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Khan S, McWhorter AR, Andrews DM, Underwood GJ, Moore RJ, Van TTH, Gast RK, Chousalkar KK. Dust sprinkling as an effective method for infecting layer chickens with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and changes in host gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13265. [PMID: 38747207 PMCID: PMC11094578 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Role of dust in Salmonella transmission on chicken farms is not well characterised. Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) infection of commercial layer chickens was investigated using a novel sprinkling method of chicken dust spiked with ST and the uptake compared to a conventional oral infection. While both inoculation methods resulted in colonisation of the intestines, the Salmonella load in liver samples was significantly higher at 7 dpi after exposing chicks to sprinkled dust compared to the oral infection group. Infection of chickens using the sprinkling method at a range of doses showed a threshold for colonisation of the gut and organs as low as 1000 CFU/g of dust. Caecal content microbiota analysis post-challenge showed that the profiles of chickens infected by the sprinkling and oral routes were not significantly different; however, both challenges induced differences when compared to the uninfected negative controls. Overall, the study showed that dust sprinkling was an effective way to experimentally colonise chickens with Salmonella and alter the gut microbiota than oral gavage at levels as low as 1000 CFU/g dust. This infection model mimics the field scenario of Salmonella infection in poultry sheds. The model can be used for future challenge studies for effective Salmonella control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrea R. McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard K. Gast
- U.S. National Poultry Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
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Escobar C, Munoz LR, Bailey MA, Krehling JT, Pacheco WJ, Hauck R, Buhr RJ, Macklin KS. Buffering Capacity Comparison of Tris Phosphate Carbonate and Buffered Peptone Water Salmonella Pre-Enrichments for Manufactured Feed and Feed Ingredients. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3119. [PMID: 37835725 PMCID: PMC10571946 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Various culture-based methods to detect Salmonella in animal feed have been developed due to the impact of this bacterium on public and animal health. For this project, tris phosphate carbonate (TPC) and buffered peptone water (BPW) buffering capacities were compared as pre-enrichment mediums for the detection of Salmonella in feed ingredients. A total of 269 samples were collected from 6 feed mills and mixed with the pre-enrichments; pH was measured before and after a 24 h incubation. Differences were observed when comparing pH values by sample type; DDGS and poultry by-product meal presented lower initial pH values for TPC and BPW compared to the other samples. For both TPC and BPW, meat and bone meal presented higher final pH values, while soybean meal and peanut meal had lower final pH values. Furthermore, for BPW, post cooling, pellet loadout, and wheat middlings reported lower final pH values. Additionally, most feed ingredients presented significant differences in pH change after 24 h of incubation, except DDGS. From meat and bone meal samples, four Salmonella isolates were recovered and identified: three using BPW and one using TPC. TPC provided greater buffer capacity towards neutral pH compared to BPW, but BPW was more effective at recovering Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Escobar
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.E.); (L.R.M.); (M.A.B.); (J.T.K.); (W.J.P.); (R.H.)
| | - Luis R. Munoz
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.E.); (L.R.M.); (M.A.B.); (J.T.K.); (W.J.P.); (R.H.)
| | - Matthew A. Bailey
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.E.); (L.R.M.); (M.A.B.); (J.T.K.); (W.J.P.); (R.H.)
| | - James T. Krehling
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.E.); (L.R.M.); (M.A.B.); (J.T.K.); (W.J.P.); (R.H.)
| | - Wilmer J. Pacheco
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.E.); (L.R.M.); (M.A.B.); (J.T.K.); (W.J.P.); (R.H.)
| | - Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.E.); (L.R.M.); (M.A.B.); (J.T.K.); (W.J.P.); (R.H.)
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Richard J. Buhr
- USDA-ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA;
| | - Kenneth S. Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
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3
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Münster P, Pöppel L, Antakli A, Müller-Doblies D, Radko D, Kemper N. The Detection of Salmonella Enteritidis on German Layer Farms after Cleaning and Disinfection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2588. [PMID: 37627379 PMCID: PMC10451266 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella Enteritidis in poultry houses after cleaning and disinfection can pose a potential risk to public health, as Salmonella remains one of the most important causes of foodborne diseases. This study focused on ten German layer farms (including floor-reared and free-range systems) with a recent history of Salmonella Enteritidis, and samples were collected from July 2018 to March 2021 after the cleaning and disinfection process. A total of 244 swab samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella using real-time PCR, followed by a culture of positive samples. Results revealed that 61 out of the 244 swab samples tested positive for Salmonella, indicating a prevalence of 25% in the samples examined. Among the Salmonella-positive swab samples identified with the PCR assay, 65.6% (40 out of 61) were confirmed by the culture. Of the 40 isolates obtained from the culture, 36 were identified as Salmonella Enteritidis, while 4 were categorized as rough Salmonella strains. This study emphasizes the importance of both the surrounding area of the poultry houses in terms of infection carry-over and the meticulous implementation of cleaning and disinfection procedures to eliminate any remaining infection within the houses. To mitigate the risk of further Salmonella spread on layer farms, additional investigations are recommended to focus on the existing transmission pathways of Salmonella and their genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Münster
- Elanco Deutschland GmbH, Rathausplatz 12, 61348 Bad Homburg, Germany; (P.M.); (A.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Lars Pöppel
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviors, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Praxis Pöppel GmbH, Drubbelstraße 2, 33129 Delbrück, Germany
| | - Ali Antakli
- Elanco Deutschland GmbH, Rathausplatz 12, 61348 Bad Homburg, Germany; (P.M.); (A.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Doris Müller-Doblies
- Elanco Austria GmbH, Quartier Belvedere Central, Gertrude Froehlich Sandner Str. 3, 1100 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dmytro Radko
- Elanco Deutschland GmbH, Rathausplatz 12, 61348 Bad Homburg, Germany; (P.M.); (A.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviors, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
