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Huerta A, Xiccato G, Bordignon F, Birolo M, Boskovic Cabrol M, Pirrone F, Trocino A. Dietary fat content and supplementation with sodium butyrate: effects on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and myopathies in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104199. [PMID: 39197337 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of microencapsulated sodium butyrate (Na-butyrate; 0, 150, and 300 mg Na-butyrate/kg diet) and dietary fat reduction (7.7% vs. 6.7% in the grower diet; 8.9% vs. 7.7% in the finisher diet) in 792 (half male and half female) broiler chickens on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality and the occurrence of wooden breast (WB), white striping (WS), and spaghetti meat (SM). Dietary supplementation with Na-butyrate did not affect the growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality traits, or myopathy rates. Dietary fat reduction did not influence feed intake (FI) but decreased average daily gain (ADG); increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.001); and decreased the occurrence of WS (-38%; P < 0.01), WB (-48%; P < 0.05), and SM (-90%; P < 0.01). Dietary fat reduction also increased cold carcass weight (P < 0.01), carcass yield (P < 0.05), and pectoralis major yield (P < 0.05), whereas meat quality was not affected. Compared to females, males had high body weight, ADG, and FI and low FCR (P < 0.001) at the end of the trial. Moreover, cold carcass weight and hind leg yield were higher in males than in females (P < 0.001), whereas females had higher carcass, breast, and p. major yields (P < 0.001). Males showed a higher rate of WB (P < 0.001) and a lower rate of SM (P < 0.01) than females, whereas WS occurrence did not differ between sexes. In conclusion, Na-butyrate supplementation did not affect growth performance, carcass traits, or meat quality. Conversely, the reduction in dietary fat greatly decreased myopathy occurrence, whereas moderately impaired growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huerta
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - G Xiccato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - F Bordignon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Birolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Boskovic Cabrol
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - F Pirrone
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - A Trocino
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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Puñal SB, Nicodemus N, Saiz Del Barrio A, García-Ruiz AI. Application of bioelectrical impedance analysis to assess body composition of male and female broiler chickens from 2 different strains throughout the growth period. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103447. [PMID: 38271758 PMCID: PMC10832478 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed in males and females of 2 different broiler strains from 0 to 42 d of age to develop and validate equations to predict body composition (BC). A total of 528 birds, 132 birds per sex and strain (Ross 308 and Cobb 500) were used in the experiment. Birds were fed ad libitum following CVB recommendations with a common starter (0-14 d), grower (15-29 d), and finisher diet (30-42 d). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was measured weekly from 0 to 42 d. Birds were euthanized, frozen and ground for sample collection. Each sample was analyzed through proximate analysis for dry matter (DM), protein, fat, ash, and energy content. Water (%), protein and ash (% DM) decreased with age (77.5-67.5, 69.1-52.2, and 8.12-7.29, respectively; P < 0.0001); whereas fat (% DM) and energy (cal/g DM) increased with the age (20.7-36.4 and 5,421-6151, respectively; P < 0.0001). Males had significantly higher water (%) and protein (% DM) contents, and lower lipid (% DM) deposits than females (70.5, 55.5, and 32.6 vs. 69.6, 54.6, and 33.7, respectively; P < 0.0001). Cobb 500 had a higher fat and lower protein (% DM) and water (%) content than Ross (34.6, 54.0, and 69.7 vs. 31.7, 56.1, and 70.4, respectively; P < 0.0001). A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to select the equation model to predict BC using the relative mean prediction error (RMPE, %) to evaluate the accuracy. The coefficients of determination (R2) to estimate water (%), protein, fat, ash (% DM) and energy content (cal/g DM) were 0.909, 0.825, 0.795, 0.493, and 0.838, respectively, and the RMPE were 1.26, 3.46, 7.73, 8.85, and 1.86%, respectively. A t test analysis was run, observing no differences in any of the parameters under study between the analyzed and estimated values. Based on these results, we can conclude that BIA can be used as a valid non-invasive technique to estimate in vivo BC in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Benítez Puñal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D Poultry Research Centre, Casarrubios del Monte, 45950, Spain; Departamento de Producción Agraria, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Nuria Nicodemus
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Heijmans J, Beijer E, Duijster M, Kemp B, Kwakkel R, Gerrits W, van den Brand H. Changes in body composition and energetic efficiency in response to growth curve and dietary energy-to-protein ratio in broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102410. [PMID: 36565633 PMCID: PMC9801220 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Body composition plays an important role in reproduction in broiler breeders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics in body composition and energetic efficiency in broiler breeders, using different dietary strategies. About 1,536-day-old pullets were randomly allotted to 24 pens in a 2 × 4 factorial design with 2 growth curves (standard or elevated (+15%)) and 4 diets, with a step-wise increment in energy (96, 100, 104, and 108% apparent metabolizable energy nitrogen corrected [AMEn]) fed on a pair-gain basis. Body composition was determined at 10 time points from 0 to 60 wk of age. Body protein mass was linearly related to body weight (BW) in growing breeders, which can be expressed as -6.4+0.184*BW (R2 = 0.99; P < 0.001). Body fat mass was exponentially related to BW in growing breeders, which can be expressed as -42.2+50.8*1.0006BW (R2 = 0.98; P < 0.001). A higher energy-to-protein ratio resulted in higher body fat mass at the same BW (P < 0.001). Sexual maturation was related to body protein mass at 21 wk of age, where each 100 g of body protein mass extra advanced sexual maturation by 5.4 d (R2 = 0.83). Estimates of energetic efficiency for growth (kg) and egg production (ke) appeared not constant, but varied with age in a quadratic manner between 0.27 and 0.54 for kg and between 0.28 and 0.56 for ke. The quadratic relationship could be expressed as kg=0.408-0.0319*Age+0.00181*Age2 (R2 = 0.72; P < 0.001) and ke=-0.211+0.034*Age-0.00042*Age2 (R2 = 0.46; P < 0.001). Body protein mass in broiler breeders is tightly regulated and mainly depended on BW and seems to be the main determinant for sexual maturation. Body fat mass is exponentially related to BW, where an increase in dietary energy-to-protein ratio results in a higher body fat mass. Treatments had minimal effects on estimated energetic efficiencies in breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Heijmans
- De Heus Animal Nutrition B.V., 6717 VE Ede, the Netherlands,Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands,Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands,Corresponding author:
| | - E. Beijer
- De Heus Animal Nutrition B.V., 6717 VE Ede, the Netherlands
| | - M. Duijster
- De Heus Animal Nutrition B.V., 6717 VE Ede, the Netherlands
| | - B. Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R.P. Kwakkel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W.J.J. Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H. van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Panisson JC, Bassi LS, Barrilli LE, Dias RC, Maiorka A, Krabbe EL, Lopes L, Oliveira SG. Energy and nutrient intake on white striping, wooden breast and carcass composition in broilers from three genetic lineages at different ages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Heijmans J, Duijster M, Gerrits WJJ, Kemp B, Kwakkel RP, van den Brand H. Impact of growth curve and dietary energy-to-protein ratio on productive performance of broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101131. [PMID: 34089938 PMCID: PMC8182437 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of growth curve (GC) and dietary energy-to-protein ratio on productive performance of broiler breeder females was investigated from 0 to 60 wk of age. One-day-old pullets (n = 1,536) were randomly allotted to 24 pens according to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement, with 2 GC (standard growth curve = SGC or elevated growth curve = EGC, +15%) and 4 diets, differing in energy-to-protein ratio (96%, 100%, 104%, or 108% AMEn). Feed allocation per treatment was adapted weekly based on the desired GC, meaning that breeders fed the different diets within each GC were fed according to a paired-gain strategy. Linear and quadratic contrasts for energy-to-protein ratio for each GC were evaluated. Elevated growth curve breeders had an earlier sexual maturity (∆ = 4.1 d) than SGC breeders. Egg weight was higher for EGC breeders (∆ = 2.3 g) than for SGC breeders over the whole laying phase (22–60 wk). No differences between EGC and SGC breeders were observed on settable egg production. An increase in dietary energy-to-protein, at a similar BW, led to a linear increase in age at sexual maturity (β = 0.14 d/% AMEn). From 22 to 40 wk of age, an increase in dietary energy-to-protein ratio led to a linear decrease in egg weight (β = -0.06 g/% AMEn), regardless of GC. An interaction between GC and dietary energy-to-protein ratio was observed on settable egg production in this phase. An increase in dietary energy-to-protein ratio led to a linear decrease on settable egg production, which was more profound in EGC breeders (β = -0.70 eggs/% AMEn) than in SGC breeders (β = -0.19 eggs/% AMEn). From 41 to 60 wk of age, an interaction between GC and dietary energy-to-protein ratio was observed on egg weight. In the EGC, an increase in dietary energy-to-protein ratio led to a linear decrease in egg weight (β = -0.13 g/% AMEn), whereas in the SGC, a linear increase in egg weight was observed (β = 0.03 g/% AMEn). From 41 to 60 wk of age, no differences between diets were observed on settable egg production. It can be concluded that a higher GC of breeders has beneficial effects on egg weight, while maintaining settable egg production. Feeding breeders a lower dietary energy-to-protein ratio stimulated productive performance of broiler breeder hens, mainly during the first phase of lay. This effect was more profound when breeders were fed according to a higher GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heijmans
