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Kunz JM, Maloca P, Allemann A, Fasler D, Soysal S, Däster S, Kraljević M, Syeda G, Weixler B, Nebiker C, Ochs V, Droeser R, Walker HL, Bolli M, Müller B, Cattin P, Staubli SM. Assessment of resectability of pancreatic cancer using novel immersive high-performance virtual reality rendering of abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2024; 19:1677-1687. [PMID: 38252362 PMCID: PMC11365822 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-023-03048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Virtual reality (VR) allows for an immersive and interactive analysis of imaging data such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of this study is to assess the comprehensibility of VR anatomy and its value in assessing resectability of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS This study assesses exposure to VR anatomy and evaluates the potential role of VR in assessing resectability of PDAC. Firstly, volumetric abdominal CT and MRI data were displayed in an immersive VR environment. Volunteering physicians were asked to identify anatomical landmarks in VR. In the second stage, experienced clinicians were asked to identify vascular involvement in a total of 12 CT and MRI scans displaying PDAC (2 resectable, 2 borderline resectable, and 2 locally advanced tumours per modality). Results were compared to 2D standard PACS viewing. RESULTS In VR visualisation of CT and MRI, the abdominal anatomical landmarks were recognised by all participants except the pancreas (30/34) in VR CT and the splenic (31/34) and common hepatic artery (18/34) in VR MRI, respectively. In VR CT, resectable, borderline resectable, and locally advanced PDAC were correctly identified in 22/24, 20/24 and 19/24 scans, respectively. Whereas, in VR MRI, resectable, borderline resectable, and locally advanced PDAC were correctly identified in 19/24, 19/24 and 21/24 scans, respectively. Interobserver agreement as measured by Fleiss κ was 0.7 for CT and 0.4 for MRI, respectively (p < 0.001). Scans were significantly assessed more accurately in VR CT than standard 2D PACS CT, with a median of 5.5 (IQR 4.75-6) and a median of 3 (IQR 2-3) correctly assessed out of 6 scans (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION VR enhanced visualisation of abdominal CT and MRI scan data provides intuitive handling and understanding of anatomy and might allow for more accurate staging of PDAC and could thus become a valuable adjunct in PDAC resectability assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Madlaina Kunz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Maloca
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Mittlere Strasse 91, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Andreas Allemann
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Fasler
- Department of Radiology St. Claraspital Basel, Kleinriehenstrasse 30, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savas Soysal
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Däster
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marko Kraljević
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gulbahar Syeda
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, NW3 2Q, UK
| | - Benjamin Weixler
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Sugery, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 20, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Nebiker
- Surgical Department, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Ochs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167c, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Droeser
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Bolli
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Müller
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Cattin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167c, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Manuel Staubli
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, NW3 2Q, UK.
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Kia K, Hwang J, Kim JH. The effects of target sizes on biomechanical and cognitive load and task performance of virtual reality interactions. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39193884 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2396038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of target sizes on biomechanical and cognitive load and the performance of virtual reality (VR) interactions. In a repeated-measures laboratory study, each of the twenty participants performed standardised VR tasks with three different target sizes: small, medium, and large. During the VR tasks, biomechanical load in the neck and shoulders (joint angles, joint moments, and muscle activity), cognitive load (perceived workload and cognitive stress), and task performance (completion time) were collected. The neck and shoulder joint angles, joint moments, and muscle activities were greater with the large targets compared to the medium and small targets. Moreover, the larger VR targets caused greater temporal demand and longer task completion time compared to the other target sizes. These findings indicate that target sizes in VR interfaces play important roles in biomechanical and cognitive load as well as task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Kia
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Jaejin Hwang
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Moore AR, Butler BAS. Immersive Virtual Reality Decreases Work Rate and Manipulates Attentional Focus During Self-Regulated Vigorous Exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38941624 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2356893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
To determine the effect of immersive virtual reality use on finishing time of a vigorous-intensity self-regulated exercise task, and on relevant psychological variables. Healthy untrained adults (N = 21; 10 men/11 women; age = 22.9 ± 7.2 years; BMI = 24.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2) completed 1500-m exercise bouts on a rowing ergometer in a counterbalanced and randomized order, with and without use of a headset-delivered virtual reality fitness program. Heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and attentional focus were collected every 300 m, in addition to finishing time. Data were analyzed with repeated measures as appropriate. Intensity of both exercise bouts was considered vigorous according to heart rate results (>77% maximal heart rate). Finishing time was faster in the control condition (449.57 ± 82.39 s) than in the virtual reality condition (463.00 ± 91.78 s), p = .007. Compared to the control condition, the virtual reality condition was characterized by a more external attentional focus (52.38 ± 18.22 vs. 38.76 ± 17.81, p < .001). No differences were observed for remaining variables as a result of condition (p > .05 for all). When a headset-delivered VR program was used during a self-regulated vigorous-intensity exercise task, participants were 13.6 seconds (~3%) slower than in a control condition. Attentional focus was manipulated to be more external with VR use, which may have ultimately distracted from the exercise objective. Recommendations for selecting an appropriate virtual reality experience for a given exercise task are discussed.