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4
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El-Saadony MT, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, Abd El-Mageed TA, Soliman SM, Khafaga AF, Swelum AA, Ahmed AE, Alshammari FA, Abd El-Hack ME. The control of poultry salmonellosis using organic agents: an updated overview. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101716. [PMID: 35176704 PMCID: PMC8857471 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a severe problem that threatens the poultry sector worldwide right now. Salmonella gallinarium and Salmonella pullorum (Fowl typhoid) are the most pathogenic serovars in avian species leading to systemic infection resulting in severe economic losses in the poultry industry. Nontyphoidal serotypes of Salmonella (Paratyphoid disease) constitute a public health hazard for their involvement in food poisoning problems in addition to their zoonotic importance. Also, Salmonella species distribution is particularly extensive. They resisted environmental conditions that made it difficult to control their spread for a long time. Therefore, the current review aimed to through light on Salmonellosis in poultry with particular references to its pathogenesis, economic importance, immune response to Salmonella, Salmonella antibiotics resistance, possible methods for prevention and control of such problems using promising antibiotics alternatives including probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, organic acids, essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, chitosan, nanoparticles, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira M El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Taia A Abd El-Mageed
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Soliman M Soliman
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 1221, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Fahdah A Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Literature, Northern Border University, Rafha 76312, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
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Regmi P, Jones D, Gast R, Guard J, Karcher D. Egg carton and eggshell: is there a possibility of Salmonella cross-contamination? J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Course CE, Boerlin P, Slavic D, Vaillancourt JP, Guerin MT. Factors associated with Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli during downtime in commercial broiler chicken barns in Ontario. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101065. [PMID: 33765489 PMCID: PMC8008170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli are bacteria of concern to veterinary public health and poultry health. Our research aimed to determine the factors associated with S. enterica and E. coli in commercial broiler chicken barns during the rest period between flocks to identify the best methods of sanitation for bacterial load reduction. This involved collecting samples from September 2015 to July 2016 from the floors of 36 barns before sanitation (baseline) and at 2 time intervals after sanitation, followed by microbiological and molecular analysis. A priori variables of interest included sanitation procedure (dry cleaning, wet cleaning, disinfection), sampling point (baseline, 2 d after sanitation, 6 d after sanitation), and flooring type (concrete, wood). The odds of detecting S. enterica were higher on wooden floors that were wet-cleaned than on concrete floors that were dry-cleaned, lower in the winter and spring than in the fall, and lower when samples were collected 2 d and 6 d after sanitation than at baseline. For E. coli, the concentration was higher on wooden floors than on concrete floors and in the summer than in the fall, and it was lower in postsanitation samples from disinfected barns than in presanitation samples from dry-cleaned barns and in the winter than in the fall. Among E. coli isolates, factors associated with the presence of qacEΔ1, a gene associated with resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, included sanitation procedure, flooring type, cycle length, and the number of times per yr the barn is disinfected. Our findings highlight the importance of cleaning after litter removal, although the sanitation procedure chosen might differ depending on which pathogen is present and causing disease issues; dry cleaning appears to be preferable for S. enterica control, especially in barns with wooden floors, whereas disinfection appears to be preferable for E. coli reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Course
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 6R8
| | - Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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7
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Survivability of Salmonella Pathogens and Physicochemical Characteristics of Powder Goat Milk Stored under Different Storage Treatment Regimens. DAIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy1030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivability of Salmonella pathogens in commercial powdered goat milk (PGM) under different storage treatments was investigated using three batches of PGM products stored at two temperatures (4 °C and 25 °C) and ten storage periods (0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days). A cocktail of three Salmonella serotypes (Salmonella agona, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella tennessee) was inoculated to the PGM samples and then survival of Salmonella counts was enumerated in the inoculated and non-inoculated control groups. Results showed that the initial Salmonella counts were 7.103 Log CFU (colony forming unit)/g at both temperatures. At the first 3 days, the viable Salmonella counts were reduced about 0.94 and 1.40 Log CFU/g at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively, where the same levels were sustained for 14 days. Further reductions continued and at the end of 180 days storage, Salmonella survivability was 1.15 Log CFU/g higher at 4 °C than at 25 °C under the same water activity condition. As the storage period advanced, viable pathogen counts were gradually decreased. The pH of samples stored at 4 °C for 0 and 4 month were higher than those stored at 25 °C except for 2 months, while no differences were found in water activity (aw) between treatments of the PGM products. With regard to physicochemical characteristics, the samples stored at 25 °C showed higher POV (peroxide value) values than those stored at 4 °C for 2 and 4 month periods, indicating that the rate of lipid oxidation in the PGM was elevated by a higher storage temperature and a longer storage period. The basic nutrient compositions of the experimental PGM were similar to those reported in recent studies. Oleic acid (C18:1) was the highest, caprylic acid (C8:0) was the second highest, and behenic acid (C22:0) was the lowest concentration among all fatty acids identified in the PGM samples. Most of the fatty acid concentrations tended to decrease with advanced storage periods. This research indicates that the survivability of Salmonella pathogens in the PGM products stored at 4 °C for 180 days was higher than those stored at 25 °C under the same aw condition.
