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Zhang D, Xu F, Liu Y. Research progress on regulating factors of muscle fiber heterogeneity in poultry: a review. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104031. [PMID: 39033575 PMCID: PMC11295477 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of meat quality traits is an important goal of any farm animal production, including poultry. A better understanding of the biochemical properties of muscle fiber properties that drive muscle development and ultimately meat quality constitutes one of the major challenging topics in animal production and meat science. In this paper, the existing classification methods of skeletal muscle fibers in poultry were reviewed and the relationship between contractile and metabolic characteristics of muscle fibers and poultry meat quality was described. Finally, a comprehensive review of multiple potential factors affecting muscle fiber distribution and conversion is presented, including breed, sex, hormones, growth performance, diet, muscle position, exercise, and ambient temperature. We emphasize that knowledge of muscle fiber typing is essential to better understand how to control muscle characteristics throughout the life cycle of animals to better manage the final quality of poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Ibrahim A, Kenéz Á, Rodehutscord M, Siegert W. The influence of substituting dietary peptide-bound with free amino acids on nitrogen metabolism and acid-base balance of broiler chickens depends on asparagine and glutamine supply. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:41-53. [PMID: 37469294 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration while maintaining adequate amino acid (AA) supply by free AA inclusion can contribute to attenuate the negative environmental effects of animal farming. This study investigated upper limits of dietary free AA inclusions without undesirable effects including the dependence on asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) supply. Ten broilers were allocated to sixty-three metabolism units each and offered nine experimental diets from day (d) 7-21 (n 7). One diet (167 g CP/kg) contained 80 g soya protein isolate (SPI)/kg. In the other diets, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the digestible AA from SPI were substituted with free AA. Digestible Asn+aspartic acid (Asp) and Gln+glutamic acid (Glu) were substituted with Asp/Glu or 50/50 mixes of Asp/Asn and Glu/Gln, respectively. Total excreta were collected from d 11-14 and from d 18-21. Growth and nitrogen accretion were unaffected by 25 and 50 % substitution without and with free Asn/Gln, respectively, but decreased at higher substitution (P ≤ 0·024). Circulating concentrations of Asp, Glu and Gln were unaffected by treatment, while Asn decreased at substitution higher than 50 % when Asn/Gln were not provided (P ≤ 0·005). Blood gas analysis on d 21 indicated a compensated metabolic acidosis at substitution higher than 50 and 75 % without and with free Asn/Gln, respectively (P ≤ 0·017). Results suggest that adding Asn/Gln increased an upper limit for proportion of dietary free AA from 10 to 19 % of dietary CP and enabled higher free AA inclusion without affecting the acid-base balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ibrahim
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
| | - Ákos Kenéz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
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3
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Mousa MA, Asman AS, Ali RMJ, Sayed RKA, Majrashi KA, Fakiha KG, Alhotan RA, Selim S. Impacts of Dietary Lysine and Crude Protein on Performance, Hepatic and Renal Functions, Biochemical Parameters, and Histomorphology of Small Intestine, Liver, and Kidney in Broiler Chickens. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020098. [PMID: 36851402 PMCID: PMC9965792 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of increasing dietary lysine (Lys) levels with an adequate dietary crude protein (CP) content, as well as the effects of a reduction in dietary CP content with the recommended amino acid (AAs) level, on the performance, blood biochemical parameters, and histomorphology of the duodenum, liver, and kidney in broiler chickens. A total of 500 broiler chickens were randomly distributed into five dietary treatment groups, following a completely randomized design, where, at the beginning, the control group (C) was fed a diet containing the standard CP and Lys levels: 23% CP with 1.44% Lys during the starter period; 21.5% CP with 1.29% Lys during the growing period; and 19.5% CP with 1.16% Lys during the finishing period. The Lys content was increased by 10% above the recommended control basal requirements in the second group (Gr1) and by 20% in the third group (Gr2), while using the same recommended CP percentage as the C group. The fourth group (Gr3) had a 1% lower CP content and the fifth group had a 2% lower CP content than the C group, with the same recommended AA level as the C group. Increasing the Lys content in the Gr1 group improved the broilers' weight gains (p < 0.05) during the starter, growing, and finishing periods. Decreasing dietary CP with the standard AA levels (Gr3 and Gr4) did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) the live weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the broilers compared with those fed with the C diet. Blood total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin, triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very LDL were not different among the experimental groups. However, blood aspartate aminotransferase levels were increased (p < 0.05) in the Gr1 and Gr3 groups compared with the other treatment groups. All dietary treatments decreased the serum creatinine levels (p < 0.05) compared with the C group. The Gr2 broilers had greater serum total protein and globulin (p < 0.05) than those receiving the other treatments. Increasing dietary Lys levels resulted in a significant improvement in duodenum villus height and width (p < 0.05), while the low-CP diets resulted in shorter villi length and width, along with degenerated areas and lymphocytic infiltration. Low dietary CP content induced hepatocyte disorganization and moderate degeneration, along with vacuolated hepatic cells, excessive connective tissue, and lymphocytic infiltration. The cortical regions of the kidney exhibited obvious alterations in the Gr3 and Gr4 groups and large interstitial spaces were found between tubules. Renal tubules in the Gr3 and Gr4 groups were smaller in size and some of these tubules were atrophied. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP levels to 1% or 2% lower than the recommended level did not negatively affect growth performance, inducing minimal influence on the blood metabolic indicators of health status, and resulting in moderate alterations to the histomorphology of the duodenum, liver, and kidney. Furthermore, increasing the Lys content by 10% above the recommended level improved the growth performance, health status, and histomorphology of the duodenum, liver, and kidney in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Mousa
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt
| | - Ahamed S. Asman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt
| | - Reham M. J. Ali
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt
| | - Ramy K. A. Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt
| | - Kamlah A. Majrashi
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khloud G. Fakiha
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A. Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa Selim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Ahsan U, İpek E, Özdemir ÖS, Aydın AK, Raza I, Çalık A, Kuter E, Özsoy ŞY, Cengiz Ö. Intermittent dilution of dietary digestible lysine lowers the incidence of white striping by suppressing the growth, lipid synthesis, and muscle damage in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:283-297. [PMID: 35861039 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White striping (WS) is a myopathy of breast muscle (Pectoralis major) that affects the quality and consumer acceptance of breast fillets of broiler chickens. Previous studies have shown that intermittent dilution of dietary nutrients suppresses the development of WS on the breast muscle of broiler chickens. However, the mechanism by which these interventions reduce the occurrence of WS remains inconclusive. In this study, we adopted intermittent reduction of dietary digestible lysine (dLys) density or metabolizable energy (ME) and amino acid (AA) density using chemical and fatty acid composition of breast fillets, and blood metabolites to understand the mechanism while histopathology and immunohistochemistry of breast muscles were used for confirmation. RESULTS Occurrence of WS was lower in broiler chickens fed 85% dLys diets in comparison with other groups. Crude protein and ether extract in breast meat of 85% dLys groups were greater (P < 0.001) and lower (P = 0.010), respectively. Serum concentrations of lipid metabolites and enzymes were lower in broiler chickens fed 85% dLys diets than control group (P < 0.05). Feeding 85% dLys diets had low degree of myodegeneration and necrosis, inflammation, lipid deposition, infiltration of T-lymphocyte (CD3+) and macrophages (Iba-1+), and low expression of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) than other groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Dilution of dietary dLys to 85% of the required quantities reduces the development of WS in broiler chickens by slowing the growth, lipid synthesis, and muscle damage confirmed by lower extent of histopathological lesions. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Ahsan