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Bernal-Berdun E, Vallejo M, Sun Q, Serrano A, Gutierrez D. Modeling the Impact of Head-Body Rotations on Audio-Visual Spatial Perception for Virtual Reality Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2024; 30:2624-2632. [PMID: 38446650 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2024.3372112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Humans perceive the world by integrating multimodal sensory feedback, including visual and auditory stimuli, which holds true in virtual reality (VR) environments. Proper synchronization of these stimuli is crucial for perceiving a coherent and immersive VR experience. In this work, we focus on the interplay between audio and vision during localization tasks involving natural head-body rotations. We explore the impact of audio-visual offsets and rotation velocities on users' directional localization acuity for various viewing modes. Using psychometric functions, we model perceptual disparities between visual and auditory cues and determine offset detection thresholds. Our findings reveal that target localization accuracy is affected by perceptual audio-visual disparities during head-body rotations, but remains consistent in the absence of stimuli-head relative motion. We then showcase the effectiveness of our approach in predicting and enhancing users' localization accuracy within realistic VR gaming applications. To provide additional support for our findings, we implement a natural VR game wherein we apply a compensatory audio-visual offset derived from our measured psychometric functions. As a result, we demonstrate a substantial improvement of up to 40% in participants' target localization accuracy. We additionally provide guidelines for content creation to ensure coherent and seamless VR experiences.
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Cohen N, Nasra LA, Paz M, Kaufman Y, Lavie O, Zilberlicht A. Pain and anxiety management with virtual reality for office hysteroscopy: systemic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:1127-1134. [PMID: 37917158 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Office hysteroscopy (OH) is a commonly performed procedure, although it might be associated with some degree of pain and anxiety. Our aim was to determine the effects of virtual reality on pain and anxiety levels felt by patients undergoing OH. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, ProQuest, Grey literature, and manual searching of references within studies found in the initial search were systematically searched using the terms 'Virtual Reality' and 'Hysteroscopy' without time or language limitations. The review considered all studies assessing the impact of virtual reality (VR) over OH outcomes, and prospective randomized trials were included in the meta-analysis. Retrospective and case - control studies were excluded from the meta-analysis. RESULTS We identified 17 studies, of which four randomized controlled studies were included in the meta-analysis (327 participants, 168 in the VR group and 159 in the control group). On a 0-10 scale, pain sensation and maximal pain sensation during the operation were not statistically different between study and control groups (relative risk (RR) = -0.64, 95% C.I (-1.57)0.29) and (RR = -0.93, 95% C.I (-3.33) - 1.47), respectively. Anxiety measurement was statistically lower in the study group (RR = -1.73, 95% C.I (-2.79) - ( -0.67)). CONCLUSIONS The available data suggest that VR techniques do not decrease the pain sensation during OH however, they do contribute to a reduction in the anxiety levels experienced by patients. PROSPERO registration number CRD42023432819.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion University, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Lelia Abu Nasra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion University, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moran Paz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion University, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Kaufman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion University, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Lavie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion University, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Zilberlicht
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion University, Haifa, Israel
