adnan Menderes University, Kocarlı, Turkey
| | - R. Konak
- Department of Nutrition, Poultry Research Institute, Erbeyli, Turkey
| | - O. Olgun
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Turkey
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Rodrigues I, Svihus B, Bedford M, Gous R, Choct M. Intermittent lighting improves resilience of broilers during the peak phase of sub-clinical necrotic enteritis infection. Poult Sci 2018; 97:438-446. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yang YF, Jin SF, Zhong ZT, Yu YH, Yang B, Yuan HB, Pan JM. Growth responses of broiler chickens to different periods of artificial light. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:767-75. [PMID: 26020757 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish response curves between broiler chicken growth parameters and artificial light periods, as opposed to optimizing a lighting regimen for broiler production. Medium-growing broiler chickens were illuminated for periods of 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 24 h each day. The BW of the broilers were significantly influenced by light periods ( < 0.05). Moreover, BW responded to light periods in a linear fashion, suggesting that long light periods result in greater BW. In addition, a linear relationship was found between feed intake and light periods. However, the relationship between shank length and light period was quadratic. When the light period was too short (12 h) or too long (24 h), the light stimulus did not enhance shank growth in the broiler chickens ( < 0.05). In addition, a quadratic relationship between the quantity of abdominal adipose tissue and light period suggested that the quantity of abdominal adipose decreases when the period of the light stimulus was too short or too long ( < 0.05). Moreover, a broken-stick analysis suggested that the triiodothyronine (T3) concentration in the blood was minimally affected beyond 18 h ( = 0.267), although a quadratic relationship was found between the period (from 18 to 24 h) and T3 concentrations in the blood. The response curves established in the present study will be valuable for designing future lighting regimes for medium-growing broiler strains.
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Abstract
Extended bouts of fasting are ingrained in the ecology of many organisms, characterizing aspects of reproduction, development, hibernation, estivation, migration, and infrequent feeding habits. The challenge of long fasting episodes is the need to maintain physiological homeostasis while relying solely on endogenous resources. To meet that challenge, animals utilize an integrated repertoire of behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses that reduce metabolic rates, maintain tissue structure and function, and thus enhance survival. We have synthesized in this review the integrative physiological, morphological, and biochemical responses, and their stages, that characterize natural fasting bouts. Underlying the capacity to survive extended fasts are behaviors and mechanisms that reduce metabolic expenditure and shift the dependency to lipid utilization. Hormonal regulation and immune capacity are altered by fasting; hormones that trigger digestion, elevate metabolism, and support immune performance become depressed, whereas hormones that enhance the utilization of endogenous substrates are elevated. The negative energy budget that accompanies fasting leads to the loss of body mass as fat stores are depleted and tissues undergo atrophy (i.e., loss of mass). Absolute rates of body mass loss scale allometrically among vertebrates. Tissues and organs vary in the degree of atrophy and downregulation of function, depending on the degree to which they are used during the fast. Fasting affects the population dynamics and activities of the gut microbiota, an interplay that impacts the host's fasting biology. Fasting-induced gene expression programs underlie the broad spectrum of integrated physiological mechanisms responsible for an animal's ability to survive long episodes of natural fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Mitrović B, Vitorović G, Jovanović M, Lazarević-Macanović M, Andrić V, Stojanović M, Daković A, Vitorović D. Uranium distribution in broiler organs and possibilities for protection. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:151-157. [PMID: 24096927 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of uranium (uranyl nitrate hexahydrate, UN) in muscle and organs (kidney, liver, and brain) of broilers, after a 7-day contamination with UN and administration of two different adsorbents (organobentonite and organozeolite). The birds were contaminated during 7 days with 25 mg/UN per day. Adsorbents were given via gastric tube, immediately after contamination with UN. In group 1 that did not receive any adsorbents, histopathological changes in the contaminated broilers were observed in small intestine, liver, and kidney in the form of necrosis of intestinal villi, oedema and cytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes, and dystrophic changes in the kidney tubules epithelium. Organobentonite administered via gastric tube (group 2) reduced uranium distribution by 66 % in kidney, 81 % in liver, and 34 % in brain. In group 3, administration of organozeolite reduced uranium distribution by 67 % in kidney, 68 % in liver, and 49 % in brain. In groups 2 and 3, where the broilers received adsorbents immediately after the UN contamination, no histopathological lesions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Mitrović
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University in Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia,
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Christensen K, Thaxton YV, Thaxton JP, Scanes CG. Changes in body temperature during growth and in response to fasting in growing modern meat type chickens. Br Poult Sci 2013; 53:531-7. [PMID: 23130588 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.715744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Rectal or core body temperature was determined in a study to examine the effects of fasting in modern meat type broilers at three stages of growth, namely d 19, 33 and 47. 2. There were two treatment groups: fed with feed available ad libitum and fasted. Rectal temperatures were determined at noon (1200 h). At that time, feed was removed from the fasted group. The body temperatures were then determined again after 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. 3. Core body temperatures decreased with fasting. The decrease was evident after as little as 6 h of fasting with a further decline evident by 12 h. 4. Accompanying the decrease in body temperature with fasting there were decreases in the venous concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood and sodium in the plasma. 5. The decrease in both body temperature and carbon dioxide presumably reflects depressed metabolic rate. 6. Unexpectedly, the core body temperature increased progressively with age in the control fed group (d 19 = 41·04 ± 0·02°C, d 33 = 41·65 ± 0·05°C, d 47 = 42·21 ± 0·12°C). 7. In the fed control group, core body temperatures were reduced at night, when feeding activity would be anticipated to be greatly reduced.
