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Stevens F, Shriver E. The shame of implicit racial bias. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 164:258-272. [PMID: 35240949 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2046538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study provides support for the theory that individual shame prevents individuals from recognizing their implicit racial biases. Participants across two studies in multiple conditions took the Race IAT, received feedback about their implicit racial bias, and then completed the Shame IAT. We created various conditions either to attribute their implicit racial bias to the self or to create an alternative explanation. The results demonstrated that when individuals attributed their implicit racial bias to themselves vs. an alternative attribution, they subsequently expressed higher levels of interpersonal shame, through increased associations between self-referential and shameful words. The need for positive self-esteem or the avoidance of a negative emotion such as shame may lead participants to avoid examining their own implicit racial biases.
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Brunet NM, Marsh NK, Bean CR, Powell ZA. Trust in the police and affective evaluation of police faces: a preliminary study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1258297. [PMID: 38022938 PMCID: PMC10666740 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1258297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A study was conducted to investigate if an individual's trust in law enforcement affects their perception of the emotional facial expressions displayed by police officers. Methods The study invited 77 participants to rate the valence of 360 face images. Images featured individuals without headgear (condition 1), or with a baseball cap (condition 2) or police hat (condition 3) digitally added to the original photograph. The images were balanced across sex, race/ethnicity (Asian, African American, Latine, and Caucasian), and facial expression (Happy, Neutral, and Angry). After rating the facial expressions, respondents completed a survey about their attitudes toward the police. Results The results showed that, on average, valence ratings for "Angry" faces were similar across all experimental conditions. However, a closer examination revealed that faces with police hats were perceived as angrier compared to the control conditions (those with no hat and those with a baseball cap) by individuals who held negative views of the police. Conversely, participants with positive attitudes toward the police perceived faces with police hats as less angry compared to the control condition. This correlation was highly significant for angry faces (p < 0.01), and stronger in response to male faces compared to female faces but was not significant for neutral or happy faces. Discussion The study emphasizes the substantial role of attitudes in shaping social perception, particularly within the context of law enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Brunet
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Natalya K. Marsh
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Caitlin R. Bean
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Zachary A. Powell
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice of Criminal Justice, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States
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Josiah N, Russell N, DeVaughn L, Dorcelly N, Charles M, Shoola H, Ballard M, Baptiste D. Implicit bias, neuroscience and reproductive health amid increasing maternal mortality rates among Black birthing women. Nurs Open 2023; 10:5780-5783. [PMID: 37327404 PMCID: PMC10416051 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nia Josiah
- Columbia University School of NursingNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services AdministrationRockvilleMarylandUnited States
| | - Niarah Russell
- Columbia University School of NursingNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | | | - Hakeem Shoola
- Columbia University School of NursingNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Manfredi M, Comfort WE, Marques LM, Rego GG, Egito JH, Romero RL, Boggio PS. Understanding racial bias through electroencephalography. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:81. [PMID: 36973706 PMCID: PMC10045171 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on racial bias in social and cognitive psychology has focused on automatic cognitive processes such as categorisation or stereotyping. Neuroimaging has revealed differences in the neural circuit when processing social information about one's own or another's ethnicity. This review investigates the influence of racial bias on human behaviour by reviewing studies that examined changes in neural circuitry (i.e. ERP responses) during automatic and controlled processes elicited by specific tasks. This systematic analysis of specific ERP components across different studies provides a greater understanding of how social contexts are perceived and become associated with specific stereotypes and behavioural predictions. Therefore, investigating these related cognitive and neurobiological functions can further our understanding of how racial bias affects our cognition more generally and guide more effective programs and policies aimed at its mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Manfredi
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - William E Comfort
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinical Hospital, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Rego
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia H Egito
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruth L Romero
