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Gordon RA, Sokoloski ML, Zumbro EL, Irvine CJ, Oldham M, Morgan N. Skeletal muscle fitness and physiology as determinants of firefighter performance and safety: a narrative review. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38742476 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2352719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Firefighters routinely perform tasks that are reliant on their muscular fitness, which includes muscular strength, power and endurance. Separately, firefighters can present with unique skeletal muscle physiology characteristics due to the strenuous nature of this occupation. This review aims to summarise muscular fitness and physiology as determinants of a firefighter's ability to perform occupation-specific tasks, identify the relevance of both muscular fitness and physiology to a firefighter's risk for sustaining a work-related injury, and address the contributions of muscular fitness and physiology on a firefighter's ability to recover from tasks and their readiness for performing subsequent or future tasks. The presented evidence reveals muscular fitness can determine a firefighter's capacity to perform their job effectively, while also influencing risk for occupational injury. Collectively, this review indicates exercise training emphasising improvements in muscular strength, power, and endurance (i.e. resistance training) should be encouraged in this occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Gordon
- Department of Kinesiology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | | | - Emily L Zumbro
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chris J Irvine
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Rocky Mountain University, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Michael Oldham
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, USA
| | - Natalie Morgan
- Department of Biology, Drury University, Springfield, MO, USA
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Kim JB, Xiang YY, Kim CB, Seo D, Song W, Lee H, Kang H, Lee CG, Ahn YS, Park JJ. Improving Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Function of Korean Firefighters: A Kinect-Based Mixed Reality Device Exercise Intervention Randomized Control Trial. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:118-122. [PMID: 37907408 PMCID: PMC11444360 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study addresses declining physical fitness among Korean firefighters due to a low exercise participation rate caused by the absence of exercise instructors. The research explores Virtual Mate (VM), a Kinect-based mixed reality device, as a potential solution, but its capacity to replace training instructors in enhancing physical fitness remains uncertain. METHODS Twenty Korean male firefighters were divided into two groups: the exercise group received an 8-week intervention using VM, while the control group maintained regular physical activity. Cardiopulmonary function and muscle function were measured. RESULTS After 8 weeks, the exercise group demonstrated a significant improvement in VO 2peak . Furthermore, there were notable enhancements in the strength and endurance of most knee, shoulder, and trunk flexors and extensors. CONCLUSIONS Integrating VM into an exercise program can effectively improve cardiorespiratory and muscular function in Korean firefighters.
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Kajaks T, Ziebart C, Galea V, Vrkljan B, MacDermid JC. Posture Evaluation of Firefighters During Simulated Fire Suppression Tasks. Workplace Health Saf 2023; 71:606-616. [PMID: 37997916 PMCID: PMC10676042 DOI: 10.1177/21650799231214275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posture mechanics during fire suppression tasks are associated with musculoskeletal injuries in firefighters. METHODS This study uses the Ovako Working Posture Analyzing System (OWAS) ergonomics tool to describe and evaluate the postures of 48 firefighters during 3 simulated tasks: (a) hose drag, (b) hose pull, and (c) high-rise pack lift. Ergonomics intervention prioritizations based on the OWAS action classification (AC) scores were identified using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Chi-square analyses identified associations between firefighter characteristics and OWAS AC scores. FINDINGS The initial hose pick-up phase of each task was identified as a high priority for ergonomics intervention (OWAS AC = 4) in 45.8%, 54.2%, and 45.8% of cases for Tasks 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Lower BMI was associated with higher AC scores for the initial hose pick-up during Task 3 (likelihood ratio = 9.20, p value = .01). CONCLUSION The results inform ergonomics priorities for firefighter training based on the tasks analyzed. Application to Practice: This study evaluates the posture mechanics of three commonly performed firefighting tasks. The results help inform an ergonomics training intervention focused on posture mechanics during occupational activities for firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Kajaks
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University
| | | | - Vickie Galea
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University
| | | | - Joy C. MacDermid
- School of Physical Therapy, Western University
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University
- McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Care London
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Eastman AQ, Rous B, Langford EL, Tatro AL, Heebner NR, Gribble PA, Lanphere R, Abel MG. Etiology of Exercise Injuries in Firefighters: A Healthcare Practitioners' Perspective. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2989. [PMID: 37998481 PMCID: PMC10671663 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11222989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to query healthcare practitioners (HCPs) who treat firefighter injuries to identify risk factors and mechanisms associated with musculoskeletal injuries during exercise. A phenomenological design was utilized to understand the experiences of HCPs while treating firefighters' musculoskeletal injuries due to exercise. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 HCPs. Two interviews were pilot-tested with HCPs to ensure reliability and validity. Interviews were transcribed and uploaded to a qualitative analysis software program. Although the study inquired about injuries incurred by any exercise modality (e.g., endurance and resistance training), injuries induced during resistance training were prominent among HCPs as resistance training emerged as a primary exercise injury mechanism. HCPs indicated that the back and shoulder were prevalent anatomical exercise injury locations. Risk factors for exercise injuries included age, immobility, movement proficiency, and factors associated with fatigue. Exercise injury mechanisms included poor resistance training technique and overexertion. These findings could guide exercise program design, use of movement assessments, and the identification of other countermeasures to decrease the risk of resistance training exercise injuries among firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Q. Eastman