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Svihus B, Lund V, Borjgen B, Bedford M, Bakken M. Effect of intermittent feeding, structural components and phytase on performance and behaviour of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:222-30. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.772952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Effects of feeding on luminal pH and morphology of the gastroesophageal junction of snakes. ZOOLOGY 2012; 115:319-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Sacranie A, Svihus B, Denstadli V, Moen B, Iji P, Choct M. The effect of insoluble fiber and intermittent feeding on gizzard development, gut motility, and performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:693-700. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Duve L, Steenfeldt S, Thodberg K, Nielsen B. Splitting the scotoperiod: effects on feeding behaviour, intestinal fill and digestive transit time in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.549671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Svihus B, Sacranie A, Denstadli V, Choct M. Nutrient utilization and functionality of the anterior digestive tract caused by intermittent feeding and inclusion of whole wheat in diets for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2617-25. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lewis PD, Danisman R, Gous RM. Photoperiodic responses of broilers. I. Growth, feeding behaviour, breast meat yield, and testicular growth. Br Poult Sci 2010; 50:657-66. [PMID: 19946818 DOI: 10.1080/00071660903338452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. A total of 7960 Cobb and Ross broiler males were reared in two trials to 35 d on various photoperiods between 2 and 21 h or under continuous illumination; a total of 444 birds were randomly selected at 35 d and retained for subsequent determination of breast meat yield and testicular weight at 40 or 54 d of age. 2. In both strains, feed intake and growth were positively correlated with photoperiod during the first 21 d, but afterwards feed intake was not significantly affected by photoperiods longer than 6 h and growth was negatively correlated with photoperiod beyond 12 h. Overall, to 35 d, there were no significant photoperiodic influences on either feed intake or growth for >or=6-h photoperiods, but significant depressions in feed intake and growth for photoperiods shorter than 6 h. Feed conversion efficiency was maximised by 12-h photoperiods, with decreases in efficiency above and below 12 h. Mortality was unaffected by photoperiod <12 h, but increased proportionately with photoperiod >12 h. The incidence of Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) had an inverse relationship with photoperiod <or=10 h, but was positively correlated with photoperiod >10 h. The European Efficiency Factor was curvilinearly related to photoperiod, with the highest efficiency occurring at 12 h. Ross birds had significantly greater feed intakes but poorer feed conversion efficiencies than Cobb; differences in growth, overall mortality and the incidence of SDS between the strains were not significantly different. 3. By 5 d, birds given <or=15 h illumination had learned to eat in the dark, with the amount of feed consumed being inversely proportional to photoperiod; further increases in the amount of nocturnal feeding occurred between 5 and 20 d for <or=12-h photoperiods. The mean hourly rate of nocturnal feeding was consistently lower than diurnal feeding, irrespective of photoperiod. Nocturnal feeding patterns were similar for both genotypes. 4. Breast meat yield at 40 d was unaffected by photoperiod in Cobb birds, but significantly higher in continuously illuminated Ross birds than <or=21 h. At 54 d, breast meat yield was significantly higher in both genotypes given 21 h or continuous illumination and, overall, higher than at 40 d. 5. Testicular weights at 40 and 54 d of age increased with photoperiod in both genotypes to 12 or 15 h. Thereafter, weights plateaued for Cobb but decreased for Ross as the photoperiod was further extended to continuous illumination. 6. New EU welfare regulations come into effect on 30 June 2010 and these state that meat-chickens must have at least 6 h of darkness in each 24-h period, i.e. a maximum photoperiod of 18 h; compliance with the regulations should have no adverse effect on either performance or profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Lewis
- Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