- De Heus Animal Nutrition B.V., Ede, The Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M Duijster
- De Heus Animal Nutrition B.V., Ede, The Netherlands
| | - W J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R P Kwakkel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Yang T, Yu L, Wen M, Zhao H, Chen X, Liu G, Tian G, Cai J, Jia G. Modeling net energy requirements of 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1624-1632. [PMID: 32054198 PMCID: PMC7463080 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A total of three hundred unsexed ducks were utilized to estimate net energy requirements of maintenance (NEm) and weight gain (NEg) for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks and to establish a model equation to predict NE requirements using the factorial method. METHODS To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, fifty 7-day-old ducks at approximately equal body weights (BWs) were randomly assigned into five groups that were fed at different levels (ad libitum, 85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of ad libitum intake), and the endogenous acid-insoluble ash as indigestible marker. The two hundred and fifty 7-day-old ducks were used for a comparative slaughter experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, ten ducks were sacrificed to determine the initial body composition and energy content. The remaining ducks were randomly assigned into five groups (same as metabolic experiment). Ducks of the ad libitum group were slaughtered at 14 and 21-dayold. At the end of the experiment, two ducks were selected from each replicate and slaughtered to determine the body composition and energy content. RESULTS The results of the metabolizable experiment showed AME values of 13.43 to 13.77 MJ/kg for ducks at different feed intakes. The results of the comparative slaughter experiment showed the NEm value for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was 549.54 kJ/kg of BW0.75/d, and the NEg value was 10.41 kJ/g. The deposition efficiency values of fat (Kf) and crude protein (Kp) were 0.96 and 0.60, respectively, and the values of efficiency of energy utilization (Kg) and maintenance efficiency (Km) were 0.75 and 0.88, respectively. CONCLUSION The equation for the prediction of NE requirements for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was the following: NE = 549.54 BW0.75+10.41 ΔW, where ΔW is the weight gain (g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lexiao Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Min Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tibet Vocational Technical College, Lasa, 850000, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Abdallh ME, Ahiwe EU, Musigwa S, Chang'a EP, Al-Qahtani M, Cadogan DJ, Iji PA. Energy and protein utilisation by broiler chickens fed diets containing cottonseed meal and supplemented with a composite enzyme product. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:424-432. [PMID: 32106705 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1736266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. The present study examined the potential of new-generation microbial enzymes to improve the utilisation of energy and protein of cottonseed meal (CSM)-containing diets, with the aim of increasing its inclusion level in broiler chickens diets. 2. Four hundred and eighty, one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were used to assess the utilisation of energy and protein by broiler chickens fed diets containing four graded levels of CSM - none, low (4, 8, 12%), medium (5, 10, 15%) or high (6, 12, 18%) in the starter, grower, and finisher phases, respectively, supplemented with 100 mg/kg of a composite enzyme product (xylanase and β-glucanase). 3. Inclusion of CSM improved (P < 0.01) apparent metabolisable energy (AME), with further improvement (P < 0.001) seen in the enzyme-supplemented diets. Inclusion of CSM reduced (P = 0.002) the metabolisable energy intake (MEI), but this was increased (P < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation. 4. Enzyme addition increased (P < 0.001) the net energy of production (NEp), while heat production (HP) decreased (P < 0.001) with CSM inclusion. More energy was retained as fat (P < 0.05) and protein in birds fed diets with the enzyme, but this was reduced (P < 0.029) by CSM. 5. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in efficiencies of ME use for energy, lipid and protein retention, with higher CSM levels. The enzyme improved (P < 0.013) efficiency of ME use for lipid retention. 6. Feeding diets containing CSM to the broilers enhanced (P < 0.05) protein intake (PI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Positive effects (P < 0.05) of enzyme were observed on protein gain (PG) and net protein utilisation (NPU). 7. Results obtained from this study suggested that nutrient utilisation of diets containing CSM by broiler chickens can be improved by enzyme supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Abdallh
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England , Armidale, Australia.,Department of Poultry Production, University of Khartoum , Khartoum, Sudan
| | - E U Ahiwe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England , Armidale, Australia.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology , Owerri, Nigeria
| | - S Musigwa
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England , Armidale, Australia
| | - E P Chang'a
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England , Armidale, Australia.,Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI) , Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - M Al-Qahtani
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England , Armidale, Australia
| | - D J Cadogan
- Feedworks Aus. PTY, Ltd , Lancefield, Australia
| | - P A Iji
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England , Armidale, Australia.,College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University , Koronivia, Fiji
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Liu X, Yun KS, Kim IH. Evaluation of Sodium Stearoyl-2-Lactylate and 1, 3-Diacylglycerol Blend Supplementation in Diets with Different Energy Content on the Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, and Blood Lipid Profiles of Broiler Chickens. J Poult Sci 2020; 57:55-62. [PMID: 32174765 PMCID: PMC7063077 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0190007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of supplementing an emulsifier blend (sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate and 1, 3-diacylglycerol) in diets with different energy content (normal and 100 kcal/kg reduced) on the growth performance, meat quality, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. Male broiler chickens (n = 1024), with an initial body weight (BW) of 43.60±0.2 g, were used in a 35-day trial. Broiler chickens of similar body weight were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of dietary energy content and with or without emulsifier blend. Broiler chickens fed on emulsifier blend supplemented diet had a higher body weight gain (BWG) during d 7-21, d 21-35, and overall period (P<0.05), higher BW during overall period (P<0.05), and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) during d 7-21, d 21-35, and overall period (P<0.05) compared with broilers fed on diets without emulsifier supplementation. Broiler chickens fed on the diet with low energy content had a lower BWG during d 1-7, d 21-35, and overall period (P<0.05), lower BW during overall period, and higher FCR during d 1-7, d 21-35, and overall period (P<0.05). The ATTD of energy tended to decrease in response to low-energy content diet (P<0.10). Drip loss at 7 d post slaughter tended to decrease in response to dietary emulsifier blend supplementation (P<0.10). However, no interactive effects of dietary energy content and emulsifier blend supplementation (P>0.10) were observed on the growth performance, ATTD, blood lipid profiles, meat quality and relative organ weight. In conclusion, dietary emulsifier blend supplementation could improve growth performance, while low dietary energy content would decrease growth performance and ATTD of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Yun