- First Responder Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Department of Clinical Genomics Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Beth Rous
- Department of Educational Leadership Studies, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA;
| | - Emily L. Langford
- First Responder Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, University of Montevallo, Montevallo, AL 35115, USA
| | - Anne Louise Tatro
- First Responder Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Nicholas R. Heebner
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Phillip A. Gribble
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Rosie Lanphere
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Mark G. Abel
- First Responder Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Palmer TG, McCabe M. The Effect of a Novel Weight-Supported Kinetic Chain Resistance Training Program on Proximal Core Muscular Endurance, Trunk-to-Arm Muscular Power, and Bat Swing Speed. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2130-2140. [PMID: 37883393 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Palmer, TG, and McCabe, M. The effect of a novel weight-supported kinetic chain resistance training program on proximal core muscular endurance, trunk-to-arm muscular power, and bat swing speed. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2130-2140, 2023-Muscular stability and muscular power at the proximal core segments of the pelvis, spine, and trunk are essential attributes in maximizing bat swing speed in the sport of softball. Weight-supported kinetic chain resistance training (WsKC) is a novel closed kinetic chain technique that provides synergistic multiplanar stressors to the proximal core segments via the lower and upper extremities while limiting joint compression and sheer forces throughout the kinetic chain. The aim of this study was to assess the effect a 7-week preseason WsKC program would have on an isometric muscular endurance plank, trunk-to-arm peak muscular power (TAPP), trunk-to-arm peak velocity (TAPV), and bat swing speed (BSS) compared with a traditional isotonic weight resistance training program. Twenty-seven female high school softball players (age = 16 years, height = 167.6 cm, body mass = 62.86 kg) were assigned in a blocked randomization to one of 2 groups: a standing weight-supported kinetic chain resistance training (WsT) group (n = 13) or a pseudo-control traditional isotonic training (TT) group (n = 14). The WsT group had significant improvements (p < 0.05) for the isometric endurance plank (p = 0.001), TAPP (p = 0.002), TAPV (p = 0.001), and BSS (p = 0.02) compared with the TT group. The training effect size (ES) was large for the WsT group for all variables (ES = 1.0-7.4) and small to moderate for a majority of the TT variables (ES = 0.06-0.47). The simultaneous improvement in the isometric endurance plank, trunk-to-arm rotations, and BSS indicates that the WsKC contributed to subsequent improvements in BSS in high school softball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Palmer
- Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, Ohio
- St. Elizabeth Health Care, Florence, Kentucky; and
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Ras J, Soteriades ES, Smith DL, Kengne AP, Leach L. Association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal health in firefighters. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1210107. [PMID: 37469568 PMCID: PMC10352848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1210107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Firefighters are often placed in situations that require high levels of physical exertion, leading to significant strain on firefighters' musculoskeletal system, predisposing them to musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD) and/or musculoskeletal injury (MSI). Physical fitness programs are often recommended and justified, in part, to prevent injuries. The aim of this study was to determine the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal health (MSH) in firefighters. Methods: A total of 308 full-time firefighters took part in the study conducted in Cape Town, South Africa. Physical fitness tests encompassed a non-exercise estimation for cardiorespiratory fitness, grip and leg strength for upper and lower body strength, push-ups and sit-ups for muscular endurance, and sit-and-reach for flexibility. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire were used to determine MSIs and MSD, respectively. A p-value <0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results: Every one-unit increase in AbVO2max, push-ups, sit-ups, and sit-and-reach decreased the odds of firefighters reporting MSIs by 5% (p = 0.005), 3% (p = 0.017), 3% (p = 0.006), and 3% (p = 0.034), respectively. Every one repetition increase in push-up capacity increased the odds of firefighters reporting neck, elbow and forearm, wrist and hand, and thigh discomfort by 3% (p = 0.039), 4% (p = 0.031), 5% (p = 0.002), and 5%` (p = 0.007), respectively. Every one repetition increase in sit-up capacity increased the odds of firefighters reporting upper back discomfort and thigh discomfort by 5% (p = 0.045) and 7% (p = 0.013), respectively. Conclusion: Maintenance of physical fitness is likely beneficial in reducing MSIs, which, however, may increase the feeling of MSD in firefighters. In addition, it may be noticed that there is an ideal level of physical fitness that is conducive to the reduction of MSIs and should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaron Ras
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elpidoforos S. Soteriades
- Healthcare Management Program, School of Economics and Management, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Denise L. Smith
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Andre P. Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Leach