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Kim E, Song D, Park D, Kim H, Shin G. Effect of smartphone use on cervical spine stability. J Biomech 2024; 166:112053. [PMID: 38513400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Using a smartphone often involves a sustained head-forward tilt posture, which may deteriorate the mechanism of muscle reaction efficiency or reduce the stiffness of connective tissues of the cervical spine. These changes in muscular and connective tissues can impair cervical spine stability and contribute to developing neck pain symptoms. In this experiment, change in the cervical spine stability associated with a sustained smartphone use posture was evaluated by quantifying the effective stiffness and the reflexive responses of the head to sudden perturbations. Seventeen young smartphone users maintained their heads tilted forward approximately 30° for 30 min while watching videos on their smartphones in sitting. Data show that the measures of cervical spine stability did not change significantly after the smartphone use task despite developing mild to moderate neck and upper body discomfort symptoms. Study findings imply that keeping the head tilt posture for 30 min for smartphone use did not significantly alter spinal stability, rejecting its association with neck discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donghyun Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyorim Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanseob Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Mustafa AR, Moloudi F, Balasalle E, Lang M, Uppot RN. Virtual reading room for diagnostic radiology. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2024; 53:230-234. [PMID: 38245428 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE To assess the perceptions of radiology staff regarding the role of virtual reality technology in diagnostic radiology after using a virtual reality (VR) headset METHODS: Participants completed a pre-study questionnaire assessing their familiarity with VR technology and its potential role in radiology. Using a VR headset, participants entered a simulated reading room (SieVRt, Luxsonic Technologies) with three large virtual monitors. They were able to view plain radiographs, ultrasound, CT, and MRI images and pull up and compare multiple images simultaneously. They then completed a post-study questionnaire to re-assess their perception about the role of VR technology for diagnostic radiology. RESULTS Fifteen participants were enrolled, with 33.3 % attendings, 40 % fellows, and 26.7 % residents. Pre-study, 60 % reported they were "not familiar" with VR technology and 66.7 % had never used it. On a 1 to 5 scale, the median perceived likelihood of VR having a role in radiology significantly increased from 3 (IQR 2-3) pre-study to 4 (IQR 4-4) post-study; p = 0.014. Image contrast and resolution were adequate according to most participants, with 53.3 % strongly agreeing and 33.3 % agreeing. The headset was comfortable for 73.3 % and did not induce nausea in any participant. Confidence in VR technology improved after using the headset for 80 %. According to 80 %, future VR technology could replace a PACS workstation. DISCUSSION Radiologists' perception regarding the role of virtual reality in diagnostic interpretation improves after a hands-on trial of the technology, and VR has the potential to replace a traditional workstation in certain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman Mustafa
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Farzad Moloudi
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleni Balasalle
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Min Lang
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raul N Uppot
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rupp MA. Is it getting hot in here? The effects of VR headset microclimate temperature on perceived thermal discomfort, VR sickness, and skin temperature. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 114:104128. [PMID: 37708655 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermal discomfort is a driver of negative user experiences with modern VR headsets since they are similar to head-worn gaming computers. Here, we examined the effect of microclimate temperature (MCT; i.e., the air between headset and user) and the effect of standing and seated use on thermal discomfort for a goggle style headset. Users played VR games across three 48-min sessions with different thermal profiles ranging between 28°-43 °C. Perceived thermal and weight discomfort were rated by participants every 12-min. Thermal, but not weight comfort declined during the study period as MCT increased. Users sweat more and had greater forehead temperatures while standing with the lowest thermal profile, suggesting thermal management is more critical for active experiences. Overall, this study recommends MCT should be kept below 36 °C. Finally design for thermal comfort should be tailored to the individual, experience duration and activity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rupp
- HP, Inc, 10300 Energy Dr. Spring, TX, 77389, United States.