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Chadwick EV, MacKay L, Krehling JT, Macklin KS. Inoculation Route and Serotype Alter Salmonella Recovery in the Broiler's Digestive Tract. Avian Dis 2020; 64:467-470. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elle V. Chadwick
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama USA 36849
| | - Laci MacKay
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama USA 36849
| | - James T. Krehling
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama USA 36849
| | - Kenneth S. Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama USA 36849
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Castañeda-Gulla K, Sattlegger E, Mutukumira AN. Persistent contamination ofSalmonella,Campylobacter,Escherichia coli, andStaphylococcus aureusat a broiler farm in New Zealand. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:171-185. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intensive poultry production due to public demand raises the risk of contamination, creating potential foodborne hazards to consumers. The prevalence and microbial load of the pathogens Campylobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was determined by standard methods at the farm level. After disinfection, swab samples collected from wall crevices, drinkers, and vents were heavily contaminated, as accumulated organic matter and dust likely protected the pathogens from the disinfectants used. The annex floor also showed high microbial concentrations, suggesting the introduction of pathogens from external environments, highlighting the importance of erecting hygiene barriers at the entrance of the main shed. Therefore, pathogen control measures and proper application of disinfectants are recommended as intervention strategies. Additionally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was evaluated as a quantification tool. qPCR showed limitations with samples containing low microbial counts because of the low detection limit of the method. Thus, bacterial pre-enrichment of test samples may be necessary to improve the detection of pathogens by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Castañeda-Gulla
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Sattlegger
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Anthony N. Mutukumira
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
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Occurrence and Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Table Egg Layer Farming Environments in Western Australia and Insights into Biosecurity and Egg Handling Practices. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010056. [PMID: 31941158 PMCID: PMC7168610 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial layer farming environments of 26 flocks belonging to seven egg businesses (free-range and barn-laid) in Western Australia (WA). Between November 2017 and June 2018, a total of 265 environmental samples of dust, feed, water, pooled feces, and boot swabs were tested for detection of Salmonella according to standard culture-based methods. Isolates were assayed for serovar and subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Salmonella spp. were recovered from 35% (93/265) of all tested samples. Dust (53.8%, 28/52) and pooled fecal (54.5%, 18/33) samples provided the highest Salmonella recovery rates. Nine different Salmonella serovars were characterized across the positive (n = 93) environmental samples, of which S. Typhimurium (60/93, 64.5%) and S. Infantis (21/93, 22.5%) were the most prevalent. MLST revealed that all S. Typhimurium isolates were of sequence type ST-19. Microbiological screening of Salmonella was not routinely practiced in any of the surveyed egg businesses. Some of the egg businesses exhibited variable levels of compliance with basic biosecurity measures as well as high-risk egg handling practices. Egg businesses in WA should be encouraged to adopt a voluntary program of environmental sampling and verification testing for Salmonella. Such voluntary programs will aid in supporting solutions for the management of this pathogen in the human food chain.
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Kouam MK, Biekop HMF, Katte B, Teguia A. Risk factors of Salmonella infection in laying hens in Menoua Division, Western region of Cameroon (Central Africa). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 67:101370. [PMID: 31630034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infections in poultry farms are overlooked in many African countries; yet these infections are mostly zoonotic with impact on both poultry industry and public health. Considering the impact of Salmonella in laying hens, and the role of laying hens as a source of Salmonella outbreak in human, knowledge of the status of Salmonella on laying hen farms as well as the factors influencing the presence of Salmonella is important. In a cross sectional study, cloacal swabs were collected from 270 commercial laying hens on 27 farms located in Menoua Division. These samples were cultured on standard media. A questionnaire was used to collect information on animals, farms and farmer's characteristics. The prevalence of Salmonella was 93.34%; three zoonotic isolates namely S. Enteritidis (75.90%), S. Paratyphi (11.90%), and S. Typhimurium (5.60%) were identified. The location of farms was significantly associated with presence of Salmonella, and the risk of infection was 10-fold higher in Nkong-ni than Santchou (p < 0.05). Other potential risk factors such as flock size, age of the farm (infrastructure), or water source were not associated with Salmonella infection. The prophylactic measures against avian diseases in the country must include measures against Salmonella to protect poultry industry and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc K Kouam
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, PO BOX 122, Dschang, Cameroon; Center for Research on Filariases and Other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Herman M F Biekop
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, PO BOX 122, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Bridget Katte
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, PO BOX 122, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Alexis Teguia
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, PO BOX 122, Dschang, Cameroon
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12
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Crabb HK, Allen JL, Devlin JM, Wilks CR, Gilkerson JR. Spatial Distribution of Salmonella enterica in Poultry Shed Environments Observed by Intensive Longitudinal Environmental Sampling. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00333-19. [PMID: 31053585 PMCID: PMC6606887 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00333-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of salmonellae within poultry environments is an important component of many food safety programs, but sampling approaches vary greatly and may not enable the detection of salmonellae when bacteria are present at a low prevalence or concentration. Intensive longitudinal sampling within caged sheds enabled us to undertake a longitudinal analysis of the spatial distribution of salmonellae in caged shed environments. Both the number of samples collected and location of sample collection within a poultry shed were important to ensure the best chance of detecting Salmonella spp. Differences in the within-shed spatial distribution of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium [χ2(27, 1,538) = 54.4; P < 0.001] and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Infantis [χ2(27, 1,538) = 79.8; P < 0.0001] were identified. More than one Salmonella enterica serovar was detected in each shed on the same sampling occasion; 5% of all samples contained more than one serovar. Samples collected on the north side of the shed (odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-2.68), on the sheltered side of the shed (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.26-2.89), and during winter (OR, 48.41; 95% CI, 23.56-104.19) were more likely to be positive for salmonellae. The within-shed differences observed in the both the sample prevalence and spatial location of the serovar detected indicate that there are important shed microenvironmental factors that influence the survival and/or distribution of salmonellae. These factors should be taken into consideration when environmental surveillance is undertaken for salmonellae in flocks housed in cage sheds.IMPORTANCE Routine epidemiological surveillance for salmonellae in poultry relies initially on environmental sampling. Intensive, spatially homogenous sampling, as conducted within this study, confirmed that the sampling methodology conducted within a poultry environment is a nontrivial part of sampling design. The frequency of sampling is especially important when the prevalence of Salmonella spp. is low. These factors must be taken into consideration in the design of studies for the detection of salmonellae in poultry sheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Crabb
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Asia Pacific Centre of Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Lee Allen
- Asia Pacific Centre of Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Maree Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre of Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Reginald Wilks
- Asia Pacific Centre of Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Rudkin Gilkerson