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ras J, Smith DL, Soteriades ES, Kengne AP, Leach L. Association between Physical Fitness and Cardiovascular Health in Firefighters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5930. [PMID: 37297534 PMCID: PMC10252711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20115930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters perform strenuous work in dangerous and unpredictable environments requiring optimal physical conditioning. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical fitness and cardiovascular health (CVH) in firefighters. This cross-sectional study systematically recruited 309 full-time male and female firefighters between the ages of 20 to 65 years in Cape Town, South Africa. Physical fitness was assessed using absolute (abV̇O2max) and relative oxygen consumption (relVO2max), grip and leg strength, push-ups and sit-ups, sit-and-reach for flexibility and lean body mass (LBM). CVH encompassed age, smoking, blood pressure (BP), blood glucose, lipid profile, body mass index, body fat percentage (BF%), and waist circumference. Linear regressions and logistic regressions were applied. Multivariable analysis indicated that relVO2max was associated with systolic BP (p < 0.001), diastolic BP (p < 0.001), non-fasting blood glucose (p < 0.001), and total cholesterol (p = 0.037). Poor CVH index was negatively associated with relV̇O2max (p < 0.001), leg strength (p = 0.019), and push-ups (p = 0.012). Furthermore, age was inversely associated with V̇O2max (p < 0.001), push-up and sit-up capacity (p < 0.001), and sit-and-reach (p < 0.001). BF% was negatively associated with abV̇O2max (p < 0.001), grip and leg strength (p < 0.001), push-ups (p = 0.008), sit-ups (p < 0.001), and LBM (p < 0.001). Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and muscular endurance were significantly associated with a better overall CVH profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaron Ras
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - Denise L. Smith
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA;
| | - Elpidoforos S. Soteriades
- Healthcare Management Program, School of Economics and Management, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2220, Cyprus;
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andre P. Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
| | - Lloyd Leach
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
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Kong PW, Kan TYW, Mohamed Jamil RAGB, Teo WP, Pan JW, Hafiz Abd Halim MN, Abu Bakar Maricar HK, Hostler D. Functional versus conventional strength and conditioning programs for back injury prevention in emergency responders. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:918315. [PMID: 36159702 PMCID: PMC9500301 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.918315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Back pain and back-related injuries are common complaints among emergency responders. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two strength and conditioning programs in improving back muscle characteristics and disabilities in emergency responders (firefighters/paramedics). Participants (n = 24) were randomized into two groups to complete 16 weeks of supervised exercise intervention: 1) Functional training used unilateral movements that mimicked the asymmetrical nature of emergency operations, 2) Conventional training performed bilaterally loaded exercises. Outcome measures were maximum isometric back extension strength, passive muscle stiffness, lumbar extensor fatigability, and revised Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire. A mixed model Analysis of Variance with repeated measures was performed to compare the difference over time and between groups. While the training effects were similar between groups, both programs improved isometric back extension strength (+21.3% functional, +20.3% conventional, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.625) and lumbar extensor muscle fatigability (+17.4% functional, +9.5% conventional, p = 0.009, ηp2 = 0.191). Bilateral symmetry in muscle stiffness was improved as indicated by reduction in symmetry index (-7.1% functional, -11.8% conventional, p = 0.027, ηp2 = 0.151). All self-reported pain and disability scores fell within the category of “minimum functional limitation” throughout the intervention and 6-month follow-up periods. For frontline firefighters and paramedics, both functional and conventional strength training are effective for improving back muscle characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Wah Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Pui Wah Kong,
| | - Tommy Yew Weng Kan
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wei Peng Teo
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Wen Pan
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Md Noor Hafiz Abd Halim
- Responder Performance Centre, Civil Defence Academy, Singapore Civil Defence Force, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - David Hostler
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, CA, United States
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Clusiault D, Davidson JB, Armstrong DP, Fischer SL. The influence of sex and strength capacity on normalized low-back exposure during lifting: Insights from a joint power analysis. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 102:103756. [PMID: 35413576 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the influence of sex, strength capacity, and relative load mass on low-back exposure and lower extremity joint power generation in backboard lifting. BACKGROUND Sex and strength have been shown to influence lifting strategy, but without load mass being scaled to strength it is unknown which factor influences low-back exposures, and whether there are interactions with load mass. METHODS Motion capture and force plate data from 28 participants were collected during backboard lifting at load masses scaled to strength capacity. Differences in normalized peak low-back moment, peak knee-to-hip power magnitude ratio and timing were tested as a function of sex, strength, and load mass. RESULTS Stronger participants had lower normalized peak low-back moments (average 32% change from low-capacity across all load masses), with no significant sex effect (p = 0.582). As load mass increased, normalized peak low-back moment, peak knee-to-hip power magnitude and synchronicity decreased. CONCLUSION Training to both increase strength capacity and hip-joint power generation may be a strategy to reduce low-back exposure in backboard lifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Clusiault