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Burdur Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Türkiye
- Center for Agriculture, Livestock and Food Research, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Türkiye
| | - Emrah İpek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09016, Türkiye
| | - Özge Sayın Özdemir
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09016, Türkiye
| | - Aybala Kübra Aydın
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09016, Türkiye
| | - Ifrah Raza
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09016, Türkiye
| | - Ali Çalık
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Türkiye
| | - Eren Kuter
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Türkiye
| | - Şule Yurdagül Özsoy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09016, Türkiye
| | - Özcan Cengiz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09016, Türkiye
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Han M, Fu X, Xin X, Dong Y, Miao Z, Li J. High Dietary Organic Iron Supplementation Decreases Growth Performance and Induces Oxidative Stress in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1604. [PMID: 35804503 PMCID: PMC9264942 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in respiratory processes, excessive Fe in the diet can affect the health of broilers. We investigated the effects of diet supplemented with high levels of iron chelates with lysine and glutamic acid (Fe−LG) on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, and duodenal mRNA expression of Fe transporters in broilers. A total of 800 1-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were assigned to 5 groups, with 8 replicates each. Broilers were fed a corn−soybean meal basal diet or basal diets supplemented with 40, 80, 400, or 800 mg Fe/kg as Fe−LG for 6 weeks. The body weight (BW) was increased in the 80 mg Fe/kg treatment group, but decreased in the 800 mg Fe/kg treatment group on day 21. During days 1−21, compared with the control group, the supplementation of the 80 mg Fe/kg increased the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI); however, the supplementation of the 800 mg Fe/kg group decreased the ADG and increased the FCR in broilers (p < 0.05). The heart, liver, spleen, and kidney indices were reduced in the 800 mg Fe/kg treatment group (p < 0.05). The supplementation of the 800 mg Fe/kg group increased the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and the levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen on day 42 (p < 0.05). The broilers had considerably low liver total superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity in the 800 mg Fe/kg treatment group (p < 0.05). Serum and liver Fe concentrations were elevated in the 400 and 800 mg Fe/kg treatment groups, but were not affected in the 40 and 80 mg Fe/kg treatment groups. The duodenal Fe transporters divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin 1 (FPN1) were downregulated in the Fe−LG treatment groups (p < 0.05). We conclude that a high dietary supplement of 800 mg Fe/kg in broilers leads to detrimental health effects, causing kidney function injury and liver oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianhui Li
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (M.H.); (X.F.); (X.X.); (Y.D.); (Z.M.)
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Hirai R, Dennehy D, Mejia L, Coto C, McDaniel C, Wamsley K. Evaluating the digestible lysine requirements of male Cobb MV × Cobb 500 broilers during the first fourteen days of age and the carryover effect of feeding varying levels of digestible lysine on performance and processing. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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7
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Nogueira BRF, Sakomura NK, Leme BB, de Paula Reis M, Fernandes JBK, da Silva Viana G. Lysine and arginine requirements of male and female broiler in the starter, grower, and finisher phase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tran DH, Schonewille JT, Pukkung C, Khempaka S. Growth performance and accretion of selected amino acids in response to three levels of dietary lysine fed to fast- and slow-growing broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:100998. [PMID: 33610901 PMCID: PMC7905463 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature data indicate that feed intake is sensitive to the dietary Lys content particularly in fast-growing birds. From a conceptual and a practical viewpoint, an interaction between genotype (i.e., fast-growing vs. slow-growing birds) and dietary Lys content is of interest, but it needs confirmation owing to a dearth of studies addressing this issue. A study was conducted with 266 Cobb 500 birds and 266 Thai native crossbreed birds serving as models for fast-growing broilers (FGB) and slow-growing broilers (SGB), respectively. Within genotype, chicks were randomly allocated to diets containing either a high (H-LYS = 1.36%), medium (1.17%), or low Lys (1.01%) content. Growth performance and the accretion of protein and selected amino acids were determined in birds from 1 to 21 d of age. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with 6 replications/treatment. Low Lys vs. H-LYS caused a 42.1% lower feed intake in FGB (P < 0.001), but not in SGB (P = 0.596). The feed conversion ratio (FCR (g feed/g BW gain)) was lowest in FGB (P < 0.001) and increased with decreasing dietary Lys contents (P < 0.001). The Lys induced increase in FCR, however, was more pronounced in SGB (P = 0.025). The absolute protein gain (g/bird) was influenced by the Lys content of feed and decreased by ∼54% and ∼23% in FGB and SGB, respectively (P < 0.001). The efficiency (% of intake) of protein accretion was found to be greater in FGB (P ≤ 0.001) and decreased with decreasing dietary Lys (P ≤ 0.001). The efficiency of Lys accretion was found to be negatively affected by the dietary Lys content in FGB (P < 0.001) but not SGB (Pgenotype × dietary Lys = 0.008). It can be concluded that a dietary Lys content of 1.01% does not safeguard both growth performance and body protein accretion efficiency in both FGB and SGB. The suboptimal growth performance in FGB, but not SGB, is partially counteracted by a Lys-induced reduction in feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Tran
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - J Th Schonewille
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Pukkung
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - S Khempaka
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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9
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Brown A, Cantley S, Gutierrez O, Lemons M, Wamsley K. Effects of varying diet nutrient density and enzyme inclusion strategy for Ross 708 male broilers under a natural disease challenge. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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10
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Ahsan U, Cengiz Ӧ. Restriction of dietary digestible lysine allowance in grower phase reduces the occurrence of white striping in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Pekel AY, Tatlı O, Sevim Ö, Kuter E, Ahsan U, Khamseh EK, Atmaca G, Köksal BH, Özsoy B, Cengiz Ö. Effects of reducing dietary amino acid density and stocking density on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and occurrence of white striping in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:7178-7191. [PMID: 33248635 PMCID: PMC7704966 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A 49-day trial was conducted to determine the impact of dietary amino acid (AA) density and stocking density (SD) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and white striping (WS) occurrence in broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight Ross 308 male broilers consisting of 6 replicate cages with 8 broilers per replicate were used. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial and consisted of 3 AA densities (normal, 10, or 20% lower than normal) and 2 different SD (high 35 kg/m2 or low 26 kg/m2). Breasts were classified as normal, moderate, and severe for WS. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the GLM procedure. Decreasing AA density decreased overall growth performance, carcass, breast yields, and fillet dimensions linearly, while leg and rib cage yields increased linearly (P < 0.01). High SD decreased hot carcass, breast, wings, and rib cage weights in birds fed normal AA diets (P < 0.05). High SD increased the length of breast fillet (P < 0.05). Cooking loss, breast lightness (L∗), and redness (a∗) at 48 h postmortem increased linearly with decreasing AA density, while ultimate breast pH (pHu) and nitrogen content decreased linearly (P < 0.05). The occurrence of normal, moderate, and severe WS fillets was 45.3, 49.1, and 5.6%, respectively. As the dietary AA density decreased, the occurrence of no WS breast fillets increased linearly, whereas the occurrence of moderate WS fillets and mean WS score decreased linearly (P < 0.05). SD did not affect the occurrence of WS. Severe WS fillets were heavier and had higher cranial thickness, pHu, and fat content and lower yellowness (P < 0.05), but water-holding capacity, nitrogen content, L∗, and a∗ value did not differ among different WS scores. Taken together, WS occurrence and severity increased with higher growth rate. Growth depression created by lowering dietary AA density regardless of SD resulted in a decrease in mean WS score, but it also compromised the growth and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Pekel
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34320, Turkey.