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Asia Pacific Centre of Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Djeffal S, Mamache B, Elgroud R, Hireche S, Bouaziz O. Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. contamination in broiler chicken farms and slaughterhouses in the northeast of Algeria. Vet World 2018; 11:1102-1108. [PMID: 30250370 PMCID: PMC6141290 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1102-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to provide information on the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and to identify risk factors for Salmonella spp. contamination in broiler chicken farms and slaughterhouses in the northeast of Algeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted on 32 poultry farms and five slaughterhouses in the province of Skikda (northeastern Algeria). A questionnaire was answered by the poultry farmers and slaughterhouses' managers. Biological samples (cloacal swabs, droppings, caeca, livers, and neck skins) and environmental ones (water, feed, surface wipes, rinsing water, and sticking knife swabbing) were taken to assess the Salmonella contamination status. RESULTS Nearly 34.37% of the poultry farms and all the slaughterhouses were contaminated with Salmonella. The isolated Salmonella strains belonged to two major serotypes: Kentucky and Heidelberg followed by Enteritidis, Virginia, and Newport. There was an evident heterogeneous distribution of serotypes in poultry farms and slaughterhouses. Only one factor (earth floor) was significantly associated with Salmonella contamination in poultry houses (p<0.05). CONCLUSION A high prevalence rate of Salmonella contamination was found in poultry farms and slaughterhouses in Skikda region. These results showed the foremost hazardous role of poultry production in the spread and persistence of Salmonella contamination in the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Djeffal
- GSPA Research Laboratory (Management of Animal Health and Productions), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Bakir Mamache
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, University Hadj Lakhdar, Batna, Algeria
| | - Rachid Elgroud
- GSPA Research Laboratory (Management of Animal Health and Productions), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Sana Hireche
- GSPA Research Laboratory (Management of Animal Health and Productions), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Omar Bouaziz
- GSPA Research Laboratory (Management of Animal Health and Productions), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
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14
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Walker G, Jalukar S, Brake J. The effect of refined functional carbohydrates from enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the transmission of environmental Salmonella Senftenberg among broilers and proliferation in broiler housing. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1412-1419. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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15
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Walker G, Jalukar S, Brake J. Effect of refined functional carbohydrates from enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the presence of Salmonella spp. in the ceca of broiler breeder females. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2684-2690. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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St Amand JA, Cassis R, King RK, Annett Christianson CB. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in environmental samples from table egg barns in Alberta. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:594-601. [PMID: 28488474 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1311989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Some Salmonella spp. are zoonotic, a frequent cause of foodborne illness in Canada, and known to infect humans through contaminated poultry and poultry products. Certain serotypes of Salmonella spp. have been demonstrated to be vertically transmitted from hen to egg. The incidence of Salmonella spp. isolation in the flock has been correlated to its isolation from the environment. Twenty-one producers were enrolled in this study to examine the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in 48 table egg layer flocks housed in 35 barns in Alberta. The purpose of this study was to: (i) identify Salmonella serotypes isolated from the environment of table egg layer facilities in Alberta and (ii) record the prevalence of Salmonella spp. across eight defined environmental sampling points. Salmonella spp. were isolated from the environment of 20/35 barns representing 29/48 flocks. The most common serotypes isolated were S. Heidelberg, S. Kentucky and S. Mbandaka. The order of most to least contaminated sample location was manure belts (54.1%), feeders (47.9%), feed motors (45.8%), egg belts and walls (41.7%), fans (35.0%), cage bottoms (31.3%) and lobbies (27.1%). Salmonella spp. were isolated from 7/7 barns post cleaning and disinfection, demonstrating the persistence of this organism in the environment and the need for effective eradication protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A St Amand
- a Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Animal Health and Assurance Branch , Alberta , Canada
| | - Rashed Cassis
- b Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Food Safety Branch , Alberta , Canada
| | - Robin K King
- b Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Food Safety Branch , Alberta , Canada
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17
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Implementation of a Risk-Orientated Hygiene Analysis for the Control of Salmonella JAVA in the Broiler Production. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:356-364. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Martelli F, Gosling RJ, Callaby R, Davies R. Observations on Salmonella contamination of commercial duck farms before and after cleaning and disinfection. Avian Pathol 2016; 46:131-137. [PMID: 27545288 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1223835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the European Union, statutory control of Salmonella is in place in the chicken and turkey sectors, but not in the duck sector. In this study, 14 Salmonella-positive duck farms were sampled before and after cleaning and disinfection, and once the houses had been restocked with a new flock. The cleaning and disinfection programmes used were subdivided into two main categories: ones in which a final formaldehyde disinfection step was included (1) and ones in which it was not included (2). Several types of samples were collected during the study, and faecal samples were those more frequently positive (62% of faecal samples were positive for Salmonella in comparison to 2-23% of samples from all the other sample categories) (P < 0.001). Independently of the cleaning and disinfection programme used, there was a statistically significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the percentage of Salmonella-positive samples between before cleaning and disinfection (41.1%) and after cleaning and disinfection (3.1%). After restocking, the number of Salmonella-positive samples increased significantly (P < 0.001), with 65.3% of the samples tested being positive for Salmonella. Farms in which disinfection programme 1 was used were 5.34 times less likely to have samples positive for Salmonella after cleaning and disinfection than farms which implemented programme 2. Formaldehyde acts effectively against Salmonella even in the presence of some residual organic matter. Limited residual contamination on farms after cleaning and disinfection represents a risk of infection for young ducklings, and thorough cleaning and disinfection procedures should be implemented to reduce the carry-over of infection between flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Martelli
- a Department of Bacteriology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone , UK
| | - Rebecca J Gosling
- a Department of Bacteriology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone , UK
| | - Rebecca Callaby
- b National Wildlife Management Centre , Animal and Plant Health Agency , York , UK
| | - Rob Davies
- a Department of Bacteriology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone , UK
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19
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Rajan K, Shi Z, Ricke SC. Current aspects ofSalmonellacontamination in the US poultry production chain and the potential application of risk strategies in understanding emerging hazards. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:370-392. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1223600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalavathy Rajan
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Zhaohao Shi
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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20
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Hulaj B, Çabeli P, Goga I, Taylor N, Hess C, Hess M. Survey of the prevalence of Salmonella species on laying hen farms in Kosovo. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2030-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Youn S, Kwon Y, Song C, Lee H, Jeong O, Choi B, Jung S, Kang M. Increased efficacy of inactivated vaccine candidates prepared with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains of predominant genotypes in ducks. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1764-73. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Perry JJ, Yousef AE. Salmonella enteritidis in shell eggs: evolving concerns and innovative control measures. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 81:243-74. [PMID: 22958532 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394382-8.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The issue of egg contamination with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis rose to prominence several decades ago with increasing rate of infection around the world. Recent outbreaks have assured that this problem maintains a place in the public consciousness. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the factors precipitating contamination events, their avoidance, and mitigation of the threat of contaminated eggs; consequently, regulations have been put in place to increase the safety of shell eggs. Despite these measures, rate of illness remains significantly higher than projected goals. This chapter includes information regarding the contraction of Salmonella species by laying hens and the subsequent deposition of these cells in shell eggs. Particular attention will be given to the prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs and egg-containing products relative to other salmonellae. Research has been conducted to elucidate the mechanisms behind the fitness of Salmonella Enteritidis strains for this environment, but a consensus has yet to be reached. Novel methods of sanitizing shell eggs also are reviewed.