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Justin B Davidson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Steven L Fischer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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Ras J, Leach L. Relationship Between Physical Activity, Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors and Musculoskeletal Injuries in the City of Cape Town Fire and Rescue Service. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221084485. [PMID: 35341350 PMCID: PMC8958692 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221084485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal injuries in firefighters are a common occurrence, that increase as firefighters age, and may be related to the firefighters’ physical activity habits outside of the job. Certain CAD risk factors, such as obesity, cigarette smoking and ageing may be linked to increased injury risk in firefighters. Although firefighters may meet the recommended minimum physical activity minutes, they may remain at risk for sustaining musculoskeletal injuries. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between physical activity and CAD risk factors, between CAD risk factors and musculoskeletal injuries and between physical activity and musculoskeletal injuries. A total of 124 full-time firefighters, males and females, were conveniently recruited from the City of Cape Town Fire and Rescue Service. A researcher-generated questionnaire was used to collect injury, CAD risk factor and physical activity data. The proportion of firefighters who participated in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was 63.7%, and those who were physically inactive was 69.4%. The prevalence musculoskeletal injuries among all firefighters was 27.4%. The most prevalent musculoskeletal injury was shoulder injuries in 35.3% of firefighters, followed by multiple injuries in 26.5% and back injuries in 14.7%. Age was a significant predictor of physical inactivity in firefighters [P = .002, OR = 1.08], BMI was a significant predictor of physical inactivity [P = .050, OR = 1.08], cigarette smoking was a significant predictor of firefighters not exercising [P = .007, OR = 2.31] and the total amount of vigorous-intensity exercise was a significant predictor of musculoskeletal injuries [P = .050, OR = 1.00]. In conclusion, older firefighters were more physically inactive and had a higher prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries, and the latter decreased significantly after the age of 50 years. Emphasis should be placed on firefighters exercising in their leisure-time, especially as they aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaron Ras
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, 56390University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Leach
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, 56390University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
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11
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Lan FY, Yiannakou I, Scheibler C, Hershey MS, Cabrera JLR, Gaviola GC, Fernandez-Montero A, Christophi CA, Christiani DC, Sotos-Prieto M, Kales SN. The Effects of Fire Academy Training and Probationary Firefighter Status on Select Basic Health and Fitness Measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:740-748. [PMID: 33044439 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate changes in firefighter recruits' select health and fitness measurements, from academy training to the early probationary firefighter period. METHODS Firefighter recruits from two New England fire academies were followed up prospectively from enrollment at the academy to graduation after 15- to 16-wk training programs, and then for an average of 8 months as probationary firefighters. The participants' demographic, lifestyle, and mental health information was collected using a questionnaire. Body mass index, percent body fat, blood pressure, and push-ups were also measured at each time point. Furthermore, the academies tested the recruits on selected fitness measures (push-ups, pull-ups, and 1.5-mile running time) at academy entry, midtraining, and at graduation. RESULTS Ninety-two recruits consented and were included in the analyses. The recruits' percent body fat significantly decreased (median, 21.0%-18.2%) from baseline to graduation, and push-up capacity significantly improved (median, 34-53 per minute) in the same period, along with pull-ups and 1.5-mile running time. However, the recruits' blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, increased significantly by an average of 3 mm Hg during the training. Those completing probationary follow-up (45/92 recruits) showed that most health/fitness improvements declined after graduation. From academy graduation to probationary follow-up, recruits' physical activity decreased and TV screen time increased significantly, leading to a lower healthy lifestyle score (median, 4-3). After multivariate adjustments, the recruits' diastolic blood pressure increased by 2 mm Hg per measuring time throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS Fire academy training improved recruits' select health and fitness measurements, but the benefits dissipated as probationary firefighters, and blood pressures increased throughout the study period. Further interventions regarding blood pressure and to maintain training benefits after joining fire departments are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioanna Yiannakou
- Boston University School of Medicine, Program in Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher Scheibler
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Maria Soledad Hershey
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Navarra, SPAIN
| | | | - Gabriel C Gaviola