| | - O Tatlı
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09016, Turkey
| | - Ö Sevim
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09016, Turkey
| | - E Kuter
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15030, Turkey
| | - U Ahsan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09016, Turkey
| | - E Karimiyan Khamseh
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09016, Turkey
| | - G Atmaca
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, 34320 Turkey
| | - B H Köksal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09016, Turkey
| | - B Özsoy
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09016, Turkey
| | - Ö Cengiz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09016, Turkey
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Hirai R, Mejia L, Coto C, Caldas J, McDaniel C, Wamsley K. Impact of feeding varying grower digestible lysine and energy levels to female Cobb MV × Cobb 500 broilers from 14 to 28 D on 42 D growth performance, processing, and economic return. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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13
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Lee CY, Song AAL, Loh TC, Abdul Rahim R. Effects of lysine and methionine in a low crude protein diet on the growth performance and gene expression of immunity genes in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2916-2925. [PMID: 32475425 PMCID: PMC7597739 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the poultry industry is 1 of the most advanced livestock industries. Feed contributes to the biggest proportion (65-70%) of the production cost. Most feed ingredients in Malaysia are imported, which contributes to the high food bill annually, and alternative feed formulation may help decrease the cost of poultry feed. Feed formulation are improved to efficiently meet the dietary requirements of the broilers and 1 of the ways is by reducing the level of crude protein in the diet while supplementing essential amino acids. In this study, the effects of methionine and lysine, which are the 2 most limiting amino acids in the chicken diet, were supplemented in a low crude protein diet, and its effects on the growth and expression of immunity genes such as MUC2, SLC, GAL6, and LEAP-2 were studied. A total of 300 Cobb500 broilers were tested with 10 different dietary treatments. Experimental treatment diets consist of high, standard, and low levels of methionine and lysine in the diet with reduced crude protein. The control group consists of diet with standard levels of lysine, methionine, and crude protein as recommended for Cobb500 broilers. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the jejunum, spleen, and liver for gene expression analysis which was performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR Green chemistry. Results of the growth performance at 6 wk showed improved feed conversion ratio when lysine was increased by 0.2% in a low crude protein diet at 1.96 ± 0.11. Gene expression of MUC2 gene in the jejunum showed a significant increase across all experimental diets with the treatment with higher lysine in low crude protein diet with the highest increase of 3.8 times as compared with the control diet. The other genes expressed in the spleen and liver were mostly downregulated. It was concluded that supplementation of high lysine with standard methionine in a low crude protein diet performed better in terms of lowest feed conversion ratio and high upregulation of MUC2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Yan Lee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Teck Chwen Loh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Chancellory, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
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Johnson C, Duong T, Latham R, Shirley R, Lee J. Increasing amino acid density improves growth performance and processing yield in Cobb 700 × MV broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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15
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Estévez M, Geraert PA, Liu R, Delgado J, Mercier Y, Zhang W. Sulphur amino acids, muscle redox status and meat quality: More than building blocks – Invited review. Meat Sci 2020; 163:108087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Johnson C, Duong T, Latham R, Shirley R, Lee J. Effects of amino acid and energy density on growth performance and processing yield of mixed-sex Cobb 700 × MV broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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17
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Silveira T, Souza S, Medeiros L, Freitas H, Gracci R, Miglino M, Carvalho Y. Concentration of collagen fibers in the musculature of broiler chickens fed with cupuacu seed by-product. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this essay, we quantify the concentration of collagen fibers in broiler chickens exposed to increasing concentrations of cupuacu seed by-product. Collection of material was carried out in five chickens per treatment at 70 days old in the groups: control, 5% and 10% inclusion of cupuacu seed by-product. Fragments of Thoracic Pectoralis (PT) and Iliotibial lateralis (ITL) muscles were prepared for light and electronic microscopy. The amount of collagen fibers in the muscle groups was 1.08±0.61% in the PTC group; 6.24±2.58% in PT5% and 7.30±2.75% in PT10%. In the Iliotibial Lateralis groups, the results were 6.96±3.14% in the ITLC; 7.43±4.22% in the ITL5% and 8.66±2.35% in ITL10%. The amount of collagen fibers in the ITL5% and ITL10% groups showed no significant statistical difference. However, when compared to the ILTC group, there was a significant statistical difference. The PT muscle responds to standard nutritional changes, unlike the ILT muscle, which requires a high-nutrient formulation. The use of 5% cupuacu seed by-product has proven to be a viable alternative source of animal feed, as it promotes an increase in the concentrations of collagen fibers in the musculature of broiler chickens and is possibly the determining factor in meat texture.