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23
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Lambertini E, Mishra A, Guo M, Cao H, Buchanan RL, Pradhan AK. Modeling the long-term kinetics of Salmonella survival on dry pet food. Food Microbiol 2016; 58:1-6. [PMID: 27217351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to multiple outbreaks and large-scale product recalls, Salmonella has emerged as a priority pathogen in dry pet food and treats. However, little data are available to quantify risks posed by these classes of products to both pets and their owners. Specifically, the kinetics of Salmonella survival on complex pet food matrices are not available. This study measured the long-term kinetics of Salmonella survival on a dry pet food under storage conditions commonly encountered during production, retail, and in households (aw < 0.60, 23 °C). A Salmonella enterica cocktail of 12 strains isolated from dry pet foods and treats was used to inoculate commercial dry dog food. Salmonella was enumerated on non-selective (BHI) and selective (XLD and BS) media. Results at 570 days indicated an initial relatively rapid decline (up to 54 days), followed by a much slower extended decline phase. The Weibull model provided a satisfactory fit for time series of Log-transformed Salmonella counts from all three media (δ: mean 4.65 day/Log (CFU/g); p: mean 0.364 on BHI). This study provides a survival model that can be applied in quantitative risk assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Huilin Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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24
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Arnold ME, Mueller-Doblies D, Gosling RJ, Martelli F, Davies RH. Estimation of the sensitivity of various environmental sampling methods for detection of Salmonella in duck flocks. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:423-9. [PMID: 26642741 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1080351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reports of Salmonella in ducks in the UK currently rely upon voluntary submissions from the industry, and as there is no harmonized statutory monitoring and control programme, it is difficult to compare data from different years in order to evaluate any trends in Salmonella prevalence in relation to sampling methodology. Therefore, the aim of this project was to assess the sensitivity of a selection of environmental sampling methods, including the sampling of faeces, dust and water troughs or bowls for the detection of Salmonella in duck flocks, and a range of sampling methods were applied to 67 duck flocks. Bayesian methods in the absence of a gold standard were used to provide estimates of the sensitivity of each of the sampling methods relative to the within-flock prevalence. There was a large influence of the within-flock prevalence on the sensitivity of all sample types, with sensitivity reducing as the within-flock prevalence reduced. Boot swabs (individual and pool of four), swabs of faecally contaminated areas and whole house hand-held fabric swabs showed the overall highest sensitivity for low-prevalence flocks and are recommended for use to detect Salmonella in duck flocks. The sample type with the highest proportion positive was a pool of four hair nets used as boot swabs, but this was not the most sensitive sample for low-prevalence flocks. All the environmental sampling types (faeces swabs, litter pinches, drag swabs, water trough samples and dust) had higher sensitivity than individual faeces sampling. None of the methods consistently identified all the positive flocks, and at least 10 samples would be required for even the most sensitive method (pool of four boot swabs) to detect a 5% prevalence. The sampling of dust had a low sensitivity and is not recommended for ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Arnold
- a Animal and Plant Health Agency, The Elms , Loughborough LE12 5RB , UK
| | - Doris Mueller-Doblies
- b Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Surrey KT15 3NB , UK
| | - Rebecca J Gosling
- b Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Surrey KT15 3NB , UK
| | - Francesca Martelli
- b Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Surrey KT15 3NB , UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- b Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Surrey KT15 3NB , UK
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25
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Berrang ME, Cosby DE, Cox NA, Cason JA, Richardson KE. Optimizing buffering chemistry to maintain near neutral pH of broiler feed during pre-enrichment for Salmonella. Poult Sci 2015; 94:3048-51. [PMID: 26467004 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a human pathogen that can accompany live broilers to the slaughter plant, contaminating fully processed carcasses. Feed is one potential source of Salmonella to growing broilers. Monitoring feed for the presence of Salmonella is part of good agricultural practice. The first step in culturing feed for Salmonella (which may be at low numbers and sub-lethally stressed) is to add it to a pre-enrichment broth which is incubated for 24 h. During the course of pre-enrichment, extraneous bacteria metabolize carbohydrates in some feed and excrete acidic byproducts, causing the pH to drop dramatically. An acidic pre-enrichment pH can injure or kill Salmonella resulting in a failure to detect, even if it is present and available to infect chickens. The objective of this study was to test an array of buffering chemistries to prevent formation of an injurious acidic environment during pre-enrichment of feed in peptone water. Five grams of feed were added to 45 mL of peptone water buffered with carbonate, Tris pH 8, and phosphate buffering ingredients individually and in combination. Feed was subjected to a pre-enrichment at 35°C for 24 h; pH was measured at 0, 18, and 24 h. Standard phosphate buffering ingredients at concentrations up to 4 times the normal formulation were unable to fully prevent acidic conditions. Likewise, carbonate and Tris pH 8 were not fully effective. The combination of phosphate, carbonate, and Tris pH 8 was the most effective buffer tested. It is recommended that a highly buffered pre-enrichment broth be used to examine feed for the presence of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Berrang
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - D E Cosby
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - N A Cox
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - J A Cason
- 160 Williamsburg Lane Athens, GA 30605
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26