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Miratsky P, Gryc T, Cabell L, Zahalka F, Brozka M, Varjan M, Maly T. Isokinetic Strength, Vertical Jump Performance, and Strength Differences in First Line Professional Firefighters Competing in Fire Sport. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073448. [PMID: 33810362 PMCID: PMC8037820 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to investigate peak torque (PT) of knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF), bilateral and unilateral strength asymmetries in isokinetic testing and vertical jump height (JH), vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), and force differences (ΔVGRF) between legs during different jump tests in professional first-line firefighters (n = 15) competing in fire sports disciplines. There was a significant effect of jump type on JH (F2,44 = 7.23, p < 0.05), VGRF (F2,44 = 16.03, p < 0.05), and ΔVGRF (F2,44 = 3.45, p < 0.05). Professional firefighters achieved a mean JH of 50.17 cm in the countermovement jump free arms and high PT of KEs (3.15 Nm/kg). No significant differences (p > 0.05) and small effect sizes (d < 0.3) were found between the legs when PTs were assessed. We found a slightly higher (d = 0.53) unilateral strength ratio in non-dominant legs (58.12 ± 10.26%) compared to dominant legs (55.31 ± 7.51%). No effect of laterality was found among limb comparisons, but a higher unilateral isokinetic strength ratio was found in non-dominant legs of firefighters. A high level of strength (PT of KEs > 3 times body weight) and vertical jump performance is comparable to the performance of elite athletic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Miratsky
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Tomas Gryc
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Lee Cabell
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcon, TX 78666, USA;
| | - Frantisek Zahalka
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Matej Brozka
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Matej Varjan
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Tomas Maly
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Leary M, Thomas J, Hayes R, Sherlock L. Evaluation of an Occupational Exercise Training Program for Firefighters: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res 2020; 4:e17835. [PMID: 32955453 PMCID: PMC7536599 DOI: 10.2196/17835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exercise training programs can improve overall health and fitness in firefighters, but evidence beyond clinical and performance outcomes is needed before fire departments invest in and successfully adopt health promotion programs. OBJECTIVE This mixed methods pilot study sought to pair clinical and performance outcomes with participants' qualitative feedback (eg, participants' enjoyment, lifestyle behavior changes, and team structure) with the goal of informing recommendations for future programs. METHODS Professional firefighters participated in a 14-week occupational exercise training program with assessments conducted pre- and posttraining. Clinical outcomes included weight, BMI, body fat percentage, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Performance outcomes included the sharpened Romberg balance test, 1-repetition maximum leg press and bench press, graded exercise test (estimated VO2max), knee range of motion, shoulder flexibility, and hamstring flexibility. Self-administered surveys (Short Form-36, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Barriers Self-Efficacy Scale, and Barriers to Being Active Quiz) were completed. In 3 private focus groups of 3 to 4 participants, firefighters' experiences in the training program and their health behaviors were explored. RESULTS Male firefighters (n=14; age: mean 36.4, SD 2.6 years) completed 20 training sessions. There were no significant changes to weight (P=.20), BMI (P=.15), body fat percentage (P=.16), systolic blood pressure (P=.12), estimated VO2max (P=.34), balance (P=.24), knee range of motion (left: P=.35; right: P=.31), or hamstring flexibility (P=.14). There was a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (P=.04) and significant increases in shoulder flexibility (P<.001) and leg press 1-repetition maximum volume (P=.04). Participants reported improvements in overall health, endurance, flexibility, and mood as well as improvements to team environment and health behaviors around the station; however, there was a decline in overcoming barriers to physical activity. CONCLUSIONS A 14-week program of exercise training in firefighters elicited improvements in clinical, performance, and self-reported physical activity outcomes. This occupational exercise training program for firefighters increased time spent exercising, improved team building, and led to physical and mental health benefits. Results from this pilot study set a broad, informed, and meaningful foundation for future efforts to increase firefighter participation in occupational fitness programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Leary
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - James Thomas
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ryan Hayes
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Lori Sherlock
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Kwon J, Park S, Lee CG, Song W, Seo DI, Park JJ, Lee HJ, Kang HJ, Ahn YS. The Effects of Number of Fire Dispatches and Other Situational Factors on Voluntary Exercise Training Among Korean Firefighters: A Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165913. [PMID: 32824036 PMCID: PMC7459642 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to previous research, participation in exercise training (ET) by South Korean firefighters varies with shift type, and the effect of shift type is greater in large cities than in small towns. However, shift types differ among regions, depending on the number of dispatches. Therefore, the present study examined the impact of the number of fire dispatches and other situational factors on ET. A series of multilevel logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the data collected from South Korean firefighters (N = 5219) in 2017. According to the firefighters, participation in ET is higher among those who have someone to instruct their ET (Coefficient (Coef) = 0.057, SE = 0.017, p < 0.001) and who can do ET while on duty (Coef = 0.048, SE = 0.014, p < 0.001). The number of fire dispatches had a significant effect on participation in ET (Coef = −0.000, SE = 0.000, p < 0.01), meaning that the firefighters’ participation in ET varies with the number of fire dispatches in each region. Our main findings indicate that the number of fire dispatches is a key factor affecting ET participation among firefighters, and the other situational factors also play a role. Therefore, ET programs that firefighters can participate in between calls should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhye Kwon
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Seiyeong Park
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Chung Gun Lee
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.P.); (W.S.)
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-7647
| | - Wook Song
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.P.); (W.S.)