- Synergen Inc., 103-2002, Weve The state Apt. 1106, Jung-Dong, WonmiGu, Bucheon -Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - In-Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea
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Barzegar S, Wu SB, Choct M, Swick RA. Factors affecting energy metabolism and evaluating net energy of poultry feed. Poult Sci 2020; 99:487-498. [PMID: 32416835 PMCID: PMC7587646 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Different energy evaluating systems have been used to formulate poultry diets including digestible energy, total digestible nutrients, true metabolizable energy, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and effective energy. The AME values of raw materials are most commonly used to formulate poultry diets. The net energy (NE) system is currently used for pig and cattle diet formulation and there is interest for its application in poultry formulation. Each energy evaluating system has some limitations. The AME system, for example, is dependent on age, species, and feed intake level. The NE system takes AME a step further and incorporates the energy lost as heat when calculating the available energy for the production of meat and eggs. The NE system is, therefore, the most accurate representation of energy available for productive purposes. The NE prediction requires the accurate measurement of the AME value of feed and also an accurate measurement of total and fasting heat production using nutritionally balanced diets. At present, there is limited information on NE values of various ingredients for poultry feed formulation. The aim of this review is to examine poultry feed energy systems with the focus on the NE system and its development for chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Barzegar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armadale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armadale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Mingan Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armadale, NSW 2351, Australia; Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armadale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Yahav S, Shinder D, Tanny J, Cohen S. Sensible heat loss: the broiler's paradox. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Tanny
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, P.O. Box 6, Israel 50250
| | - S. Cohen
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, P.O. Box 6, Israel 50250
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Serpunja S, Kim IH. The effect of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (80%) and tween 20 (20%) supplementation in low-energy density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, serum lipid profiles, and excreta microbiota in broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:269-275. [PMID: 30101350 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 768 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens with an average body weight of 43.64 ± 0.59 g were used in a 5-wk feeding trial. The chickens were distributed into 4 treatments of 12 replications per treatment with 16 chickens per pen. Dietary treatments included the following: TRT1, basal diet; TRT2, -40 kcal diet + 0.05% emulsifier; TRT3, -60 kcal diet + 0.05% emulsifier; TRT4, -80 kcal diet + 0.05% emulsifier. The emulsifier contained 80% sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate and 20% tween 20. In our study, the treatment diets had no significant effect on growth performance, meat quality, relative organ weight, serum lipid profiles, and excreta microbiota. However, the birds were able to grow as well with less energy when the emulsifier was added. The supplementation of emulsifier in the low-energy diet linearly decreased cholesterol (P = 0.099) and LDL/C (P = 0.074). The fat digestion of broilers fed with TRT2, TRT3, and TRT4 was significantly higher than broilers fed with TRT1 diet. Our study result shows that the emulsifier used for the experiment is beneficial in the low-energy diet of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Serpunja
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
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12
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Orso C, Moraes ML, Aristimunha PC, Della MP, Butzen MF, Krás RV, Ledur VS, Gava D, McMaus CC, Ribeiro AML. Effect of early feed restriction programs and genetic strain on humoral immune response production in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:172-178. [PMID: 30169715 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to compare the immunocompetence of Cobb high performance and rustic Label Rouge broilers and the influence of reduced growth rates subsequent to feed restriction on the IgY anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) response. In the first experiment (EXP), 360 broilers were assigned to 36 cages from 1 to 42 days of age. A completely randomized design was applied in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 groups (Label Rouge, Cobb ad libitum, and Cobb Restricted Intake), and 2 levels of energy (3,100 and 2,800 kcal/kg); there were 6 replicates per treatment. In the second EXP, 384 Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly assigned to the following feed restriction programs from day 8 to 16: Control, fed ad libitum; Quantitative (80% of the control amount); By Time (fed for 8 h/d), and Qualitative (80% limiting nutrients) restriction. Blood samples were collected on days 35 and 42 (EXP 1) and weekly from day 7 to 42 (EXP 2) for IgY anti-BSA quantification. In EXP 1, the production of IgY anti-BSA was lower in the Cobb groups (P < 0.0001) than in the Label Rouge group, and higher in the Cobb Restricted Intake group (P < 0.0001) compared with the same genetic strain fed ad libitum. Birds fed the low energy diet presented lower (P ≤ 0.06) IgY anti-BSA, independent of genetics. In EXP 2, no difference (P > 0.05) was observed 1 wk after the first BSA inoculation. However, at day 28, birds in all feed restriction programs had higher (P < 0.05) IgY anti-BSA than the Control group fed ad libitum. At day 35, the greatest residual effect of IgY anti-BSA was observed in the Quantitative restriction group. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between groups after 42 d. The 3 early feed restriction programs had beneficial effects on the humoral immune response. Overall, Quantitative restriction promoted a longer lasting IgY anti-BSA response. Lower growth rate, due to feed restriction or genetic potential, improves humoral immunity in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Orso
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - M L Moraes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - P C Aristimunha
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - M P Della
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - M F Butzen
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - R V Krás
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - V S Ledur
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - D Gava
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - C C McMaus
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - A M L Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
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13
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Zhang B, Xiang D, Yang R, Yang L, Li J, Zhao Z. Variations in Tissue-Specific Expression of Adipose Differentiation-Related Protein Gene in Two Native Yunnan Chicken Breeds. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Zhang
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, China
| | - D Xiang
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, China
| | - R Yang
- Livestock Workstation of Pu’er City, China
| | - L Yang
- Livestock Workstation of Pu’er City, China
| | - J Li
- Kunming University, China; Kunming University, China
| | - Z Zhao
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, China
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14
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Nourmohammadi R, Khosravinia H, Afzali N. Effects of feed form and xylanase supplementation on metabolizable energy partitioning in broiler chicken fed wheat-based diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1593-1600. [PMID: 30151983 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feed form and xylanase supplementation on the growth performance, energetic efficiencies, energy partitioning, and nitrogen (N) balance of Ross 308 male broilers fed wheat-based diets. The experiment was conducted as a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of feed forms (mash or pellets) and xylanase (0 or 500 mg/kg), and five feeding levels (ad libitum, 85%, 70%, 55%, and 40% of ad libitum intake). Each of the 20 dietary treatments was fed to 5 replicate pens (5 birds/pen) from 22 to 42 days of age. A significant interaction between feed form and xylanase on was observed for average daily feed intake and heat production (p < 0.01). Pelleting and dietary supplementation with xylanase increased average daily gain and feed conversion ratio but decreased (p < 0.05) average daily feed intake. Broilers fed xylanase-supplemented diet ingested and pelleted diet retained more than in those fed the mash form or the diet without xylanase. Xylanase and pellets decreased (p < 0.01) heat production and metabolizable energy intake (MEI), but increased retained energy (p < 0.05). The birds fed xylanase also needed less MEI per gram of N retained than those fed the diets without enzyme (p < 0.01). Estimation of both metabolizable and net energy requirements for maintenance as a function of BW0.75 showed that requirements for broilers fed pelleted diet and xylanase-supplemented diet were lower than in those fed mash form or the diet without xylanase (p < 0.01). The higher energetic efficiencies for retention were estimated in the birds offered pelleted and xylanase-supplemented diets compared with the values determined for those fed the diet with mash form or the diet without xylanase (p < 0.05). The efficiency of energy utilization for protein for birds fed xylanase-supplemented diets was higher (p < 0.01) than those fed diets without xylanase, and fat deposition for broilers fed the pelleted diet was greater than those fed the mash diet (p < 0.01). Because MEI for maintenance requirements represents a large portion of the MEI, the results from this experiment could be considered in calculation of energy requirements for finishing broilers fed wheat-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nazar Afzali