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Gosling R, Davies R. Investigation of laboratory testing issues in the context of theSalmonellaNational Control Programme in Great Britain. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:315-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1024608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Dumke J, Hinse D, Vollmer T, Schulz J, Knabbe C, Dreier J. Potential Transmission Pathways of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126507. [PMID: 25978355 PMCID: PMC4433203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus), a member of group D streptococci, is an inhabitant of the animal and human gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, it is a facultative pathogen which causes e.g. endocarditis, septicemia and mastitis. S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between animals and humans. However, the transmission routes are an unsolved issue. In this study, we present systematic analyses of an S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus isolate of an infective endocarditis patient in relation to isolates of his laying hen flock. Isolates from pooled droppings of laying hens, pooled dust samples and human blood culture were characterized by using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and DNA fingerprinting. MLST revealed the same allelic profile of isolates from the human blood culture and from the droppings of laying hens. In addition, these isolates showed clonal identity regarding a similar DNA fingerprinting pattern. For the first time, we received a hint that transmission of S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus between poultry and humans may occur. This raises the question about the zoonotic potential of isolates from poultry and should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Dumke
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Dennis Hinse
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vollmer
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jens Dreier
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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28
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Pradhan AK. Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:364-418. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.902356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Andino A, Hanning I. Salmonella enterica: survival, colonization, and virulence differences among serovars. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:520179. [PMID: 25664339 PMCID: PMC4310208 DOI: 10.1155/2015/520179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Data indicate that prevalence of specific serovars of Salmonella enterica in human foodborne illness is not correlated with their prevalence in feed. Given that feed is a suboptimal environment for S. enterica, it appears that survival in poultry feed may be an independent factor unrelated to virulence of specific serovars of Salmonella. Additionally, S. enterica serovars appear to have different host specificity and the ability to cause disease in those hosts is also serovar dependent. These differences among the serovars may be related to gene presence or absence and expression levels of those genes. With a better understanding of serovar specificity, mitigation methods can be implemented to control Salmonella at preharvest and postharvest levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Andino
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - I. Hanning
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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30
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Gosling RJ, Martelli F, Sayers R, Larkin L, Davies RH. A review of the official sampling of flocks of laying hens in the Salmonella National Control Programme in Great Britain. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:569-75. [PMID: 25350727 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.955081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In line with European legislation and the UK National Control Programme for Salmonella, poultry farms are sampled to establish their Salmonella status. Regular samples are collected by the farmer (operator), with annual routine (official) samples being collected by the competent authority to verify achievement of the Salmonella programme reduction target. To confirm sampling was being carried out effectively, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. The aim was to identify any complicating factors the samplers encountered and the decisions made in these circumstances. There was good compliance with the official sampling visits, with few delays reported. However, farm-specific clothing/separate boots for non-caged houses were rarely provided by the operator, whereas boot dips and hand washing facilities were usually available. The collection of dust was often a problem for official samplers, operator boot swabs were not always moistened before sampling and both sampler groups did not always follow the recommended method for the collection of faeces from belts and scrapers. Overall, there was a good application of the sampling protocol, although a few areas for improvement were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gosling
- a Department of Bacteriology , Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency , New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB , UK
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31
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Some aspects of control of salmonella infection in poultry for minimising contamination in the food chain. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933914000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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32
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Borkow G, Assadian O. Survival of Microorganisms on Inanimate Surfaces. USE OF BIOCIDAL SURFACES FOR REDUCTION OF HEALTHCARE ACQUIRED INFECTIONS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7123372 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08057-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In healthcare settings microbial contaminated surfaces play an important role in indirect transmission of infection. Especially surfaces close to the patients’ environment may be touched at high frequencies, allowing transmission from animated sources to others via contaminated inanimate surfaces. Therefore, the knowledge on the survival of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa on surfaces, and hence, in a broader sense, in the human environment, is important for implementing tactics for prevention of Healthcare-acquired Infections (HAI). This chapter will elaborate the role of surfaces in the transmission of pathogens. Particular emphasis is laid on the current knowledge of the survival time and conditions favouring survival of the pathogens. Finally, mechanisms of transmission from inanimate surfaces to patients are highlighted. Within the multi-barrier strategy of the prevention of HAI, environmental disinfection policies should be based on risk assessments for surfaces with different risks for cross contamination such as high- and low-touched surfaces with appropriate standards for adequate disinfection measures under consideration of the persistence and infectious dose of the pathogens. As a result, surface disinfection is indicated in the following situations:Frequently touched surfaces adjacent to patients Surfaces with assumed or visible contamination Terminal disinfection in rooms or areas where infected or colonized patients with easily transferable nosocomial pathogens are cared for, and in outbreak situations.
Furthermore, the knowledge of the persistence of pathogens will also support ensuring the biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories, food-handling settings, and for hygienic behaviour in the everyday life to prevent transmission of infectious diseases.