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-il Seo
- Department of Sport Science, College of Liberal Arts, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
| | - Jung-jun Park
- School of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea;
| | - Han-joon Lee
- School of Sport Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea;
| | - Hyun Joo Kang
- Department of Sport Medicine, College of Natural Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea;
| | - Yeon Soon Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Genomic Cohort Institute, Yonsei Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
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Beach TAC, Frost DM, Zehr JD, Howarth SJ, McGill SM, Callaghan JP. Spine loading during laboratory-simulated fireground operations - inter-individual variation and method of load quantification. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:1426-1438. [PMID: 31424329 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1657183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spine loading data are needed to design low-back health-preserving ergonomic interventions for firefighters. Study objectives were to quantify spine loads during simulated fireground operations using simple (polynomial) and advanced (EMG-assisted musculoskeletal model) methods and to describe the variation in spine loads between performers (N = 20). Spine compression forces differed by as much as 5.5 times bodyweight between individuals performing identical tasks. Anteroposterior and mediolateral shear forces varied by as much 3.2 and 2.1 times bodyweight between individuals performing the same tasks, respectively. Large variations in spine load magnitudes were documented regardless of whether simple or advanced quantification methods were used. Results suggest that low-back loading demands on the fireground would vary widely depending on the physical characteristics of individual firefighters, movement strategies employed, and tasks performed. Thus, personalised ergonomic interventions are warranted to regulate spine loading and load tolerance in firefighters. Practitioner summary: Even when performing the same work, the associated spine loading demands will vary widely across people due to differences in their body sizes, shapes, and movement strategies. Therefore, personalised interventions are needed to regulate spine loading and load tolerance in workers (e.g. obesity prevention, physical capacity-building exercise, and movement [re]training).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson A C Beach
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - David M Frost
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Jackie D Zehr
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
| | - Samuel J Howarth
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
- Department of Research, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College , North York , ON , Canada
| | - Stuart M McGill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
| | - Jack P Callaghan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
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16
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Andrews KL, Gallagher S, Herring MP. The effects of exercise interventions on health and fitness of firefighters: A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:780-790. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Andrews
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences; University of Limerick; Limerick Ireland
| | - Stephen Gallagher
- Department of Psychology; University of Limerick; Limerick Ireland
- Health Research Institute; University of Limerick; Limerick Ireland
| | - Matthew P. Herring
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences; University of Limerick; Limerick Ireland
- Health Research Institute; University of Limerick; Limerick Ireland
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Kim HD, An YS, Kim DH, Jeong KS, Ahn YS. An overview of compensated work-related injuries among Korean firefighters from 2010 to 2015. Ann Occup Environ Med 2018; 30:57. [PMID: 30186612 PMCID: PMC6122217 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-018-0268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although one in two firefighters in South Korea have experienced work-related injuries, there are few studies which show the overview description on work-related injuries and its analysis regarding such causes. Therefore, we aimed to show the overview of compensated work-related injuries in order to serve fundamental data for establishing prevention policies on work-related injuries for Korean firefighters. Methods We requested the all claimed work-related injury data of Korean firefighters from 2010 to 2015 to the Korean National Fire Agency (NFA). The data from NFA including 2457 claimed cases was analyzed and we confirmed, 2154 approved work-related injuries for the kinds of job activities, cause of accident and type of injuries. Among 2154 approved cases, we analyzed more variables for the sex, age, and job duration of 1344 compensated cases through served text file on summary of accident. Results The Government Employees Pension Service (GEPS) recognized 2154 (87.7%) approved work-related injuries among 2457 claimed cases. The incidence of work-related injuries per 1000 firefighters was 9.8 persons. By region, the incidence of work-related injuries per 1000 firefighters ranged from a maximum of 14.5 to a minimum of 4.0. The most common job activity caused the accident was fire suppression (18.0%), followed by Emergency medical services (EMS) (17.5%) and training (10.7%). The most common cause of these accident was movement imbalance (30.3%), followed by falls (18.9%) and traffic accident (13.4%). In these work-related injuries, sprains and bruises were the most common type of injury (27.2%), and the most commonly injured body site was the upper and lower back (25.3%). Data from identified 1344 firefighters showed that 1264 (94.0%) were male and 80 (6.0%) were female. Age group was the highest in the 40s with 623 cases (46.4%), and job duration was the highest with 650 cases in 5-10 years (48.4%). Conclusion In this study, we could obtain the preliminary data necessary to establish preventive measures, including the cause of accident and region with high accident rates. However, the number of applications for compensated injuries was very small compared to the frequency of injuries found in previous studies. The lack of appropriate treatment suggested that many firefighter injuries can become chronic. In this study, we suggest that it is necessary to introduce an injury monitoring system and improve the accessibility of compensated injuries. Trial registration CR318031. Registered 20 June 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Doo Kim
- 2Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University Hospital, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332 Republic of Korea
| | - Yon Soo An
- 3Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, 31 Suncheonhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- 4Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Jeong
- 5Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14068 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Soon Ahn
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426 Republic of Korea
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18
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Gooyers CE, Beach TAC, Frost DM, Howarth SJ, Callaghan JP. Identifying interactive effects of task demands in lifting on estimates of in vivo low back joint loads. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2018; 67:203-210. [PMID: 29122191 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This investigation examined interactions between the magnitude of external load, movement speed and (a)symmetry of load placement on estimates of in vivo joint loading in the lumbar spine during simulated occupational lifting. Thirty-two participants with manual materials handling experience were included in the study. Three-dimensional motion data, ground reaction forces, and activation of six bilateral trunk muscle groups were captured while participants performed lifts with two loads at two movement speeds and using two load locations. L4-L5 joint compression and shear force-time histories were estimated using an EMG-assisted musculoskeletal model of the lumbar spine. Results from this investigation provide strong evidence that known mechanical low back injury risk factors should not be viewed in isolation. Rather, injury prevention efforts need to consider the complex interactions that exist between external task demands and their combined influence on internal joint loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Gooyers
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Tyson A C Beach
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada.