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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15
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Hosseini SM, Nourmohammadi R, Nazarizadeh H, Latshaw JD. Effects of lysolecithin and xylanase supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and lipogenic gene expression in broilers fed low-energy wheat-based diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1564-1573. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed M. Hosseini
- Department of Animal Sciences; College of Agriculture; University of Birjand; Birjand Iran
| | | | - Hasan Nazarizadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences; College of Agriculture; University of Birjand; Birjand Iran
| | - J. David Latshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
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16
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Maliwan P, Khempaka S, Molee W, Schonewille JT. Effect of energy density of diet on growth performance of Thai indigenous (50% crossbred) Korat chickens from hatch to 42 days of age. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1835-1841. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Muniz JCL, Barreto SLT, Viana GS, Mencalha R, Reis RS, Hannas MI, Barbosa LMR, Maia RC. Metabolizable Energy Levels for Meat-Type Quails at Starter Phase. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JCL Muniz
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - GS Viana
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - RS Reis
- Universidade Federal de Sao Joao del-Rei, Brazil
| | - MI Hannas
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - RC Maia
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
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18
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Tallentire CW, Leinonen I, Kyriazakis I. Artificial selection for improved energy efficiency is reaching its limits in broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1168. [PMID: 29348409 PMCID: PMC5773546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern broiler chickens are a major animal husbandry success story, both in terms of efficient resource utilisation and environmental sustainability. However, continuing artificial selection for both efficiency and rapid growth will be subject to both biological limits and animal welfare concerns. Using a novel analytical energy flow modelling approach, we predict how far such selection can go, given the biological limits of bird energy intake and partitioning of energy. We find that the biological potential for further improvements in efficiency, and hence environmental impact reduction, is minimal relative to past progress already made via artificial selection. An alternative breeding strategy to produce slower-growing birds to meet new welfare standards increases environmental burdens, compared to current birds. This unique analytic approach provides biologically sound guidelines for strategic planning of sustainable broiler production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Tallentire
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - I Leinonen
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.,Land Economy Environment and Society Research Group, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - I Kyriazakis
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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19
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Zhao P, Kim I. Effect of diets with different energy and lysophospholipids levels on performance, nutrient metabolism, and body composition in broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1341-1347. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Ouyang H, Zhang H, Li W, Liang S, Jebessa E, Abdalla BA, Nie Q. Identification, expression and variation of the GNPDA2 gene, and its association with body weight and fatness traits in chicken. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2129. [PMID: 27326383 PMCID: PMC4911950 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The GNPDA2 (glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2) gene is a member of Glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) deaminase subfamily, which encoded an allosteric enzyme of GlcN6P. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that variations of human GNPDA2 are associated with body mass index and obesity risk, but its function and metabolic implications remain to be elucidated.The object of this study was to characterize the gene structure, expression, and biological functions of GNPDA2 in chickens. Methods. Variant transcripts of chicken GNPDA2 and their expression were investigated using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) system and real-time quantitative PCR technology. We detected the GNPDA2 expression in hypothalamic, adipose, and liver tissue of Xinghua chickens with fasting and high-glucose-fat diet treatments, and performed association analysis of variations of GNPDA2 with productive traits in chicken. The function of GNPDA2 was further studied by overexpression and small interfering RNA (siRNA) methods in chicken preadipocytes. Results.Four chicken GNPDA2 transcripts (cGNPDA2-a∼cGNPDA2-d) were identified in this study. The complete transcript GNPDA2-a was predominantly expressed in adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat), hypothalamus, and duodenum. In fasting chickens, the mRNA level of GNPDA2 was decreased by 58.8% (P < 0.05) in hypothalamus, and returned to normal level after refeeding. Chicken fed a high-glucose-fat diet increased GNPDA2 gene expression about 2-fold higher in adipose tissue (P < 0.05) than that in the control (fed a basal diet), but decreased its expression in hypothalamus. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the GNPDA2 gene were significantly associated with body weight and a number of fatness traits in chicken (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Our findings indicated that the GNPDA2 gene has a potential role in the regulation of body weight, fat and energy metabolism in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjia Ouyang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding,Guangzhou,China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding,Guangzhou,China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding,Guangzhou,China
| | - Sisi Liang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding,Guangzhou,China
| | - Endashaw Jebessa
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding,Guangzhou,China
| | - Bahareldin A Abdalla
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding,Guangzhou,China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding,Guangzhou,China
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Bhuiyan MM, Iji PA. Energy Value of Cassava Products in Broiler Chicken Diets with or without Enzyme Supplementation. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1317-26. [PMID: 26194227 PMCID: PMC4554873 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the metabolizable energy (ME) intake, net energy of production (NEp), heat production (HP), efficiencies of ME use for energy, lipid and protein retention as well as the performance of broiler chickens fed diets based on cassava chips or pellets with or without supplementation with an enzyme product containing xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase. The two products, cassava chips and pellets, were analysed for nutrient composition prior to feed formulation. The cassava chips and pellets contained 2.2% and 2.1% crude protein; 1.2% and 1.5% crude fat; and 75.1% and 67.8% starch, respectively. Lysine and methionine were 0.077%, 0.075%, and 0.017%, 0.020% protein material, respectively, while calculated ME was 12.6 and 11.7 MJ/kg, respectively. Feed intake to day 21 was lower (p<0.01) on the diet containing cassava chips compared to diets with cassava pellets. Enzyme supplementation increased (p<0.01) feed intake on all diets. Live weight at day 21 was significantly (p<0.01) reduced on the diet based on cassava chips compared to pellets, but an improvement (p<0.01) was noticed with the enzyme supplementation. Metabolizable energy intake was reduced (p<0.01) by both cassava chips and pellets, but was increased (p<0.01) on all diets by enzyme supplementation. The NEp was higher (p<0.01) in the maize-based diets than the diets containing cassava. Enzyme supplementation improved (p<0.01) NEp in all the diets. Heat production was highest (p<0.01) on diets containing cassava pellets than on cassava chips. It is possible to use cassava pellets in diets for broiler chickens at a level close to 50% of the diet to reduce cost of production, and the nutritive value of such diets can be improved through supplementation of enzyme products containing carbohydrases, protease, and phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. A. Iji