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33
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Trampel DW, Holder TG, Gast RK. Integrated farm management to prevent Salmonella Enteritidis contamination of eggs. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2014-00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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34
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Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non‐animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in leafy greens eaten raw as salads). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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35
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Sousa ED, Werther K, Berchieri Junior A, Almeida AM, Ardisson FA, Silva AC, Candioto CG, Fernandes SA. Experimental infection of one-day-old chicks with Salmonella Serotypes Previously isolated from poultry facilities, wild birds, and swine. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2013000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Barua H, Lindblom IL, Bisgaard M, Christensen JP, Olsen RH, Christensen H. In vitro and in vivo investigation on genomic stability of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT41 obtained from broiler breeders in Denmark. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:607-16. [PMID: 23915994 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type DT41 has previously been identified from salmonella-positive broiler breeder flocks in Denmark and isolates obtained from different flocks have demonstrated major diversity by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) typing. To elucidate whether the high diversity observed by MLVA was related to multiple independent introductions at farm level or genetic instability of markers, we investigated the genomic stability of different clones of S. Typhimurium DT41. In the in vitro genomic stability experiment, feed pellet- and dust samples inoculated with four strains of DT41 were kept at three different temperatures. The in vitro genomic stability was also assessed by conducting a serial passage experiment. In a subsequent in vivo experiment, broiler breeders of three different age groups were challenged with a strain of poultry and human origin, respectively. The in vitro experiment demonstrated that DT41 survived more than 6 months in feed-pellets at 20 °C whereas the survival in dust was less than 4 weeks. Infection pattern and excretion varied for the poultry and human strain and birds of different age groups as revealed by the in vivo experiment. Genetic stability of cultures obtained from the in vitro and in vivo survival/passage was investigated by plasmid profiling, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and MLVA. The results of plasmid profiling and PFGE demonstrated genomic stability of all but one strain kept in dust at 20 °C for 3 weeks. Minor genetic changes were observed in isolates from the in vitro experiment as revealed by MLVA. The epidemiological impact of these findings is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himel Barua
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4 Stigbøjlen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Tabo DA, Diguimbaye CD, Granier SA, Moury F, Brisabois A, Elgroud R, Millemann Y. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes isolated from laying hens and broiler chicken farms in N'Djamena, Chad. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:293-8. [PMID: 23810700 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at updating knowledge on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Salmonella isolated from poultry in the province of N'Djamena, Chad. The results collected during this study provide the first baseline data on the prevalence of contamination by Salmonella in laying hens and broiler chicken farms in N'Djamena. All samples were collected from sixteen poultry farms over two periods of six months each: from August 2010 to January 2011 and from September 2011 to February 2012. Diagnostic methods used during this study allowed to isolate eighty four Salmonella strains, belonging to twenty seven different serotypes. The most frequent serotypes were Salmonella Colindale (19%) followed by S. Minnesota (18%) S. Havana and S. Riggil (each 6%), S. Kottbus and S. Amager (4.7%), S. Idikan, Mississipi, and Muenchen (3.6%). Other serotypes were poorly represented. The majority of these serotypes were susceptible to all antibiotics tested (CLSI Standards), except some S. Colindale isolates that exhibited a decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, S. Limete resistant to three antibiotics and S. Minnesota isolates resistant to five different antimicrobial classes. The different serotypes and antibiotic resistance profiles that were observed highlight the substantial diversity of Salmonella in Chad, the contribution of avian isolates to human salmonellosis and Salmonella's capacity to colonize all types of environment worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djim-adjim Tabo
- Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (FSEA), Université de N'Djamena, Chad.
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Galiş AM, Marcq C, Marlier D, Portetelle D, Van I, Beckers Y, Théwis A. Control ofSalmonellaContamination of Shell Eggs-Preharvest and Postharvest Methods: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anca M. Galiş
- Univ. of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest; Animal Science Unit; Bd. Mărăşti, no. 59, sector 1; Bucharest; 011464; Romania
| | - Christopher Marcq
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - Didier Marlier
- Univ. of Liege, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dept. of Clinical Science, Clinic for Birds, Rabbits and Rodents; Boulevard de Colonster 20, B42; Sart-Tilman; B4000; Liege; Belgium
| | - Daniel Portetelle
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal and Microbial Biology Unit.; Passage des Déportés, 2; B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - Ilie Van
- Univ. of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest; Animal Science Unit; Bd. Mărăşti, no. 59, sector 1; Bucharest; 011464; Romania
| | - Yves Beckers
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - André Théwis
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
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Pitesky M, Charlton B, Bland M, Rolfe D. Surveillance of Salmonella Enteritidis in Layer Houses: A Retrospective Comparison of the Food and Drug Administration's Egg Safety Rule (2010–2011) and the California Egg Quality Assurance Program (2007–2011). Avian Dis 2013; 57:51-6. [DOI: 10.1637/10281-061312-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Lin MH, Chiang ML, Pan CL, Chou CC. Heat shock and cold shock treatments affect the survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium exposed to disinfectants. J Food Prot 2012; 75:695-700. [PMID: 22488057 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium were subjected to heat shock at 48°C for 10 and 30 min, respectively, and then cold shocked at 15°C for 3 h. The effect of these shocks on the viability of test organisms exposed to chlorine dioxide and quaternary ammonium compounds was then determined. After exposure to the disinfectants, the viable population of each test organism, regardless of heat shock or cold shock treatment, decreased as the exposure period was extended. Both heat shock and cold shock treatments reduced the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to both disinfectants at 25°C. However, for Salmonella Typhimurium, exposure to the chlorine dioxide disinfectant or quaternary ammonium compounds at 25°C significantly reduced (P < 0.05) survival of heat-shocked cells but significantly increased (P < 0.05) survival of cold-shocked cells compared with control cells. Survival of both L. monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium generally was reduced after exposure to disinfectants at 40°C compared with 25°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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41