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Doherty EJ, Spencer CA, Burnison J, Čeko M, Chin J, Eloy L, Haring K, Kim P, Pittman D, Powers S, Pugh SL, Roumis D, Stephens JA, Yeh T, Hirshfield L. Interdisciplinary views of fNIRS: Current advancements, equity challenges, and an agenda for future needs of a diverse fNIRS research community. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1059679. [PMID: 36922983 PMCID: PMC10010439 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1059679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an innovative and promising neuroimaging modality for studying brain activity in real-world environments. While fNIRS has seen rapid advancements in hardware, software, and research applications since its emergence nearly 30 years ago, limitations still exist regarding all three areas, where existing practices contribute to greater bias within the neuroscience research community. We spotlight fNIRS through the lens of different end-application users, including the unique perspective of a fNIRS manufacturer, and report the challenges of using this technology across several research disciplines and populations. Through the review of different research domains where fNIRS is utilized, we identify and address the presence of bias, specifically due to the restraints of current fNIRS technology, limited diversity among sample populations, and the societal prejudice that infiltrates today's research. Finally, we provide resources for minimizing bias in neuroscience research and an application agenda for the future use of fNIRS that is equitable, diverse, and inclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Doherty
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Cara A. Spencer
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Marta Čeko
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jenna Chin
- College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Lucca Eloy
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kerstin Haring
- Department of Computer Science, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Daniel Pittman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Shannon Powers
- College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Samuel L. Pugh
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Jaclyn A. Stephens
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tom Yeh
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Leanne Hirshfield
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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Marmarosh CL, Sandage S, Wade N, Captari LE, Crabtree S. New horizons in group psychotherapy research and practice from third wave positive psychology: a practice-friendly review. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY (MILANO) 2022; 25. [PMID: 36373391 PMCID: PMC9893048 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2022.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Group psychotherapy has been shown to be equivalent to individual therapy for many disorders, including anxiety, depression, grief, eating disorders, and schizophrenia (Burlingame & Strauss, 2021). In addition to effectiveness in reducing symptoms, group offers members a sense of belonging, purpose, hope, altruism, and meaning throughout treatment (Yalom & Leszcz, 2020). These additional outcomes are especially important considering the COVID-19 pandemic and national/international conflicts, given the trauma, disruptions, and losses people have experienced. Applying recent developments in positive psychology to group therapy can enhance treatment. A practice-friendly review examined recent advances in the positive psychology literature, demonstrating how group therapy offers members unique growth opportunities in addition to reducing symptoms. Key findings from studies applying positive psychological constructs to group therapy outcomes are synthesized. Our review sheds light on the relevance of third wave positive psychology to enrich group therapy (Lomas et al., 2021). Specifically, group therapy can facilitate the development of vitalizing psychological virtues, and these can be used to assess treatment outcome: humanity, wisdom, transcendence, courage, temperance, and justice. Interrelatedly, we present support for including attachment theory and mentalization within a positive psychological group framework. Implications are explored for group therapy research, clinical work, and training.
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Lefforge NL, Mclaughlin S, Goates-Jones M, Mejia C. A Training Model for Addressing Microaggressions in Group Psychotherapy. Int J Group Psychother 2020; 70:1-28. [PMID: 38449194 DOI: 10.1080/00207284.2019.1680989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Culturally responsive group psychotherapists have an ethical obligation to respond to microaggressions; therefore, training in therapeutic approaches to microaggressions is necessary. This article describes the complex factors present when microaggressions occur in group psychotherapy and provides a training model that addresses barriers to microaggression responsiveness and facilitates complex skill building. The training model consists of didactic training, role-play and modeling, and an experiential fishbowl-style group exercise. It provides the rationale, parameters, and descriptions of each component to promote the training model. The model was well received at conferences of the American Group Psychotherapy Association, but more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.
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Abstract
Racial micro-aggressions inevitably occur in on-going groups. Rather than shun these harmful attacks, group leaders respond to opportunities for the group to examine and dismantle the racial myths and beliefs that lead to the violations. This article explains how micro-aggressions are unwittingly committed. Using clinical vignettes, the author illustrates non-verbal and verbal racial micro-aggressions that occurred in a mixed race group. Information from the leader's countertransference and knowledge of racial dynamics are applied to re-examine the vignettes through a race-critical lens. The author recommends how group leaders can expand their skills and confidence to address racial micro-aggressions as learning and healing opportunities when they occur within groups.
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