- Corresponding Author: P. A. Iji. Tel: +61-2-6773-2082, Fax: +61-2-6773-3922, E-mail:
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22
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Butzen F, Vieira M, Kessler A, Aristimunha P, Marx F, Bockor L, Ribeiro A. Early feed restriction in broilers. II: Body composition and nutrient gain. J APPL POULTRY RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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23
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Pirgozliev V, Beccaccia A, Rose SP, Bravo D. Partitioning of dietary energy of chickens fed maize- or wheat-based diets with and without a commercial blend of phytogenic feed additives. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:1695-702. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Carré B, Juin H. Partition of metabolizable energy, and prediction of growth performance and lipid deposition in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1287-97. [PMID: 25834251 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study presented here consisted of the calculation of cross relationships between growth performance parameters, body growth composition, and feed characteristics, using data from an experiment reported in 2 previous publications. In the previous experiment, 30 pelleted diets were given to broiler chickens (8/diet) (21 to 35 d) for in vivo measurement and prediction of AMEn and net energy (NE) values of diets, using 3 trials with 10 diets/trial. In the course of NE determination, individual values for growth, feed intake, and deposition of lipid and protein were measured. Average energy deposited as lipid and protein represented 25.4 and 19.1% AME intake, respectively. Using a multiple regression predicting AME intake, the partial efficiencies of AME for energy deposition as lipid and protein were calculated to be 91.6 and 67.3%, respectively, and the daily amount of AME required for maintenance was evaluated at 0.683 MJ/kg BW0.7. The mean diet NE/AMEn ratios were predicted by an equation combining the lipid content of body growth (positive coefficient) and the apparent digestible protein (ADP) to AMEn ratio (ADP/AMEn), with a quadratic expression for the latter variable. This quadratic response expressed a positive asymptotic relationship, with a plateau for ADP/AMEn values above 1.45 [%/(MJ/kg)]. The equations predicting growth always included either the dietary percentage of water-insoluble cell wall or the AMEn value. The other major parameters predicting growth were either the lipid content of body growth or the CP/AMEn ratio. In many cases, quadratic responses were observed in growth prediction equations. Regressions predicting feed efficiency showed only linear responses. Feed efficiency was predicted precisely by multiple linear regressions based only on AMEn and a dietary protein parameter. According to these regressions, 1% CP was equivalent to 0.247 MJ/kg AMEn in terms of feed efficiency. The most efficient regression predicting the individual lipid content of body growth combined the protein efficiency value (negative coefficient), the CP/AMEn ratio (negative coefficient), AMEn (positive coefficient), and the feather content of body growth (positive coefficient).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Carré
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche 83, Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - H Juin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Expérimentale 1206, Elevage Alternatif et Santé des Monogastriques, F-17700 Surgères, France
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25
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Zancanela V, Marcato S, Furlan A, Grieser D, Ton A, Batista E, Perine T, Del Vesco A, Pozza P. Models for predicting energy requirements in meat quail. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Barekatain MR, Noblet J, Wu SB, Iji PA, Choct M, Swick RA. Effect of sorghum distillers dried grains with solubles and microbial enzymes on metabolizable and net energy values of broiler diets. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2793-801. [PMID: 25214553 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is generally no information regarding the influence of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on the net energy (NE) value of broiler diets. It was hypothesized that the ME content of DDGS may overestimate its productive energy, leading to higher heat increment when used in broiler diets. Furthermore, it was of interest to investigate the potential benefits of a mixture of carbohydrases and protease on energy partitioning in diets containing DDGS. In this study, 2 evaluations, comparative slaughter (CS) or indirect calorimetry (IC), were conducted using the same batch of birds and feed. Two levels of DDGS (0 or 30%) without or with an enzyme mixture were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The CS evaluation used 240 male Ross 308 broiler chicks with 6 replicates (10 birds each) per treatment from d 18 to 28. Carcass energy values were examined in 2 birds per replicate on each of d 18 and 28 to determine heat production (HP), NE, and ME. The IC evaluation used 32 birds acclimatized to 16 closed-circuit calorimeters (2 birds per chamber) following energy partitioning measurement by gaseous exchange and total excreta collection from 18 to 24 d. Birds fed DDGS had increased feed efficiency during starter and grower phases (P < 0.001). The CS showed no difference in HP between birds fed diets with or without DDGS. When measured by IC, birds fed diets containing DDGS had higher HP and lower NE (P < 0.01). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on HP, ME, or NE:ME ratio measured using CS or IC but increased NE and NE intake (P < 0.01) from d 18 to 28. Carcass fat retention was decreased (P < 0.05) and there was a lower NE (P < 0.01) in birds fed the DDGS-diets. This study showed that 30% dietary DDGS affects energy partitioning in broilers with more heat produced, decreased dietary NE, and less fat retained in the carcass.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Barekatain
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - J Noblet
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590, St-Gilles, France
| | - S B Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - P A Iji
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - M Choct
- Poultry Cooperative Research Center, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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27
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Hossain M, Islam A, Iji P. Energy Utilization and Performance of Broiler Chickens Raised on Diets with Vegetable Proteins or Conventional Feeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ajpsaj.2012.117.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Reyes M, Salas C, Coon C. Metabolizable Energy Requirements for Broiler Breeder in Different Environmental
Temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2012.453.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Pirgozliev V, Bedford M, Acamovic T, Mares P, Allymehr M. The effects of supplementary bacterial phytase on dietary energy and total tract amino acid digestibility when fed to young chickens. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:245-54. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.560596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Pirgozliev
- a Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College , Auchincruive , Ayr, KA6 5HW , UK
| | - M.R. Bedford
- b AB Vista Feed Ingredients , Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire , SN8 4AN , UK
| | - T. Acamovic
- a Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College , Auchincruive , Ayr, KA6 5HW , UK
| | - P. Mares
- a Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College , Auchincruive , Ayr, KA6 5HW , UK
| | - M. Allymehr
- a Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College , Auchincruive , Ayr, KA6 5HW , UK
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30
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Lin CS, Chiang SH, Lu MY. Comparison of the energy utilisation of conventional and Taiwanese native male broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The response of Ross 308 and Hybro broiler chickens to early and late skip-a-day feed restriction. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1707-13. [PMID: 19452260 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of skip-a-day feeding for 14 days during the starter or grower period or for 28 days during both periods followed by ad libitum feeding to market age on the growth performance of two strains of broiler chickens, Ross 308 and Hybro, were studied over 7 weeks. Ross was superior to Hybro in weight gain, final body weight and feed conversion but consumed more feed. Overall, feed restriction reduced feed intake, weight gain and body weight in all feed - restricted birds. Also, the 14-day feed-restricted birds gained more weight and were heavier than the 28-day restricted ones. Feed restriction neither improved feed conversion nor reduced abdominal fat but decreased mortality rate. Strain | treatment interaction significantly affected only feed intake. It is suggested that for broiler chicken production in the tropics Ross 308 could be used and feed restricted for 14 days during the starter or grower period.