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Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) and other pathogenic bacteria in seeds and sprouted seeds. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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García C, Soriano J, Benítez V, Catalá-Gregori P. Assessment of Salmonella spp. in feces, cloacal swabs, and eggs (eggshell and content separately) from a laying hen farm. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1581-5. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Park SH, Jarquin R, Hanning I, Almeida G, Ricke SC. Detection of Salmonella spp. survival and virulence in poultry feed by targeting the hilA gene. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:426-32. [PMID: 21575113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objectives of this work were to evaluate immunomagnetic beads and a reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR method for the detection of Salmonella inoculated into feed. In addition, a reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR method was evaluated for quantifying virulence gene hilA expression of Salmonella ssp. in poultry feed matrices and utilized to determine the influence of poultry feed environmental factors on Salmonella hilA expression. METHODS AND RESULTS An immunomagnetic separation technique was evaluated for increased recovery of Salmonella from feed. Salmonella cultures were inoculated into feed samples and exposed to heat treatments of 70°C and sampled periodically. From these samples, RNA was collected and hilA gene expression was measured relative to the housekeeping 16S rRNA gene. The immunomagnetic bead protocol increased recovery by 1 log. The up-regulation of hilA was demonstrated after 5 and 10 min of inoculated feed samples being exposed to heat treatment. CONCLUSIONS From this work, the data indicate that the ability to detect live Salmonella cells in feed samples may be increased by targeting the hilA gene. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Foodborne salmonellosis originating from poultry is a major problem, and feed is a leading source of contamination in poultry, but detection in feed is complicated by low concentrations. The assays and experiments in this study examine possible improvements to recovery and detection of Salmonella in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Park
- Center for Food Safety - Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Welby S, Imberechts H, Riocreux F, Bertrand S, Dierick K, Wildemauwe C, Hooyberghs J, Van der Stede Y. Comparison of Salmonella enteritidis phage types isolated from layers and humans in Belgium in 2005. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:929-34. [PMID: 21492025 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the available results for Belgium of the European Union coordinated monitoring program (2004/665 EC) on Salmonella in layers in 2005, as well as the results of the monthly outbreak reports of Salmonella Enteritidis in humans in 2005 to identify a possible statistical significant trend in both populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Separate descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were carried out and the parametric and/or non-parametric hypothesis tests were conducted. A time cluster analysis was performed for all Salmonella Enteritidis phage types (PTs) isolated. The proportions of each Salmonella Enteritidis PT in layers and in humans were compared and the monthly distribution of the most common PT, isolated in both populations, was evaluated. RESULTS The time cluster analysis revealed significant clusters during the months May and June for layers and May, July, August, and September for humans. PT21, the most frequently isolated PT in both populations in 2005, seemed to be responsible of these significant clusters. PT4 was the second most frequently isolated PT. No significant difference was found for the monthly trend evolution of both PT in both populations based on parametric and non-parametric methods. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION A similar monthly trend of PT distribution in humans and layers during the year 2005 was observed. The time cluster analysis and the statistical significance testing confirmed these results. Moreover, the time cluster analysis showed significant clusters during the summer time and slightly delayed in time (humans after layers). These results suggest a common link between the prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis in layers and the occurrence of the pathogen in humans. Phage typing was confirmed to be a useful tool for identifying temporal trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Welby
- Unit for Coordination of Veterinary Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium.
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45
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Torres GJ, Piquer FJ, Algarra L, de Frutos C, Sobrino OJ. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Spanish feed mills and potential feed-related risk factors for contamination. Prev Vet Med 2011; 98:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Marin C, Balasch S, Vega S, Lainez M. Sources of Salmonella contamination during broiler production in Eastern Spain. Prev Vet Med 2011; 98:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chinivasagam HN, Redding M, Runge G, Blackall PJ. Presence and incidence of food-borne pathogens in Australian chicken litter. Br Poult Sci 2010; 51:311-8. [PMID: 20680865 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.499424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Litter samples were collected at the end of the production cycle from spread litter in a single shed from each of 28 farms distributed across the three Eastern seaboard States of Australia. 2. The geometric mean for Salmonella was 44 Most Probable Number (MPN)/g for the 20 positive samples. Five samples were between 100 and 1000 MPN/g and one at 10(5) MPN/g, indicating a range of factors are contributing to these varying loads of this organism in litter. 3. The geometric mean for Campylobacter was 30 MPN/g for the 10 positive samples, with 7 of these samples being <100 MPN/g. The low prevalence and incidence of Campylobacter were possibly due to the rapid die-off of this organism. 4. E. coli values were markedly higher than the two key pathogens (geometric mean 20 x 10(5) colony forming units (cfu)/g) with overall values being more or less within the same range across all samples in the trial, suggesting a uniform contribution pattern of these organisms in litter. 5. Listeria monocytogenes was absent in all samples and this organism appears not to be an issue in litter. 6. The dominant (70% of the isolates) Salmonella serovar was S. Sofia (a common serovar isolated from chickens in Australia) and was isolated across all regions. Other major serovars were S. Virchow and S. Chester (at 10%) and S. Bovismorbificans and S. Infantis (at 8%) with these serovars demonstrating a spatial distribution across the major regions tested. 7. There is potential to re-use litter in the environment depending on end use and the support of relevant application practices and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Chinivasagam
- Animal Research Institute, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Yeerongpilly, Australia.
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48
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Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. contamination in French broiler-chicken flocks at the end of the rearing period. Prev Vet Med 2010; 97:245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Carrique-Mas JJ, Marin C, Breslin M, McLaren I, Davies R. A comparison of the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection methods in eliminating Salmonella spp. from commercial egg laying houses. Avian Pathol 2010; 38:419-24. [PMID: 19937529 DOI: 10.1080/03079450903193768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective terminal cleaning and disinfection (C&D) is regarded as a necessary step for the elimination of Salmonella spp. from laying houses. A total of 60 commercial laying houses that had housed laying flocks infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium that were representative of all production systems (cage, barn, free-range) were intensively sampled immediately after C&D as well as in the follow-on flock. The procedures investigated were: (1) a compound disinfectant consisting of a mixture of formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and quarternary ammonium applied at the recommended concentration; (2) a 10% (vol/vol) dilution of the standard 37% commercial formalin, applied by a contractor; and (3) other disinfection procedures selected and applied by the farmer. The recovery of Salmonella in the cleaned and disinfected houses was variable, with samples from floor and dropping boards/belts (cage houses) and scratching areas (non-cage houses) being the most likely to remain contaminated. In cage houses, the use of the 10% formalin dilution led to a statistically greater reduction in the sample prevalence than using any of the other C&D methods. A negative post-C&D result predicted clearance of Salmonella in 52% of cases, although the isolation of Salmonella from the houses immediately after C&D was not a perfect predictor of carry-over of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
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50
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Van Hoorebeke S, Van Immerseel F, De Vylder J, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F, de Kruif A, Dewulf J. The age of production system and previous Salmonella infections on-farm are risk factors for low-level Salmonella infections in laying hen flocks. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1315-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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