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Pokhrel S, Hwang J. Effect of screen configuration on the neck angle, muscle activity, and simulator sickness symptoms in virtual reality. Work 2024; 79:167-175. [PMID: 38217564 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of information about the optimal setup of multiple screen configurations in virtual reality (VR) office work. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different screen configurations on neck flexion, rotation, neck muscle activity, and simulator sickness symptoms during Virtual Reality (VR) office work. METHODS Twelve participants (7 males; 21 to 27 years old) performed copy-paste and drag-drop tasks in three different screen configurations (single screen, primary-secondary screen, and double screen) in a randomized order. Optical motion capture system, electromyography (EMG) device, and simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) were used to measure the users' responses. RESULTS Neck rotation angles, muscle activities, and VR sickness were significantly affected by the screen configurations (p < 0.021). The primary-secondary screen showed the highest right rotation angle (median: -33.47°) and left sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle activities (median: 12.57% MVC). Both single (median: 22.42) and primary-secondary (median: 22.40) screen showed the highest value of SSQ. CONCLUSIONS The screen configurations in VR could be an important design factor affecting the users' physical demands of the neck and VR sickness symptoms. Asymmetric neck rotations caused by the primary-secondary screen conditions should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhit Pokhrel
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Jaejin Hwang
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
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Kuber PM, Rashedi E. Alterations in Physical Demands During Virtual/Augmented Reality-Based Tasks: A Systematic Review. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:1910-1932. [PMID: 37486385 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The digital world has recently experienced a swift rise in worldwide popularity due to Virtual (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) devices. However, concrete evidence about the effects of VR/AR devices on the physical workload imposed on the human body is lacking. We reviewed 27 articles that evaluated the physical impact of VR/AR-based tasks on the users using biomechanical sensing equipment and subjective tools. Findings revealed that movement and muscle demands (neck and shoulder) varied in seven and five studies while using VR, while in four and three studies during AR use, respectively, compared to traditional methods. User discomfort was also found in seven VR and three AR studies. Outcomes indicate that interface and interaction design, precisely target locations (gestures, viewing), design of virtual elements, and device type (location of CG as in Head-Mounted Displays) influence these alterations in neck and shoulder regions. Recommendations based on the review include developing comfortable reach envelopes for gestures, improving wearability, and studying temporal effects of repetitive movements (such as effects on fatigue and stability). Finally, a guideline is provided to assist researchers in conducting effective evaluations. The presented findings from this review could benefit designers/evaluations working towards developing more effective VR/AR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Madhav Kuber
- Biomechanics and Ergonomics Lab, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Dr, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Ehsan Rashedi
- Biomechanics and Ergonomics Lab, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Dr, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
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Barrett JM, Healey LA, McKinnon CD, Laing AC, Dickerson CR, Fischer SL, Callaghan JP. Head supported mass, moment of inertia, neck loads and stability: A simulation study. J Biomech 2023; 146:111416. [PMID: 36584505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Occupations or activities where donning head-supported mass (HSM) is commonplace put operators at an elevated risk of chronic neck pain. Yet, there is no consensus about what features of HSM influence the relative contributions to neck loads. Therefore, we tested four hypotheses that could increase neck loads: (i) HSM increases gravitational moments; (ii) more muscle activation is required to stabilize the head with HSM; (iii) the position of the HSM centre of mass (COM) induces gravitational moments; and (iv) the added moment of inertia (MOI) from HSM increases neck loads during head repositioning tasks. We performed a sensitivity analysis on the C5-C6 compression evaluated from a 24-degree freedom cervical spine model in OpenSim for static and dynamic movement trials. For static trials, we varied the magnitude of HSM, the position of its COM, and developed a novel stability constraint for static optimization. In dynamic trials, we varied HSM and the three principle MOIs. HSM magnitude and compression were linearly related to one another for both static and dynamic trials, with amplification factors varying between 1.9 and 3.9. Similar relationships were found for the COM position, although the relationship between C5-C6 peak compression and MOI in dynamic trials was generally nonlinear. This sensitivity analysis uncovered evidence in favour of hypotheses (i), (ii) and (iii). However, the model's prediction of C5-C6 compression was not overly sensitive to the magnitude of MOI. Therefore, the HSM mass properties may be more influential on neck compression than MOI properties, even during dynamic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M Barrett
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Canada.
| | | | | | - Andrew C Laing
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Canada.
| | - Clark R Dickerson
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Canada.
| | - Steven L Fischer
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Canada.
| | - Jack P Callaghan
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Canada.
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