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Latshaw J, Moritz J. The partitioning of metabolizable energy by broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2009; 88:98-105. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Olukosi OA, Cowieson AJ, Adeola O. Influence of enzyme supplementation of maize-soyabean meal diets on carcase composition, whole-body nutrient accretion and total tract nutrient retention of broilers. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:436-45. [PMID: 18704790 DOI: 10.1080/00071660802203732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Carcase composition, whole body nutrient accretion rates and total tract nutrient retention of broilers in response to supplemental phytase or carbohydrase and protease from 0 to 21 d of age were investigated. 2. A total of 480 broilers were allocated to 4 slaughter groups (SG) of 30, 150, 150 and 150 broilers. Thirty broilers, in 6 replicates of 5 birds, comprised the initial SG killed at d 0; 150 broilers were allocated to each of the d 7, 14 and 21 final SG. Broilers in the final SG were allocated to 5 treatments in a randomised complete block design; each treatment had 6 replicate cages of 5 broilers per replicate cage. 3. The diets were maize-wheat-soyabean based and the treatments were: (1) positive control which met NRC (1994) energy and nutrients requirements for broiler, (2) negative control (NC) deficient in metabolisable energy (ME) and P, (3) NC plus phytase added at 1000 FTU/kg, (4) NC plus cocktail of xylanase, amylase and protease (XAP), and (5) NC plus phytase and XAP. 4. Except for ash and Ca, the treatments had no effect on carcase composition. Phytase or XAP individually or combined had variable effects on body nutrient accretion rates at various age periods of the broilers compared with the NC diet. Phytase alone or combined with XAP consistently improved body accretion rates of DM, protein, fat, ash, Ca, and P. 5. Addition of phytase alone or combined with XAP to the NC diet improved total tract N and P retention compared with the NC diet. Cocktail of XAP alone or combined with phytase improved Ca retention. Combination of phytase and XAP improved metabolisable energy (ME) and dry matter retention. 6. Overall, the results showed that the exogenous enzymes used had greater effects on the rates of nutrient accumulation in the carcase rather than on the proportion of nutrients deposited in the carcase.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Olukosi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Fan H, Xie M, Wang W, Hou S, Huang W. Effects of Dietary Energy on Growth Performance and Carcass Quality of White Growing Pekin Ducks from Two to Six Weeks of Age. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1162-4. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Olukosi OA, Cowieson AJ, Adeola O. Energy utilization and growth performance of broilers receiving diets supplemented with enzymes containing carbohydrase or phytase activity individually or in combination. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:682-90. [PMID: 17761011 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507815807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Energy utilization in broilers as influenced by supplementation of enzymes containing phytase or carbohydrase activities was investigated. Day-old male broilers (480) were allocated to four slaughter groups, thirty broilers in the initial slaughter group and 150 broilers in each of the final slaughter groups on days 7, 14 and 21. Broilers in each of the final slaughter groups were allocated to five treatments in a randomized complete block design, each treatment had six replicate cages of five broilers per replicate cage. The diets were maize–soyabean based with wheat as a source of NSP. The treatments were: (1) positive control that met nutrient requirements of the day-old broiler chick; (2) negative control (NC) deficient in metabolizable energy and P; (3) NC plus phytase added at 1000 FTU/kg; (4) NC plus cocktail of xylanase, amylase and protease (XAP); and (5) NC plus phytase and XAP. Gain and gain:food were depressed (P < 0·05) in the NC diet. Phytase improved (P < 0·05) gain at all ages and gain:food at days 0–14 and days 0–21. There was improvement (P < 0·01) in net energy for production, energy retained as fat and protein from days 0 to 14 and from days 0 to 21 in phytase-supplemented diet compared with the NC diet. Net energy for production was more highly correlated with performance criteria than metabolizable energy and may be a more sensitive energy utilization response criterion to use in evaluating broiler response to enzyme supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyinka A Olukosi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
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Lopez G, de Lange K, Leeson S. Partitioning of retained energy in broilers and birds with intermediate growth rate. Poult Sci 2007; 86:2162-71. [PMID: 17878446 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.10.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study energy retained (TER) as fat (TERF) and protein (TERP) in 3 strains of birds with different growth rate; commercial broilers, Barred Plymouth Rock, and Leghorns. Birds were fed ad libitum a diet providing 3,100 kcal of AMEn/kg and 20% CP from 0 to 42 d. Body composition, TER, TERF, and TERP were determined at 0, 7, 10, 15, 19, 23, 28, 33, 37, and 42 d of age. The TER, TERF, and TERP were derived from whole body analyses. Linear and nonlinear models (quadratic, allometric, and Gompertz equation) were used as a means to characterize observed patterns of energy deposition. The TER, TERF, and TERP increased quadratically (P < 0.001) over time in all 3 strains of birds. Over 42 d, broilers deposited a constant proportion (50%) of body energy as fat and protein (P < 0.001). When applying the Gompertz equation to relate empty BW (EBW) to time, the estimated value for EBW at maturity of the broilers was unrealistically high (11.1 kg) and estimated poorly (SE 5.5 kg). Quadratic equations may be used as an alternative for Gompertz equations to represent growth of EBW, TER, TERF, or TERP vs. time in chickens between 0 and 42 d of age. Within the BW ranges that were evaluated in this study, allometric functions or Gompertz equations can be used to relate TERF and TERP to EBW, but model parameters differ between bird strains. Based on the Gompertz equation and in broilers, the maximum rate of TERF and TERP was reached at 1.16 and 1.22 kg of EBW, respectively, and then declines slowly as BW increases. Quantifying and partitioning TER as TERF and TERP as major components of ME requirements can be used to establish models that have economic consequences to the broiler industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lopez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Rosa PS, Faria Filho DE, Dahlke F, Vieira BS, Macari M, Furlan RL. Effect of energy intake on performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens from two different genetic groups. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2007000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PS Rosa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | | | - F Dahlke
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - BS Vieira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | - M Macari
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | - RL Furlan