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Meloche KJ, Fancher BI, Emmerson DA, Bilgili SF, Dozier WA. Effects of reduced digestible lysine density on myopathies of the Pectoralis major muscles in broiler chickens at 48 and 62 days of age. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3311-3324. [PMID: 29762742 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative control of nutrient intake may decrease the incidence of wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) myopathies with some impairment of live performance. Two experiments (Exp) utilizing Yield Plus × Ross 708 male broilers were conducted to determine if a reduction in myopathies may be obtained through a qualitative approach by reducing digestible lysine (dLys) density. All birds received an identical starter diet until 11 d of age. In Exp 1 (63 pens; 22 birds/pen), each pen was then randomly assigned to 1 of the following 7 dietary treatments (TRT) for a 47 d production period. Seven dietary treatments were provided for the grower 1 (G1; 12 to 18 d of age) and grower 2 (G2; 19 to 26 d of age) phases: 1) 100% of primary breeder recommendations for dLys throughout Exp; 2) 85% of TRT 1 dLys for G1; 3) 85% of TRT 1 dLys for G2; 4) 85% of TRT 1 dLys for G1 and G2; 5) 75% of TRT 1 dLys for G1; 6) 75% of TRT 1 dLys for G2; 7) 75% of TRT 1 for G1 and G2. In Exp 2 (24 pens; 30 birds/pen), birds were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 dietary TRT (Table 2) during a 61 d production period. Four dietary treatments were provided for the grower (G; 12 to 28 d) and finisher 1 (F1; 29 to 40 d of age) phases: 1) 100% of primary breeder recommendations for dLys 2) 85% of TRT 1 dLys for G; 3) 85% of TRT 1 dLys for F1; 4) 85% of TRT 1 dLys for G and F1; thereafter, birds received common finisher 1 (Exp 1: 27 to 42 d of age), finisher 2 (Exp 2: 41 to 48 d of age) and withdrawal (Exp 1: 43 to 47 d of age; Exp 2: 49 to 61 d of age) diets. Ideal amino acid ratios were not maintained in reduced dLys diets in either Exp. At 48 (Exp 1; 18 birds/pen) and 62 (Exp 2; 30 birds/pen) d of age, selected birds were processed and fillets were visually scored for WB and WS. No differences (P > 0.05) in cumulative live performance responses between TRT 1 and the remaining TRT were observed in either Exp. In Exp 1, the incidence of severe WB (20.8%) and WS (42.3%) at 48 d of age among birds receiving TRT 7 was reduced (P < 0.01) compared with TRT 1 (WB: 36.6%; WS: 64.3%), at the expense of reduced (P = 0.003) breast weights and yield. In Exp 2, the incidence of severe WB (18.8%) and WS (17.8%) at 62 d of age for birds receiving TRT 4 was reduced (P < 0.05) compared with TRT 1 (WB: 39.3%; WS: 38.3%), without any detrimental effects on processing characteristics. These results indicate that altering dietary dLys during critical periods of the growth trajectory may be a viable strategy for reducing the incidence and severity of WB and WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Meloche
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 38649
| | - B I Fancher
- Aviagen, Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL 35806
| | - D A Emmerson
- Aviagen, Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL 35806
| | - S F Bilgili
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 38649
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 38649
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Meloche KJ, Fancher BI, Emmerson DA, Bilgili SF, Dozier WA. Effects of reduced dietary energy and amino acid density on Pectoralis major myopathies in broiler chickens at 36 and 49 days of age1. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1794-1807. [PMID: 29506046 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments (Exp) were conducted to determine if reductions in the incidence and severity of wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) may be obtained by reducing dietary nutrient density. In each Exp, Yield Plus × Ross 708 male broiler chicks were placed into 63 pens (22 birds/pen). All birds received an identical prestarter diet until 7 d of age, after which time each pen was randomly assigned to 1 of the following 7 dietary treatments (TRT) for the starter (8 to 14 d), grower (15 to 24 d), finisher 1 (Exp 1: 26 to 35 d; Exp 2: 26 to 42 d), and withdrawal (Exp 2: 43 to 48 d) phases: 1) 100% of primary breeder recommendations for digestible amino acid and metabolizable energy density throughout Exp; 2) 95% of TRT 1 until 14 d of age, then as TRT 1; 3) 95% of TRT 1 until 24 d of age, then as TRT 1; 4) 95% of TRT 1 throughout Exp; 5) 90% of TRT 1 until 14 d of age, then as TRT 1; 6) 90% of TRT 1 until 24 d of age, then as TRT 1; 7) 90% of TRT 1 throughout Exp. At 36 d (Exp 1) and 49 d (Exp 2), 18 birds per pen were processed and evaluated for WS and WB. In Exp 1, reduced dietary density in the starter phase (TRT 2 and TRT 5) resulted in increased (P ≤ 0.05) incidences of severe WB (32.9% and 34.7%) relative to TRT 1 (18.2%). In Exp 2, broilers assigned to TRT 7 had reduced (P < 0.01) incidences of severe WB (20.8%) and WS (42.3%) relative to the control (WB: 36.5%; WS: 64.5%). In both Exp, plasma creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase increased (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing scores for WB and WS. Reducing dietary nutrient density from 8 to 14 d may exacerbate fillet myopathies in broilers reared to 35 d of age. Although reducing dietary energy and amino acid density to 90% of recommendations from 1 to 48 d reduced the severity of myopathies, these reductions occurred with compromises in live performance. Altogether, these results indicated that concurrent manipulation of dietary amino acid and energy density is not a viable practical solution for breast myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Meloche
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 38649
| | - B I Fancher
- Aviagen, Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL 35806
| | - D A Emmerson
- Aviagen, Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL 35806
| | - S F Bilgili
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 38649
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 38649
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20
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Ismail I, Joo ST. Poultry Meat Quality in Relation to Muscle Growth and Muscle Fiber Characteristics. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:873-883. [PMID: 29725209 PMCID: PMC5932941 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.6.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the definition of poultry meat quality exist because the quality traits are not solely based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors but also consumers’ preference. Appearance quality traits (AQT), eating quality traits (EQT), and reliance quality traits (RQT) are the major factors focused by the consumer before buying good quality of poultry meat. AQT and EQT of poultry meat are controlled by physical and biochemical characteristics of muscle fibers which can be categorized into a total number of fibers (TNF), cross-sectional area of fibers (CSAF), and fiber type composition (FTC). In poultry meat, it has been shown that muscle fiber properties play a key role in meat quality because numerous studies have reported the relationships between quality traits and fiber characteristics. Despite intensive research has been carried out to manipulate the muscle fiber to improve poultry meat quality, demand in a rapid growth of poultry muscle has correlated to the deterioration in the meat quality. The present paper reviews the definition of poultry meat quality, meat quality traits, and variations of meat quality. Also, this review presents recent knowledge underlying the relationship between poultry meat quality traits and muscle fiber characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishamri Ismail
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Korea.,Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Seon-Tea Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Korea.,Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Korea
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21
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Kumar P, Patra AK, Mandal GP, Samanta I, Pradhan S. Effect of black cumin seeds on growth performance, nutrient utilization, immunity, gut health and nitrogen excretion in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3742-3751. [PMID: 28120474 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of antibiotic growth promoters (AB) as feed additives in broiler chickens poses risks due to cross-resistance amongst pathogens and residues in tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of black cumin seeds (BCS) as a natural growth promoter in chickens on nutrient utilization, intestinal microbiota and morphology, immunity, antioxidant status, protein deposition in muscles and nitrogen excretion. RESULTS Broiler chickens were fed BCS at 0, 5, 10 and 20 g kg-1 diet. Body weight gain tended to increase (P = 0.10) and daily feed intake increased quadratically with increasing concentrations of BCS in the diets. Supplementation of BCS resulted in a tendency to decrease feed conversion efficiency on days 28-42. Metabolizability of nutrients increased linearly with increasing doses of BCS. Protein deposition in thigh and breast muscles was increased and nitrogen excretion was reduced by BCS and AB compared with the control (CON). Intestinal morphology in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was not generally affected by BCS. Counts of total bacteria, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. were not affected by BCS and AB compared with CON, but Salmonella spp. decreased linearly (P = 0.05) with increasing doses of BCS. Antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus on day 35 increased quadratically (P < 0.001) with increasing doses of BCS. Concentrations of glucose and triglyceride in blood were not affected by BCS. Concentrations of cholesterol decreased linearly while the concentration of total protein increased linearly with increasing doses of BCS. CONCLUSION The use of dietary BCS may improve growth performance, immunity and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Guru Prasad Mandal