| | - David M Frost
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada.
| | - Samuel J Howarth
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Department of Graduate Education & Research, Toronto, Ontario, M2H 3J1, Canada.
| | - Jack P Callaghan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Negm A, MacDermid J, Sinden K, D'Amico R, Lomotan M, MacIntyre NJ. Prevalence and distribution of musculoskeletal disorders in firefighters are influenced by age and length of service. JOURNAL OF MILITARY VETERAN AND FAMILY HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.3138/jmvfh.2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this cross-sectional study is to describe the prevalence and severity of self-reported musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in firefighters and how these vary by demographics and length of service (LOS). Methods: A cohort of 294 active-duty firefighters completed a body diagram to indicate the location and pain intensity of their MSK complaints. Where painful sites were indicated, they completed the relevant region-specific self-report disability measure – Neck Disability Index (NDI), Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), or the Short Form of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) – to quantify severity. Prevalence was determined from the body diagrams and severity from the site-specific self-report questionnaires. Differences in MSK severity based on demographics or LOS were determined using ANOVA. Results: The 294 active-duty firefighters had a mean age of 42.6 (SD 9.7) years and mean duration of service of 15.1 (SD 10.1) years. The prevalence of neck, back, upper-limb, and lower-limb complaints was 20%, 33%, 44%, and 45% respectively. Firefighters 42 years or older reported significantly more severe lower-extremity disability (median (IQR) LEFS: 71 (65, 77) vs. 75 (69.5, 78.5), p=0.03) and more severe back disability (median (IQR) RMDQ: 2 (1, 3) vs. 1 (0, 2), p=0.04). Firefighters with 15 years or more of firefighting service reported significantly more severe lower extremity disability (median (IQR) LEFS: 71 (64, 77) vs. 76 (70, 79), p=0.0005). Firefighters reporting >1 MSDs were significantly older than firefighters reporting no MSD ( F(5,285)=3.3, p=0.002). Discussion: The rate of MSDs is high in firefighters, and their severity is elevated with greater age and LOS, suggesting cumulative exposures/injuries and highlighting the need for ongoing assessment of the musculoskeletal system and interventions to reduce injury throughout firefighters' careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Negm
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joy MacDermid
- School of Physical Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn Sinden
- Department of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert D'Amico
- Hamilton Professional Fire Fighters Association, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Lomotan
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Norma J. MacIntyre
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Frost DM, Beach TAC, Crosby I, McGill SM. The cost and distribution of firefighter injuries in a large Canadian Fire Department. Work 2017; 55:497-504. [PMID: 27768003 DOI: 10.3233/wor-162420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited data available regarding the cost of firefighter injuries. This information is necessary to develop targeted injury prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE To categorize the cost of injuries filed in 2012 by firefighters from a from a large department by job duty, injury type, body part affected, and the general motion pattern employed at the time of injury. METHODS Data were taken from reports filed by CFD personnel and claims filed with the Workers' Compensation Board (WCB) of Alberta between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012. RESULTS Of the 244 injuries reported, 65% were categorized as sprains and strains, the most frequent of which affected the back (32%). The total cost of all claims was $555,955; 77% were sprain/strain-related. Knee and back injuries were most costly ($157,383 and $100,459). Categorized by job duty, most sprains/strains (31%) were sustained while attending to fire station responsibilities, although physical training was associated with the highest costs (34%). Fireground operations were attributed to 18% of sprains/strains and 16% of costs. Lifting injuries were more frequent (23%) and costly (20%) than all injuries. CONCLUSIONS The most common and costly injuries occurred while attending to fire station-related responsibilities and during physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Frost
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T A C Beach
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I Crosby
- Calgary Fire Department, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S M McGill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Stanek JM, Dodd DJ, Kelly AR, Wolfe AM, Swenson RA. Active duty firefighters can improve Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores following an 8-week individualized client workout program. Work 2017; 56:213-220. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-172493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bonazza NA, Smuin D, Onks CA, Silvis ML, Dhawan A. Reliability, Validity, and Injury Predictive Value of the Functional Movement Screen: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:725-732. [PMID: 27159297 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516641937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is utilized by professional and collegiate sports teams and the military for the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries. HYPOTHESIS The FMS demonstrates good interrater and intrarater reliability and validity and has predictive value for musculoskeletal injuries. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using a computerized search of the electronic databases MEDLINE and ScienceDirect in adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Extracted relevant data from each included study were recorded on a standardized form. The Cochran Q statistic was utilized to evaluate study heterogeneity. Pooled quantitative synthesis was performed to measure the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for interrater and intrarater reliability, along with 95% CIs, and odds ratios with 95% CIs for the injury predictive value for a score of ≤14. RESULTS Eleven studies for reliability, 5 studies for validity, and 9 studies for the injury predictive value were identified that met inclusion and exclusion criteria; of these, 6 studies for reliability and 9 studies for the injury predictive value were pooled for quantitative synthesis. The ICC for intrarater reliability was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.69-0.92) and for interrater reliability was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.70-0.92). The odds of sustaining an injury were 2.74 times with an FMS score of ≤14 (95% CI, 1.70-4.43). Studies for validity demonstrated flaws in both internal and external validity of the FMS. CONCLUSION The FMS has excellent interrater and intrarater reliability. Participants with composite scores of ≤14 had a significantly higher likelihood of an injury compared with those with higher scores, demonstrating the injury predictive value of the test. Significant concerns remain regarding the validity of the FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Bonazza