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Scanes CG. Perspectives on the endocrinology of poultry growth and metabolism. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 163:24-32. [PMID: 19393657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birds have rapid pre- and post-hatching growth rates. The major hormones required to support normal growth are growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine (T(3)) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Optimal growth requires a "set-point" concentration of both IGF-I and T(3) in the circulation. Pituitary GH plays a role in controlling the circulating concentrations of both IGF-I and T(3). Nutritional restriction (energy, protein) leads to reductions in circulating concentrations of both IGF-I and T(3) with increased GH secretion due removal of negative feedback. Similarly, there is un-coupling of the GH-IGF-I axis in stunting disease. A critical control point is at the level of the liver and GH receptor/signal transduction. The major hormones controlling metabolism include glucagon, insulin, adrenal glucocorticoid hormone, corticosterone and potentially somatostatin. Chickens and turkeys have higher circulating concentrations of glucose than those of livestock mammals. What are not known include the following: the biological basis for the high basal glucose concentrations; the quantitative fluxes of key metabolites in the fed and fasted state through growth and development; the relative contribution of different organs to gluconeogenesis; the relative importance of insulin and somatostatin in controlling lipolysis and the role of gastro-intestinal hormones in the control of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Scanes
- Graduate School, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 2310 E. Hartford Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53211-3165, USA.
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Cutler SA, Rasmussen MA, Hensley MJ, Wilhelms KW, Griffith RW, Scanes CG. Effects ofLactobacilliand lactose onSalmonella typhimuriumcolonisation and microbial fermentation in the crop of the young turkey. Br Poult Sci 2007; 46:708-16. [PMID: 16428114 DOI: 10.1080/00071660500393694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of Lactobacilli and lactose on microbial fermentation and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colonisation in the crop of the young turkey. 2. The following carboxylic acids were detected in the crop ingesta: formic, acetic, butyric, lactic, valeric, caproic, oxalic, phenyl acetic, succinic and fumaric; propionic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids were not detectable. 3. At the beginning of the night, there were considerable quantities of ingesta in the crop of young turkeys. During the scotophase, there were progressive reductions in the contents and pH. Moreover, there were linear increases in the concentration of lactic, valeric and caproic acids (by approximately 7-fold over 8 h). Much smaller changes in crop pH were observed in the study where dietary treatments of Lactobacilli were not included. 4. Chronic addition of lactose or Lactobacilli to the diet exerted modest effects on the carboxylic acid concentration in the crop contents but did not consistently influence colonisation of the crop by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. 5. Young turkeys confine eating to the hours of illumination (photophase) with a peak in consumption prior to the subjective dusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cutler
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Thaxton JP, Cutler SA, Griffith R, Scanes CG. Changes in Tissue Nitrite Concentration in the Crop of the Turkey Poult in Response to Salmonella Typhimurium Challenge. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1015-9. [PMID: 16776469 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.6.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examines whether Salmonella typhimurium colonization of the crop of young turkeys influences nitrite concentration in the component tissues of the crop. Nitric oxide (NO) is the principal compound in biological samples that is converted into nitrites and NO is known to be a component of the early host response to infection. Challenge with S. typhimurium increased the concentration of nitrite in the crop wall of 3-wk-old turkey poults. The magnitude of the response was reduced at 8 h and absent at 48 h after challenge. As would be expected, S. typhimurium concentrations in the crop were markedly increased following challenge, and were nondetectable in control poults.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Thaxton
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, 39762, USA.