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Indranil Samanta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Saktipada Pradhan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
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22
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Cemin HS, Vieira SL, Stefanello C, Kipper M, Kindlein L, Helmbrecht A. Digestible lysine requirements of male broilers from 1 to 42 days of age reassessed. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28636626 PMCID: PMC5479556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted separately to estimate the digestible Lys (dig. Lys) requirements of Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers using different statistical models. For each experiment, 1,200 chicks were housed in 48 floor pens in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 8 replicates. Broilers were fed diets with increasing dig. Lys levels from 1 to 12 d (Exp. 1), from 12 to 28 d (Exp. 2), and 28 to 42 d (Exp. 3). Increasing dig. Lys levels were equally spaced from 0.97 to 1.37% in Exp. 1, 0.77 to 1.17% in Exp. 2, and 0.68 to 1.07% in Exp. 3. The lowest dig. Lys diets were not supplemented with L-Lysine and all other essential AA met or exceeded recommendations. In Exp. 3, six birds per pen were randomly selected from each replication to evaluate carcass and breast yields. Digestible Lys requirements were estimated by quadratic polynomial (QP), linear broken-line (LBL), quadratic broken-line (QBL), and exponential asymptotic (EA) models. Overall, dig. Lys requirements varied among response variables and statistical models. Increasing dietary dig. Lys had a positive effect on BW, carcass and breast yields. Levels of dig. Lys that optimized performance using QP, LBL, QBL, and EA models were 1.207, 1.036, 1.113, and 1.204% for BWG and 1.190, 1.027, 1.100, and 1.172% for FCR in Exp. 1; 1.019, 0.853, 0.944; 1.025% for BWG and 1.050, 0.879, 1.032, and 1.167% for FCR in Exp. 2; and 0.960, 0.835, 0.933, and 1.077% for BWG, 0.981, 0.857, 0.963, and 1.146% for FCR in Exp. 3. The QP, LBL, QBL, and EA also estimated dig. Lys requirements as 0.941, 0.846, 0.925, and 1.070% for breast meat yield in Exp. 3. In conclusion, Lys requirements vary greatly according to the statistical analysis utilized; therefore, the origin of requirement estimation must be taken into account in order to allow adequate comparisons between references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Scher Cemin
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sergio Luiz Vieira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Catarina Stefanello
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos Kipper
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Liris Kindlein
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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23
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Zhou YF, Liu YQ, Wei HK, Peng J. Estimation of the optimum digestible lysine level for Cherry Valley ducks. Poult Sci 2017; 96:838-843. [PMID: 27738116 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine the digestible lysine (DLys) requirement of Cherry Valley ducks from 1 to 14 d and from 15 to 35 d of age. One-day-old male Cherry Valley ducks (n = 320) were divided randomly and evenly into five treatments with 8 replicates of 8 birds. Ducks were fed adequate levels of digestible amino acid but with graded levels of DLys: 0.80, 0.88, 0.96, 1.04, and 1.12% from 1 to 14 d; 0.60, 0.68, 0.76, 0.84, and 0.92% from 15 to 35 d. At 35 d of age, 8 ducks per treatment were slaughtered for evaluating the yields of abdominal fat, subcutaneous fat, breast meat, and leg meat. Additionally, a 7-d metabolizable experiment was conducted with ducks of the same hatch beginning on d 35 (8 ducks per treatment). The results showed that the DLys level in diet had a quadratic relationship both with the average daily gain (ADG) and feed:gain ratio (F/G). According to the quadratic model, an optimum digestible lysine level was 0.948% from 0 to 14 d and 0.758% from 15 to 35 d based on ADG. The digestible lysine level for obtaining minimum F/G were 0.986% (0 ∼ 14 d) and 0.792% (15 ∼ 35 d), respectively. Breast meat yield (P = 0.110) and subcutaneous fat percentage (P = 0.021) showed a quadratic or linear response to the increasing dietary DLys level. To achieve maximum breast meat yield, the digestible lysine level of 0.961% and 0.761% were needed for the starter period (1 ∼ 14 d) and the growth period (14 ∼ 35 d), respectively. N excretion showed a quadratic response to the increasing dietary DLys level (P = 0.103). The results of the current study suggested that the optimum digestible lysine level was very different with the response criterion. The dietary digestible lysine levels were 0.948, 0.961% in the starter period (1 ∼ 14 d) and 0.758, 0.761% in the growth period (15 ∼ 35 d) for ADG, F/G, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Y Q Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - H K Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - J Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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24
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Kheiri F, Alibeyghi M. Effect of different levels of lysine and threonine on carcass characteristics, intestinal microflora and growth performance of broiler chicks. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1302824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Kheiri
- Department of Animal Sciences, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohsen Alibeyghi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran
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25
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Cruz RFA, Vieira SL, Kindlein L, Kipper M, Cemin HS, Rauber SM. Occurrence of white striping and wooden breast in broilers fed grower and finisher diets with increasing lysine levels. Poult Sci 2016; 96:501-510. [PMID: 27655901 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the prevalence and severity of white striping (WS) and wooden breast (WB) in breast fillets from broilers fed diets with increasing digestible Lysine (dLys) from 12 to 28 d (Exp. 1) and from 28 to 42 d (Exp. 2). Trials were sequentially conducted using one-d-old male, slow-feathering Cobb 500 × Cobb broilers, both with 6 treatments and 8 replicates. Increasing dLys levels were equally spaced from 0.77 to 1.17% in Exp. 1 and from 0.68 to 1.07% in Exp. 2. The lowest dLys diet was not supplemented with L-Lysine (L-Lys) in either one of the studies and all other essential amino acid (AA) met or exceeded current commercial recommendations such that their dietary concentrations did not limit broiler growth. Four birds per pen were randomly selected from each replication and processed at 35 and 42 d in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Deboned breast fillets (Pectoralis major) were submitted to a 3 subject panel evaluation to detect the presence of WS and WB, as well as to provide scores of WS (0-normal, 1-moderate, 2-severe) and WB (0-normal, 1-moderate light, 2-moderate, 3-severe). Increasing the level of dLys had a positive effect on BW, carcass, and breast weight, as well as breast yield. White striping and WB prevalences were 32.3 and 85.9% in Exp. 1 and 87.1 and 89.2% in Exp. 2. Birds fed diets not supplemented with L-Lys had the lowest average WS and WB scores (0.22 and 0.78 in Exp. 1 and 0.61 and 0.68 in Exp. 2). White striping and WB presented linear responses to performance variables in Exp. 1, whereas quadratic responses were observed for all variables in Exp. 2. In conclusion, increasing the level of dLys improved growth performance and carcass traits as well as induced the occurrence and severity of WS and WB lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F A Cruz
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - S L Vieira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - L Kindlein
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 8834, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - M Kipper
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - H S Cemin
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - S M Rauber
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
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26