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dallas Smuin
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cayce A Onks
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew L Silvis
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aman Dhawan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sommerfeld A, Wagner SL, Harder HG, Schmidt G. Behavioral Health and Firefighters: An Intervention and Interviews with Canadian Firefighters. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2017.1284515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sommerfeld
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon L. Wagner
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Henry G. Harder
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glen Schmidt
- School of Social Work, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Frost DM, Beach TAC, Crosby I, McGill SM. Firefighter injuries are not just a fireground problem. Work 2016; 52:835-42. [PMID: 26409354 DOI: 10.3233/wor-152111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linking firefighter injury reporting to general motion patterns may provide insight into potential injury mechanisms and the development of prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE To characterize the injuries sustained by members of a large Canadian metropolitan fire department over a 5-year span. METHODS Data were taken from injury reports filed by career firefighters between 2007 and 2011. Injuries were described by job duty, type, body part affected, and the general motion pattern employed at the time of injury (e.g. lifting). RESULTS Of the 1311 injuries reported, 64% were categorized as sprains and strains (musculoskeletal disorders -MSDs), the most frequent of which affected the back (32%). Categorized by job duty, 65% of MSDs were sustained while working at the fire station or during physical training-related activities. Only 15% were attributed to fireground operations. Furthermore, the associated job duty could not differentiate the types of injuries sustained; back injuries occurred primarily while lifting, knee injuries while stepping, and shoulder injuries during pushing/pulling-related activities. CONCLUSIONS Firefighter injuries are not just a fireground problem. Injury causation may be better understood by linking the injury location and type with motion patterns rather than job duties. This information could assist in developing general prevention strategies for the fire service.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Frost
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T A C Beach
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - I Crosby
- Calgary Fire Department, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S M McGill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Chimera NJ, Warren M. Use of clinical movement screening tests to predict injury in sport. World J Orthop 2016; 7:202-217. [PMID: 27114928 PMCID: PMC4832222 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v7.i4.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical movement screening tests are gaining popularity as a means to determine injury risk and to implement training programs to prevent sport injury. While these screens are being used readily in the clinical field, it is only recently that some of these have started to gain attention from a research perspective. This limits applicability and poses questions to the validity, and in some cases the reliability, of the clinical movement tests as they relate to injury prediction, intervention, and prevention. This editorial will review the following clinical movement screening tests: Functional Movement Screen™, Star Excursion Balance Test, Y Balance Test, Drop Jump Screening Test, Landing Error Scoring System, and the Tuck Jump Analysis in regards to test administration, reliability, validity, factors that affect test performance, intervention programs, and usefulness for injury prediction. It is important to review the aforementioned factors for each of these clinical screening tests as this may help clinicians interpret the current body of literature. While each of these screening tests were developed by clinicians based on what appears to be clinical practice, this paper brings to light that this is a need for collaboration between clinicians and researchers to ensure validity of clinically meaningful tests so that they are used appropriately in future clinical practice. Further, this editorial may help to identify where the research is lacking and, thus, drive future research questions in regards to applicability and appropriateness of clinical movement screening tools.
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Li Y, Wang X, Chen X, Dai B. Exploratory factor analysis of the functional movement screen in elite athletes. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:1166-72. [PMID: 25465117 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.986505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The functional movement screen is developed to examine individuals' movement patterns through 7 functional tasks. The purpose of this study was to identify the internal consistency and factor structure of the 7 tasks of the functional movement screen in elite athletes; 290 elite athletes from a variety of Chinese national teams were assessed using the functional movement screen. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for the scores of the 7 tasks. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to explore the factor structure of the functional movement screen. The mean and standard deviation of the sum score were 15.2 ± 3.0. A low Cronbach's alpha (0.58) was found for the scores of the 7 tasks. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 2 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, and these 2 factors explained 47.3% of the total variance. The first factor had a high loading on the rotatory stability (loading = 0.99) and low loadings on the other 6 tasks (loading range: 0.04-0.34). The second factor had high loadings on the deep squat, hurdle step and inline lunge (loading range: 0.46-0.61) and low loadings on the other 3 tasks (loading range: 0.12-0.32). The 7 tasks of the functional movement screen had low internal consistency and were not indicators of a single factor. Evidence for unidimensionality was not found for the functional movement screen in elite athletes. More attention should be paid to the score of each task rather than the sum score when we interpret the functional movement screen scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Li
- a College of Physical Education & Training , Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai , P.R. China
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