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Buchanan N, Kimbler L, Parsons A, Seidel G, Bryan W, Felton E, Moritz J. The Effects of Nonstarch Polysaccharide Enzyme Addition and Dietary Energy Restriction on Performance and Carcass Quality of Organic Broiler Chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/16.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Sakomura NK, Longo FA, Oviedo-Rondon EO, Boa-Viagem C, Ferraudo A. Modeling energy utilization and growth parameter description for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2005; 84:1363-9. [PMID: 16206556 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.9.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to develop and evaluate a model to estimate ME requirements and determine Gompertz growth parameters for broilers. The first experiment was conducted to determine maintenance energy requirements and the efficiencies of energy utilization for fat and protein deposition. Maintenance ME (MEm) requirements were estimated to be 157.8, 112.1, and 127.2 kcal of ME/kg(0.75) per day for broilers at 13, 23, and 32 degrees C, respectively. Environmental temperature (T) had a quadratic effect on maintenance requirements (MEm = 307.87 - 15.63T + 0.3105T(2); r2= 0.93). Energy requirements for fat and protein deposition were estimated to be 13.52 and 12.59 kcal of ME/g, respectively. Based on these coefficients, a model was developed to calculate daily ME requirements: ME = BW(0.75) (307.87 - 15.63T + 0.3105 T2) + 13.52 Gf + 12.59 Gp. This model considers live BW, the effects of environmental temperature, and fractional fat (Gf) and protein (Gp) deposition. The second experiment was carried out to estimate the growth parameters of Ross broilers and to collect data to evaluate the ME requirement model proposed. Live BW, empty feather-free carcass, weight of the feathers, and carcass chemical compositions were analyzed until 16 wk of age. Parameters of Gompertz curves for each component were estimated. Males had higher growth potential and higher capacity to deposit nutrients than females, except for fat deposition. Data of BW and body composition collected in this experiment were fitted into the energy model proposed herein and the equations described by Emmans (1989) and Chwalibog (1991). The daily ME requirements estimated by the model determined in this study were closer to the ME intake observed in this trial compared with other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Sakomura
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Oyedeji JO, Umaigba JO, Okugbo OT, Ekunwe PA. Response of broiler chickens to different dietary crude protein and feeding regimens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2005000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lopez G, Leeson S. Utilization of metabolizable energy by young broilers and birds of intermediate growth rate. Poult Sci 2005; 84:1069-76. [PMID: 16050124 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.7.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the utilization of ME by 3 strains of birds with different growth rates: commercial broilers, Plymouth Barred Rocks, and Leghorns. Birds were fed a diet providing 3,100 kcal of ME/kg and 20% CP from 0 to 42 d. ME and nitrogen balance were determined from 10 to 15, 23 to 28, and 37 to 42 d. Energy retained (ER) as fat (ERF) and protein (ERP) were derived from body analyses for each period and group of birds. ERF and ERP were obtained as the difference in values at the end of each period and their respective predicted values based on BW at the beginning of the period. ER, ERF, and ERP per unit metabolic BW were significantly different for broilers vs. the other 2 strains in all periods (P < 0.001). Heat production and ER increased significantly (P < 0.01) for all groups. There was a significant decrease in HP (P < 0.001) over time with no change in ER, ERF, or ERP over time. Age appeared to have no significant effect on ERF/ME regardless of strain. Estimation of maintenance requirements as a function of BW0.75 vs. BW0.60 showed that requirements for broilers per kilogram of BW0.75 are 8% lower compared with estimates based on BW0.60. It seems that energy requirements for maintenance has been underestimated for younger or smaller birds and implies greater apparent efficiency for growth. Because ME intake for maintenance requirements represents a large portion of the ME intake, the results from this experiment could be considered in calculation of energy requirements for growing broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lopez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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42
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Neme R, Sakomura NK, Fialho FB, Freitas ER, Fukayama EH. Modelling energy utilization for laying type Pullets. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2005000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Neme
- Universidade Estadual Paulista
| | | | - FB Fialho
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
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Yahav S, Straschnow A, Luger D, Shinder D, Tanny J, Cohen S. Ventilation, sensible heat loss, broiler energy, and water balance under harsh environmental conditions. Poult Sci 2004; 83:253-8. [PMID: 14979577 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Air velocity (AV) is one of the main environmental factors involved in thermoregulation, especially at high ambient temperatures. To elucidate the effect of AV on performance and thermoregulation of 4- to 7-wk-old broiler chickens, an experiment was conducted using 4 different AV (0.8, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 m/s) at constant ambient temperatature (35 +/- 1.0 degrees C) and RH (60 +/- 2.5%). BW, feed intake, and fecal and urinary excretions were monitored in individuals and were used to calculate the amount of energy expended for maintenance. Infrared thermal imaging radiometry was used to measure surface temperatures for the calculation of heat loss by radiation and convection. Brachial vein blood was collected for plasma osmolality and arginine vasotocin analysis. Broilers performed optimally at an AV of 2.0 m/s. Energy expenditure for maintenance was significantly higher under these conditions, suggesting the ability to direct a sufficient amount of energy to control body temperature, while maintaining relatively high growth rates. Convective heat loss increased significantly with increasing AV, whereas radiative heat loss was not affected. Sensible heat loss, expressed as a percentage of energy expenditure for maintenance, was significantly higher at 2.0 m/s compared with 0.8 m/s but significantly lower than that of 3.0 m/s. The high level of heat loss observed at 3.0 m/s probably affected body water balance, as supported by significantly higher plasma osmolality, arginine vasotocin concentration, and the hyperthermic status of these birds. It can be concluded that AV of 2.0 m/s enables broilers to maintain proper performance together with efficient thermoregulation and water balance under harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yahav
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Sakomura NK, Silva R, Couto HP, Coon C, Pacheco CR. Modeling metabolizable energy utilization in broiler breeder pullets. Poult Sci 2003; 82:419-27. [PMID: 12705403 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.3.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine models for ME requirements for broiler breeder pullets using the factorial method. The influence of the temperature on maintenance ME requirements was determined by experiments conducted in three environmental rooms with temperature kept constant at 15,22, and 30 degrees C, using the comparative slaughter technique. The energy requirements for weight gain were determined based on the body energy content and efficiency of energy utilization for weight gain. Two ME requirement models for each age were developed using the coefficients for maintenance and weight gain. The models for 3 to 8 wk were ME = W(0.75) (186.52 - 1.94T) + 2.47WG, and ME = W(0.75) (174 - 1.88T) + 2.83WG; for 9 to 14 wk, ME = W(0.75) (186.52 - 1.94T) + 2.69WG, and ME = W(0.75) (174 - 1.88T) + 2.50WG; and 15 to 20 wk, ME = W(0.75) (186.52 - 1.94T) + 2.76WG, and ME = W(0.75) (174 - 1.88T) + 3.24WG. In these equations, W is BW (kg), T is temperature (degrees C), and WG is daily weight gain (g). These models were compared to the breeder's recommendations in a feeding trial from 5 to 20 wk of age. Models 1 and 2 provided energy intakes that promoted BW smaller than the breeder's recommendation. However, all breeder pullets had weights above the standard recommendation. Model 2 gave the smallest ME intake and BW close to the standard recommendation and provided the best prediction of ME requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Sakomura