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Conde-Aguilera JA, Cholet JCG, Lessire M, Mercier Y, Tesseraud S, van Milgen J. The level and source of free-methionine affect body composition and breast muscle traits in growing broilers. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2322-31. [PMID: 27030692 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dietary Met, as the first limiting amino acid (AA), has been extensively studied for poultry, little is known about how the supply and source of free Met affect tissue composition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding young broiler chickens with a deficient or sufficient TSAA (Met+Cys) supply, using either dl-Met (dl-Met+ and dl-Met-, for respectively diets sufficient and deficient in TSAA) or dl-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyric acid (HMTBA+ and HMTBA-, for respectively diets sufficient and deficient in TSAA) as a Met source on tissue composition and breast muscle traits. For both Met sources, the deficient diets were formulated to provide true digestible Met:Lys and TSAA:Lys respectively 45% and 30% below that of the sufficient diets. Performance and tissue weights were affected by the Met supply but not by the Met source. In TSAA-deficient chickens, ADG and FCR, and protein content in empty body and pectoralis major muscles (PM) were lower than in TSAA-sufficient chickens (P < 0.05). Reducing the Met content of the diet increased the redness value of PM (a*) and the hue angle (H°; P < 0.01). The source of Met affected body AA composition and the partitioning of body Cys among tissues (P < 0.05). In TSAA-deficient birds, body Cys mass decreased in the commercial carcass and PM, but increased in the rest of the body (P < 0.01). The Met source also had an impact on the Cys mass, which was reduced in the commercial carcass and PM of dl-Met birds, but higher in the rest, especially in the feathers of TSAA-deficient birds (P < 0.05). The Met source, supply, or both altered the AA composition of the empty body, mostly in the commercial carcass. In conclusion, a dietary TSAA deficiency altered performance, tissue composition and quality traits of PM of broilers. There was no impact between dietary dl-Met and dl-HMTBA on performance or muscle weight, although the Met source affected the partitioning of Cys among tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Conde-Aguilera
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - M Lessire
- INRA, UR83, Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Mercier
- Adisseo France S.A.S., F-92160 Antony, France
| | - S Tesseraud
- INRA, UR83, Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - J van Milgen
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000 Rennes, France
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27
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Yuan C, Bu X, Yan H, Lu J, Zou X. Dietary L-arginine levels affect the liver protein turnover and alter the expression of genes related to protein synthesis and proteolysis of laying hens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:261-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Sato T, Ito Y, Nagasawa T. Dietary L-Lysine Suppresses Autophagic Proteolysis and Stimulates Akt/mTOR Signaling in the Skeletal Muscle of Rats Fed a Low-Protein Diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8192-8198. [PMID: 26366928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids, especially L-leucine, regulate protein turnover in skeletal muscle and have attracted attention as a means of increasing muscle mass in people suffering from malnutrition, aging (sarcopenia), or a bedridden state. We previously showed that oral administration of L-lysine (Lys) by gavage suppressed proteolysis in skeletal muscles of fasted rats. However, the intake of Lys in the absence of other dietary components is unlikely in a non-experimental setting, and other dietary components may interfere with the suppressive effect of Lys on proteolysis. We supplemented Lys to a 10% casein diet and investigated the effect of Lys on proteolysis and autophagy, a major proteolytic system, in the skeletal muscle of rats. The rate of proteolysis was evaluated from 3-methylhisitidine (MeHis) released from isolated muscles, in plasma, and excreted in urine. Supplementing lysine with the 10% casein diet decreased the rate of proteolysis induced by intake of a low-protein diet. The upregulated autophagy activity [light chain 3 (LC3)-II/total LC3] caused by a low-protein diet was reduced, and the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was activated by Lys. Importantly, continuous feeding of a Lys-rich 10% casein diet for 15 days increased the masses of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Taken together, supplementation of Lys to a low-protein diet suppresses autophagic proteolysis through the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and continuous feeding of a Lys-rich diet may increase skeletal muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Sato
- Department of Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, and ‡Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Department of Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, and ‡Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Department of Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, and ‡Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Skeletal muscles respond differently when piglets are offered a diet 30 % deficient in total sulfur amino acid for 10 days. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:117-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Wang H, Zhang C, Mi Y, Kidd M. Copper and lysine amino acid density responses in commercial broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2014-00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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31
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Guardia S, Lessire M, Corniaux A, Métayer-Coustard S, Mercerand F, Tesseraud S, Bouvarel I, Berri C. Short-term nutritional strategies before slaughter are effective in modulating the final pH and color of broiler breast meat. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1764-73. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Norouzian MA, Valizadeh R. Effect of forage inclusion and particle size in diets of neonatal lambs on performance and rumen development. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 98:1095-101. [PMID: 24661507 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A slaughter experiment was conducted to determine the effects of alfalfa particle size on rumen morphology and performance of lambs. Twenty-four Balouchi lambs aged 21 days (9.1 ± 1.1 kg) were randomly fed control (diet without alfalfa hay; CON) and mixed rations containing 15% finely ground (FINE; 2 mm) and 15% coarsely chopped alfalfa hay (LONG; 3 to 4 cm). After a 63 days feeding period, nine animals (three per treatment) were slaughtered to obtain ruminal tissue samples for morphological analyses. Alfalfa particle size did not affect (p > 0.05) papillae density, height, width, epithelium depth and surface area. Coarse alfalfa decreased the stratum corneum and increased (p < 0.05) muscle depth compared with fine and control diets. Neither DNA content and nor RNA concentration of rumen tissue was affected by feeding different diets. Forage particle size did not affect the blood concentration of glucose, urea nitrogen (BUN), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio were higher for control diet; however, there were no significant differences between treatments for average daily gain. These data suggest that coarse alfalfa significantly reduces the stratum corneum and increases muscularity of rumen wall and tended to better feed conversion ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Norouzian
- Department of Animal Science, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Abstract
n-3 PUFA are crucial for health and development. Their effects as regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism are well documented. They also appear to affect protein metabolism, especially by acting on insulin sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role ofn-3 PUFA, i.e. the precursor α-linolenic acid (ALA) 18 : 3n-3 or long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA), in chickens, by focusing on their potential function as co-regulators of the insulin anabolic signalling cascade. Ross male broilers were divided into six dietary treatment groups. Diets were isoproteic (22 % crude protein) and isoenergetic (12·54 MJ metabolisable energy/kg) and contained similar lipid levels (6 %) provided by different proportions of various lipid sources: oleic sunflower oil rich in 18 : 1n-9 as control; fish oil rich in LC-PUFA; rapeseed and linseed oils providing ALA. The provision of diets enriched withn-3 PUFA, i.e. rich in LC-PUFA or in the precursor ALA, for 3 weeks improved the growth performance of chickens, whereas that of only the ALA diet enhanced the development of the pectoralis major muscle. At 23 d of age, we studied the insulin sensitivity of the pectoralis major muscle and liver of chickens after an intravenous injection of insulin or saline. The present results indicate that the activation patterns ofn-3 PUFA are different in the liver and muscles. An ALA-enriched diet may improve insulin sensitivity in muscles, with greater activation of the insulin-induced 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase/ribosomal protein S6 pathway involved in the translation of mRNA into proteins, thereby potentially increasing muscle protein synthesis and growth. Our findings provide a basis on which to optimise dietary fatty acid provision in growing animals.