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Swennen Q, Janssens GPJ, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Effects of substitution between fat and protein on feed intake and its regulatory mechanisms in broiler chickens: energy and protein metabolism and diet-induced thermogenesis. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1997-2004. [PMID: 15615013 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.12.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary macronutrient ratio on energy, protein, and lipid metabolism and on the involvement of diet-induced thermogenesis in feed intake regulation of broiler chickens. Male broilers were reared from 1 to 7 wk on isoenergetic diets with substitutions between fat and protein and similar carbohydrate content [low protein (LP): 126 vs. 242 g of protein/kg; low fat (LF): 43 vs. 106 g of fat/kg]. Every week from 21 d onward, 3 chickens per group were placed in open-circuit respiratory cells to measure energy and protein metabolism in fasting, short-term refeeding (5 h) and ad libitum conditions. As LP chickens had a significantly lower BW from 2 wk onward, all parameters were expressed per kilograms of metabolic BW. Feed intake, gross energy intake, and apparent metabolizable energy intake were significantly higher in LP than LF birds. The excessive energy relative to protein intake resulted in significantly increased heat production and energy retention as fat. The latter effect and a significantly increased respiratory quotient indicated higher de novo lipogenesis in the LP chickens. Furthermore, the efficiency of protein retention was significantly better in LP broilers. Neither diet-induced thermogenesis nor feed intake during a 5-h refeeding period was affected by diet composition. Our results indicate that isoenergetic substitution of fat for protein has a strong effect on growth and on energy and protein balance in broilers. The theory linking diet-induced thermogenesis to feed intake could not be corroborated or countered, and further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Swennen
- Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Department of Animal Production, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Laurila M, Hohtola E, Saarela S, Rashotte ME. Adaptive timing of digestion and digestion-related thermogenesis in the pigeon. Physiol Behav 2003; 78:441-8. [PMID: 12676280 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pigeons were allowed to feed for 1 h either 2 h after lights on (morning pulse) or 3 h before lights off (evening pulse). Body temperature was measured radiotelemetrically. Faecal excretion, as an index of rate of digestion, was measured using load cells. At 22 degrees C, faecal excretion peaked just after lights-on in morning-pulse condition, but not in evening-pulse condition. In the cold (+5 degrees C), the peak was absent. We conclude that at thermoneutrality, pigeons are able to postpone a major part of digestion until late in the dark phase when their body temperature is increasing to the diurnal level. Thus, the extra heat from digestion-related thermogenesis that otherwise would be dissipated into the environment can be used for rewarming. In the cold, such a delay is not necessarily advantageous as the extra heat can always be used to substitute for thermoregulatory thermogenesis. The occurrence of concentrated period of digestion only in the morning-pulse condition was correlated to a lower food intake and lower body temperature as compared with the evening-pulse condition. Restricted feeding may thus be needed to induce adaptive timing of digestion as a mechanism of energy sparing. In addition to storage of food, timing of digestion may be a significant factor in the evolution of the crop in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Laurila
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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Aerts JM, Berckmans D, Saevels P, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Modelling the static and dynamic responses of total heat production of broiler chickens to step changes in air temperature and light intensity. Br Poult Sci 2000; 41:651-9. [PMID: 11201447 DOI: 10.1080/713654981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this work was to explore the possibilities of modelling the static and dynamic responses of total heat production of broiler chickens to step changes in temperature and light intensity (light-dark alterations) using compact dynamic model structures. 2. Seventy-seven experiments were performed in an open-circuit respiration chamber to measure the dynamic response of heat production to step variations in temperature and light (on/off). The animal responses were modelled using transfer function model structures. 3. It was demonstrated that the complex process of the dynamic response of heat production of broiler chickens to step changes in air temperature and light-dark alterations can be modelled assuming 1st order dynamics. The coefficient of determination between measured and simulated heat production was on average 0.83 for responses to air temperature and 0.93 for responses to light-dark alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Aerts
- Department of Agro-engineering and Economics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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Abstract
This paper summarises knowledge about temporal control of ad libitum feeding in poultry, from minute to minute, hour to hour and day to day, and about how it relates to aspects of gastrointestinal function. Evidence is presented of only loose control over initiation and termination of spontaneous meals, and it is proposed that degrees of hunger and satiety determine probabilities of feeding starting and stopping. Voluntary regulation of food intake can be considered in terms of adjustments in mean meal size, meal frequency or both. Short-term variation is associated more with meal frequency and longer-term changes more with meal size. Short-term adjustments appear to depend more on alimentary control and longer-term adjustments more on metabolic control (not considered here). Long-term changes affecting meal size are associated with changes in capacity of parts of the alimentary tract. Food can accumulate in the crop and gizzard, and meal initiation and termination are associated with varying degrees of emptying and filling of these diverticula during most of the day. Later in the day there is usually a conditioned change to cumulative filling of the crop (and gizzard) with food that is digested overnight. Possible roles of osmo-/chemoreceptors and gut peptides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Savory
- Poultry Science Department, Scottish Agricultural College, Scotland, United Kingdom
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