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Urdaneta-Rincon M, Leeson S. Quantitative and qualitative feed restriction on growth characteristics of male broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2002; 81:679-88. [PMID: 12033418 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.5.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative feed restriction on the performance of male broiler chickens. In the first experiment, broilers fed identical pelleted diets were feed-restricted from 5 to 42 d by giving 95, 90, or 85% of the feed consumed ad libitum by control birds the previous day. In a second experiment, broilers were fed pellet or mash diets from 1 to 7 wk. In Experiments 3 and 4, broilers were feed-restricted to 90% of the ad libitum intake of a control group during different intervals. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that live body weight at 42 d was significantly different between unrestricted and restricted broilers (P < 0.01). A reduction in mortality was noted when feed intake was reduced (P < 0.05). In the second experiment, broilers fed mash had lower body weights and breast meat yields at 42 and 49 d (P < 0.05). Cumulative mortality at 42 and 49 d was reduced in broilers fed mash (P < 0.05). Results from Experiment 3 indicated that body weight and mortality were not significantly different (P > 0.05) at 42 d across treatments. There was a significant (P < 0.01) linear improvement on feed conversion at 42 d due to duration of feed restriction. Breast meat yield at 42 d was less in broilers subjected to mild feed restriction (P > 0.05) (Experiments 3 and 4). Broilers appeared able to recover from mild feed restriction, and there was always an associated reduction in mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Urdaneta-Rincon
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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Reginatto MF, Ribeiro AML, Penz Jr AM, Kessler AM, Krabbe EL. Suplementação de Treonina em Dietas de Frangos de Corte, Variando a Energia e as Relações Energia: Proteína. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2000000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dois experimentos (EXP 1 e 2) foram conduzidos para avaliar relações energia metabolizável:proteína bruta (EM:PB) e a adição de treonina (Thr) em dietas com alta (A) (3.200kcal EM/kg) e baixa (B) (2.900kcal EM/kg) energia, sobre desempenho e composição de carcaças de frangos de corte machos. As relações energia:proteína foram 139 e 160 kcal/%, para as dietas iniciais (1 a 21 dias) (EXP 1) e 160 e 181kcal/%, para as de crescimento (22 a 40 dias) (EXP 2), nos dois níveis de energia. As dietas com ampla relação EM:PB foram suplementadas, ou não, com Thr a fim de iguala-las às dietas com menor EM:PB. Os níveis de Met+Cys e de Lys foram constantes. As aves receberam uma dieta única após (EXP1), ou antes (EXP2) do fornecimento das dietas experimentais. Nos dois EXP as dietas A proporcionaram melhor desempenho: ganho de peso (GP),consumo de ração e conversão alimentar (CA) (p<0,01), ao final de cada período experimental. Porém, no EXP 1, as aves que receberam dietas B tiveram melhor conversão calórica (CC, kcal/kg,) (p<0,01) no período total (1 a 40 dias), indicando um período de crescimento acelerado. Os níveis de Thr (0,74 e 0,69% para A e B respectivamente) das dietas com relação EM:PB ampla não foram limitantes no desempenho das aves. No EXP 2, a EM:PB 181 deprimiu o GP (p<0,08) e piorou a CA (p<0,01), nas energias A e B. Portanto, em dietas práticas iniciais, Thr não foi um aminoácido (AA) limitante. Porém, de 22 a 40 dias, a adição de Thr foi necessária, em dietas com EM:PB 181kcal/%(EXP 2). A suplementação de Thr não influenciou a composição das carcaças nos dois EXP.
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Reginatto MF, Ribeiro AM, Penz Jr AM, Kessler AM, Krabbe EL. Efeito da Energia, Relação Energia: Proteína e Fase de Crescimento Sobre o Desempenho e Composição de Carcaça de Frangos de Corte. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2000000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dois experimentos (EXP) avaliaram os efeitos da redução de proteína bruta (PB) em dietas com alta (A) (3.200kcal EM/kg) e baixa (B) (2.900kcal EM/kg) energia, sobre o desempenho e composição de carcaças de frangos de corte machos. Os níveis de PB foram reduzidos para obter as relações energia: proteína (E:PB) 139, 146, 153 e 160 (kcal/%) para as dietas iniciais (EXP 1), e 160, 167, 174 e 181(kcal/%) para as dietas de crescimento (EXP 2), em ambos os níveis de energia, mantendo constantes os níveis de MET+CIS e LIS. Todas as aves receberam uma mesma dieta antes (EXP 2) ou após (EXP 1) o fornecimento das dietas experimentais. O fornecimento das dietas A proporcionou melhor desempenho, no entanto resultou em maior deposição de gordura nas carcaças. No EXP 1, as aves alimentadas com as dietas B apresentaram ganho de peso (GP) similar àquelas alimentadas com as dietas A no período total (1 a 42 dias), porém melhor conversão calórica (CC) (kcal/kg) (p<0,01). Foi observada também melhor CC, com relação E:PB 139. Menores níveis de PB dietética resultaram, algumas vezes, em um menor GP, porém sempre foi verificada uma pior CC nas relações mais amplas E:PB. Em ambos os Experimentos (EXP), o maior nível de energia e a redução da PB dietética melhoraram a utilização da PB consumida.
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Boekholt HA, Schreurs VV. Partitioning of fat and protein in energy retention of growing animals. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1997; 36:299-302. [PMID: 9467220 DOI: 10.1007/bf01617802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Boekholt
- Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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Zhao XQ, Jørgensen H, Just A, Du JZ, Eggum BO. Energy expenditure and quantitative oxidation of nutrients in rats (Rattus norvegicus) kept in different thermal environments and given two levels of dietary fiber. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART A, PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 116:351-9. [PMID: 9125686 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(96)00374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed to investigate the effect of environmental temperature (16 degrees C, 24 degrees C or 32 degrees C) and dietary fiber (DF) on energy expenditure and quantitative oxidation of nutrients in rats. Forty-eight male rats, initial body weight 90-105 g, were allocated to eight groups in two series. The rats kept at 24 degrees C was repeated in both series. Low and high fiber diets (56 vs. 257 g DF/kg dry matter) were studied in 6-week balance experiments. The rats in all groups were offered the same amount of air-dried food. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure the energy metabolism. The difference in heat production (HP) calculated by RQ and CN methods was < 2% and was not affected by environmental temperature and DF. The relation between fat and protein oxidation changed from 1.54 to 1.00 when the ambient temperature changed from 16 degrees C to 32 degrees C. The contribution of carbohydrate oxidation to total HP was lowest at 16 degrees C, whereas the fat and protein oxidation was highest at 16 degrees C. The oxidation of nutrients was not influenced by DF. The additional energy retained at the higher temperatures had a constant ratio between fat and protein, i.e., 70:30. At an energy retention of 65.8 kJ/kg0.75 d or less, body fat is mobilized and only protein deposited. Because of higher HP, rats living in the cold environment used more fat as substrate for HP than rats kept in warmer environments. The cold environment results in an increase in the amount of interscapular brown adipose tissue, but no significant difference was found between DF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Zhao
- Danish Institute of Animal Science, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark
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