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Dozier W, Tillman P, Usry J. Interactive effects of digestible valine- and isoleucine-to-lysine ratios provided to male broilers from 4 to 6 weeks of age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Nasr J, Kheiri F. Effects of lysine levels of diets formulated based on total or digestible amino acids on broiler carcass composition. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2012000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Nasr
- Islamic Azad University, Iran
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36
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Abstract
It is well known that any quantitative (energy and protein levels) and qualitative (nature of the diet, nutrient dynamic) changes in the feeding of animals affect metabolism. Energy expenditure and feed efficiency at the whole-body level, nutrient partitioning between and within tissues and organs and, ultimately, tissue and organ characteristics are the major regulated traits with consequences on the quality of the meat and milk produced. Recent progress in biology has brought to light important biological mechanisms which explain these observations: for instance, regulation by the nutrients of gene expression or of key metabolic enzyme activity, interaction and sometimes cross-regulation or competition between nutrients to provide free energy (ATP) to living cells, indirect action of nutrients through a complex hormonal action, and, particularly in herbivores, interactions between trans-fatty acids produced in the rumen and tissue metabolism. One of the main targets of this nutritional regulation is a modification of tissue insulin sensitivity and hence of insulin action. In addition, the nutritional control of mitochondrial activity (and hence of nutrient catabolism) is another major mechanism by which nutrients may affect body composition and tissue characteristics. These regulations are of great importance in the most metabolically active tissues (the digestive tract and the liver) and may have undesirable (i.e. diabetes and obesity in humans) or desirable consequences (such as the production of fatty liver by ducks and geese, and the production of fatty and hence tasty meat or milk with an adapted fatty acid profile).
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37
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Dozier W, Payne R. Digestible lysine requirements of female broilers from 1 to 15 days of age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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38
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Taschetto D, Vieira S, Angel R, Favero A, Cruz R. Responses of Cobb×Cobb 500 slow feathering broilers to feeding programs with increasing amino acid densities. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Zhao J, Zhao G, Jiang R, Zheng M, Chen J, Liu R, Wen J. Effects of diet-induced differences in growth rate on metabolic, histological, and meat-quality properties of 2 muscles in male chickens of 2 distinct broiler breeds. Poult Sci 2012; 91:237-47. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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Rivera-Torres V, Ferket PR, Sauvant D. Mechanistic modeling of turkey growth response to genotype and nutrition. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3170-88. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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41
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Zaboli GR, Jalilvand G, Davarpanah AA, Mehri M. Estimation of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Requirement of Starting Broiler Chicks Fed Soybean-and Cottonseed Meal-Based Diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2011.1278.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Tang R, Yu B, Zhang K, Guo X, Tian G, Huang Z, Chen X, Chen D. Effects of nutritional level on pork quality and gene expression of micro-calpain and calpastatin in muscle of finishing pigs. Meat Sci 2010; 85:768-71. [PMID: 20494526 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the effects of nutritional level (control diet (CD), 14.19% crude protein, 13.81MJ of DE/kg; low nutritional level diet (LND), 11.08% crude protein, 12.55MJ of DE/kg) on pork quality and gene expression of mu-calpain and calpastatin in muscle of finishing pigs. The LND treatment increased drip loss (P<0.05), had a trend to increase intramuscular fat (IMF) content (P=0.09), decreased Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) of pork (P<0.05), improved mRNA level of mu-calpain (P<0.05) in skeletal muscle, but had no effect on gene expression of calpastatin, compared with the CD treatment. These data suggest that a moderately reduced energy and protein diet increased pork tenderness and intramuscular fat. The increase in tenderness by LND treatment may be partly due to increased gene expression of mu-calpain in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyong Tang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
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43
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DAS C, ROY BC, OSHIMA I, MIYACHI H, NISHIMURA S, IWAMOTO H, TABATA S. Collagen content and architecture of thepectoralismuscle in male chicks and broilers reared under various nutritional conditions. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:252-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Zhao JP, Chen JL, Zhao GP, Zheng MQ, Jiang RR, Wen J. Live performance, carcass composition, and blood metabolite responses to dietary nutrient density in two distinct broiler breeds of male chickens. Poult Sci 2010; 88:2575-84. [PMID: 19903956 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying nutrient density with constant ME:CP ratio on growing performance, carcass characteristics, and blood responses in 2 distinct broiler breeds of male chickens (Arbor Acres, a commercial line, and Beijing-You, a Chinese nonimproved line). Experimental diets were formulated with high, medium, or low nutrient densities for 3 growing phases. Starter diets (1 to 21 d) contained 23, 21, and 19% CP with 3,059, 2,793, and 2,527 kcal/kg of ME; grower diets (22 to 35 d) contained 21, 19, and 17% CP with 3,150, 2,850, and 2,550 kcal/kg of ME; and finisher diets (36 to 42 d for Arbor Acres and 36 to 91 d for Beijing-You) had 19, 17, and 15% CP with 3,230, 2,890, and 2,550 kcal/kg of ME. Male hatchlings (216 of each breed) were randomly assigned to 6 replicates of 12 birds in each treatment. Arbor Acres broilers had better (P < 0.001) BW gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass yield, but had greater (P < 0.001) abdominal and carcass fat deposition. In both breeds, the higher nutrient density increased (P < 0.05) BW gain, protein efficiency ratio, and energy efficiency ratio while decreasing (P < 0.05) feed intake and FCR. The breed differences were increased for FCR, protein efficiency ratio, and energy efficiency ratio in the starter period and decreased for carcass chemical composition, respectively, by higher nutrient density. These findings indicate that 1) genetic improvement has a significant effect on broiler responses to dietary nutrient density, 2) performance differences between breeds are lessened with diets of low nutrient density, 3) carcass quality differences are less when birds were fed diets of high nutrient density, 4) carcass composition is hardly modified by nutrient density and both breeds exhibit similar metabolite responses to dietary concentrations, and 5) optimal diets are deduced for these breeds for the 3 growing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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45
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Das C, Roy BC, Oshima I, Miyachi H, Nishimura S, Iwamoto H, Tabata S. Collagen content and architecture of the puboischiofemoralis muscle in male chicks and broilers with different growth rates on various nutritional planes. Br Poult Sci 2009; 50:424-35. [PMID: 19735011 DOI: 10.1080/00071660903108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Various growth rates of chickens were induced with different nutritional regimes, and the collagen content and architecture of the medial part of the puboischiofemoralis muscle were compared among 21-d-old chicks and 80- or 95-d-old broilers. 2. The percentage muscle weight relative to live weight increased from chicks to 80-d-old broilers and the 95-d-old broilers attained the largest percentage. An inter-relationship of the percentage muscle weight and the growth rates of birds could not be determined. 3. Collagen concentration was related to the growth rates for the first 21 d post hatching and maintained the same level during the later stages up to 80 d. The 95-d-old broilers, that were subjected to early rapid growth followed by restricted later growth, had the highest collagen content. 4. On SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) photographs, endomysial honeycombs were small and encircled by perimysia of a collagen network with small mesh size. Thin and thick perimysia were distinguished and the expanded portion of thick perimysia was also observed. Generally, the perimysia were made up of rough collagen tissue where fatty tissue developed, especially in the broilers. 5. Perimysial collagen fibres with mainly transverse striation were divided into two fundamental types, wide collagen platelets and narrow cords. With growth from the chick to broiler stage, features of the collagen fibres did not change regardless of expansion of the thick perimysia. Endomysia increased slightly from thin to thick meshwork as growth progressed. However, the collagen architecture of the muscle in broilers did not change under different nutritional regimes. 6. In conclusion, the puboischiofemoralis muscle of chickens develops relative to live weight when later growth is limited in broilers, but the collagen architecture is not affected by the different growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Das
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka-shi 812-8581, Japan
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46
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Dozier W, Corzo A, Kidd M, Tillman P, Branton S. Digestible lysine requirements of male and female broilers from fourteen to twenty-eight days of age. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1676-82. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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47
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Fernandes J, Murakami A, Martins E, Sakamoto M, Garcia E. Effect of arginine on the development of the pectoralis muscle and the diameter and the protein:deoxyribonucleic acid rate of its skeletal myofibers in broilers. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1399-406. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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48
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Das C, Roy BC, Oshima I, Miyachi H, Nishimura S, Iwamoto H, Tabata S. Collagen content and architecture of the Iliotibialis lateralis muscle in male chicks and broilers with different growth rates fed on different nutritional planes. Br Poult Sci 2009; 50:47-56. [PMID: 19234929 DOI: 10.1080/00071660802613294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Varying growth rates in chickens were induced by different nutritional regimes. The collagen content and architecture of iliotibialis lateralis (ITL) muscle were compared among 21-d-old chick types and broiler types at 80 or 95 d of age. 2. Relative size of ITL muscle was greater in the rapid growing (1.16% of live weight) than the slow growing chicks (1.02% of live weight). The 80-d-old broilers with a compensatory growth phase after an earlier slow growth period produced ITL muscle at 1.65-1.69% of live weight. The ITL muscle in 80- and 95-d-old broilers with restricted later growth after an earlier rapid growth period was 1.29 and 1.49% of live weight, respectively. 3. Collagen content of ITL muscle did not differ between chick types and also among the broiler types. However, collagen concentration decreased from 6.00-6.51 mg/g in the chicks to 3.33-4.00 mg/g in the broilers. 4. Thick and thin perimysia and honeycomb endomysia were viewed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) photography. In the perimysia, a central wide layer of longitudinal collagen fibres and peripheral narrow band of transverse fibres were distinguished. Collagen baskets of adipocytes were observed in the perimysia. 5. Perimysial collagen fibres markedly increased in number and formed a larger fibre cluster during growth from chicks to broilers. Endomysia changed from thin to thicker meshwork with growth. However, the collagen architecture of the muscle in broilers did not change under different nutritional regimes. 6. In conclusion, ITL muscle of chicken develops optimally when body growth is enhanced, but the collagen content and architecture in broilers are not affected by different growth processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Das
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka-shi 812-8581, Japan
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49
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Tesseraud S, Bouvarel I, Collin A, Audouin E, Crochet S, Seiliez I, Leterrier C. Daily variations in dietary lysine content alter the expression of genes related to proteolysis in chicken pectoralis major muscle. J Nutr 2009; 139:38-43. [PMID: 19056657 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.095752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are known to be anabolic factors that affect protein metabolism, but the response of animals to daily amino acid changes is little understood. We aimed to test the effects of feeding birds with alternations of diets varying in lysine content on the expression of genes related to proteolysis in chicken muscle. Cyclic feeding programs with 2 diets, each given for 24 h during 48-h cycles, were carried out from 10 d of age. Three programs were used: 1) control treatment with continuous distribution of a complete diet containing standard medium lysine level (ML; 11.9 g/kg); 2) alternation of diets with high (HL) and low (LL) lysine levels; 3) alternation of ML and LL diets, where LL = 70%, ML = 100%, HL = 130% of standard lysine level. The Pectoralis major muscles were sampled after 2 wk of cyclic feeding. Measurements included the expression patterns of 6 genes involved in proteolysis, and mammalian target of rapamycin and Forkhead box-O transcription factor (FoxO) signaling. Cathepsin B, m-calpain, and E3 ubiquitin ligases Muscle Ring Finger-1 and Muscle Atrophy F box were significantly overexpressed in chickens transiently fed the LL diet, whereas the mRNA levels of 20S proteasome C2 subunit and ubiquitin remained unchanged. Modifications of E3 ubiquitin ligase expression can be partly explained by significant changes in FoxO phosphorylation with cyclic dietary treatments. Our results suggest timing-sensitive regulation of proteolysis in chicken muscle according to dietary treatment and a high metabolism capacity to compensate for changes in amino acid supply, which might be used for nutritional purposes.
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50
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Berri C, Besnard J, Relandeau C. Increasing dietary lysine increases final pH and decreases drip loss of broiler breast meat. Poult Sci 2008; 87:480-4. [PMID: 18281574 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses to increased dietary Lys concentrations were evaluated on 1,584 Ross 308 male broilers between 21 and 42 d of age housed according to 2 bird densities. The experimental design was composed of 8 factorial treatments: 2 bird densities (22 or 44 broilers/ 1.7 m(2) pen) x 4 true digestible (TD) Lys levels (0.83, 0.93, 1.03, and 1.13%). There were 6 repetitions per treatment. Birds were weighed individually at d 21 and 42. Feed consumption was recorded per pen. Body weight gain and feed conversion were calculated over the experimental period. Forty-eight broilers per treatment were dissected at 42 d of age. Final pH and drip loss during storage were measured on the pectoralis major. Density adversely affected feed intake (169 +/- 1 and 160 +/- 1 g/d with 22 and 44 birds per pen, respectively, P < 0.05), growth rate (97.4 +/- 0.5 and 91.0 +/- 0.7 g/d, P < 0.05), and feed conversion (1.730 +/- 0.008 and 1.760 +/- 0.006, P < 0.05). Except for feed intake, there was no interaction between the effects of bird density and dietary Lys. An increase in dietary TD Lys from 0.83 to 0.93% resulted in an increased growth rate (from 91.8 +/- 1.6 to 95.5 +/- 0.8 g/d, P < 0.05), improved feed conversion (from 1.783 +/- 0.008 to 1.742 +/- 0.009, P < 0.05), and increased breast meat yield (22.0 +/- 0.1% to 22.7 +/- 0.2%, P < 0.01). Performance and body composition traits were not significantly improved for concentrations of TD Lys higher than 0.93%. However, final breast pH increased from 0.83 up to 1.03% TD Lys in the diet (6.02 +/- 0.01 vs. 5.91 +/- 0.01, P < 0.05), and drip loss correlatively decreased (0.85 +/- 0.03% vs. 1.10 +/- 0.06, P < 0.05). This result opens new way of research for the definition of an amino acid requirement and on metabolic pathways involved in variations of breast muscle pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berri
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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