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Ludlam GH, Gnaniah SJP, Degl’Innocenti R, Gupta G, Wain AJ, Lin H. Measurement of Water Uptake and States in Nafion Membranes Using Humidity-Controlled Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:7924-7934. [PMID: 38783844 PMCID: PMC11110106 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers are well known for their unique water uptake properties and chemical/mechanical stability. Understanding their performance-stability trade-offs is key to realizing membranes with optimal properties. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy has been demonstrated to resolve water states inside industrially relevant membranes, producing qualitatively agreeable results to conventional gravimetric analysis and prior demonstrations. Using the proposed humidity-controlled terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, here we quantify this detailed water information inside commercially available Nafion membranes at various humidities for direct comparison against literature values from dynamic vapor sorption, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on selected samples. Using this technique therefore opens up opportunities for rapid future parameter space investigation for membrane optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam J. P. Gnaniah
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.
| | - Riccardo Degl’Innocenti
- Department
of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, U.K.
- School
of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department
of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Wain
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department
of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, U.K.
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Zając A, Sąsiadek W, Dymińska L, Ropuszyńska-Robak P, Hanuza J, Ptak M, Smółka S, Lisiecki R, Skrzypczak K. Chitosan and Its Carboxymethyl-Based Membranes Produced by Crosslinking with Magnesium Phytate. Molecules 2023; 28:5987. [PMID: 37630242 PMCID: PMC10459599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranes produced by crosslinking chitosan with magnesium phytate were prepared using highly deacetylated chitosan and its N-carboxymethyl, O-carboxymethyl and N,O-carboxymethyl derivatives. The conditions of the membrane production were described. IR, Raman, electron absorption and emission spectra were measured and analyzed for all the substrates. It was found that O-carboxymethyl chitosan derivative is the most effectively crosslinked by magnesium phytate, and the films formed on this substrate exhibit good mechanical parameters of strength, resistance and stability. Strong O-H···O hydrogen bonds proved to be responsible for an effective crosslinking process. Newly discovered membrane types produced from chitosan and magnesium phytate were characterized as morphologically homogenous and uniform by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and IR measurements. Due to their good covering properties, they do not have pores or channels and are proposed as packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zając
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 118-120 Komandorska Str., 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sąsiadek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 118-120 Komandorska Str., 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 118-120 Komandorska Str., 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Ropuszyńska-Robak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 118-120 Komandorska Str., 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, 2 Okólna Str., 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Ptak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, 2 Okólna Str., 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Szymon Smółka
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, 2 Okólna Str., 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Radosław Lisiecki
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, 2 Okólna Str., 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skrzypczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Str., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Krupina AA, Kayumov RR, Nechaev GV, Lapshin AN, Shmygleva LV. Polymer Electrolytes Based on Na-Nafion Plasticized by Binary Mixture of Ethylene Carbonate and Sulfolane. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:840. [PMID: 36135859 PMCID: PMC9505629 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of post-lithium current sources, such as sodium-ion batteries with improved energy characteristics and an increased level of safety, is one of the key issues of modern energy. It requires the search and study of materials (including electrolytes) for these devices. Polyelectrolytes with unipolar cationic conductivity based on Nafion® membranes are promising. In this work, the effect of swelling conditions of the Nafion® 115 membrane in Na+-form with mixtures of aprotic solvents such as ethylene carbonate and sulfolane on its physicochemical and electrotransport properties was studied. Nafion-Na+ membranes were swollen in a mixture of solvents at temperatures of 40, 60, and 80 °C. The results were obtained using methods of impedance spectroscopy, simultaneous thermal analysis, and IR spectroscopy. The best conductivity was observed for a membrane swelling at 80 °C in a mixture with a mass fraction of ethylene carbonate of 0.5, which reaches 10-4 S cm-1 at 30 °C and retains rather high values down to -60 °C (10-6 S cm-1). Thus, it is possible to expand the operating temperature range of a sodium battery by varying the composition of the polymer electrolyte and the conditions for its preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Krupina
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny 141701, Moscow Region, Russia
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Av., Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ruslan R. Kayumov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Av., Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Nechaev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Av., Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Lapshin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Av., Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Lyubov V. Shmygleva
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Academician Semenov Av., Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
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4
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Alves-Lima D, Li X, Coulson B, Nesling E, Ludlam G, Degl’Innocenti R, Dawson R, Peruffo M, Lin H. Evaluation of water states in thin proton exchange membrane manufacturing using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Tsehaye MT, Yang X, Janoschka T, Hager MD, Schubert US, Alloin F, Iojoiu C. Study of Anion Exchange Membrane Properties Incorporating N-spirocyclic Quaternary Ammonium Cations and Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery Performance. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:367. [PMID: 34070143 PMCID: PMC8158339 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Flexible cross-linked anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on poly (p-phenylene oxide) grafted with N-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium cations were synthesized via UV-induced free-radical polymerization by using diallylpiperidinium chloride as an ionic monomer. Five membranes with ion exchange capacity (IEC) varying between 1.5 to 2.8 mmol Cl-·g-1 polymer were obtained and the correlation between IEC, water uptake, state of water in the membrane and ionic conductivity was studied. In the second part of this study, the influence of properties of four of these membranes on cell cycling stability and performance was investigated in an aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) employing dimethyl viologen (MV) and N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyl oxy-4-ammonium chloride (TMA-TEMPO). The influence of membrane properties on cell cycling stability and performance was studied. At low-current density (20 mA·cm-2), the best capacity retention was obtained with lower IEC membranes for which the water uptake, freezable water and TMA-TEMPO and MV crossover are low. However, at a high current density (80 mA·cm-2), membrane resistance plays an important role and a membrane with moderate IEC, more precisely, moderate ion conductivity and water uptake was found to maintain the best overall cell performance. The results in this work contribute to the basic understanding of the relationship between membrane properties and cell performance, providing insights guiding the development of advanced membranes to improve the efficiency and power capability for AORFB systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misgina Tilahun Tsehaye
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38 000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Xian Yang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (X.Y.); (M.D.H.); (U.S.S.)
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- JenaBatteries GmbH, Otto-Schott-Strasse 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (X.Y.); (M.D.H.); (U.S.S.)
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (X.Y.); (M.D.H.); (U.S.S.)
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fannie Alloin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38 000 Grenoble, France;
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS, FR3459, CEDEX, 80 039 Amiens, France
| | - Cristina Iojoiu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38 000 Grenoble, France;
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS, FR3459, CEDEX, 80 039 Amiens, France
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7
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Stenina I, Golubenko D, Nikonenko V, Yaroslavtsev A. Selectivity of Transport Processes in Ion-Exchange Membranes: Relationship with the Structure and Methods for Its Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5517. [PMID: 32752236 PMCID: PMC7432390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, ion-exchange membranes have numerous applications in water desalination, electrolysis, chemistry, food, health, energy, environment and other fields. All of these applications require high selectivity of ion transfer, i.e., high membrane permselectivity. The transport properties of ion-exchange membranes are determined by their structure, composition and preparation method. For various applications, the selectivity of transfer processes can be characterized by different parameters, for example, by the transport number of counterions (permselectivity in electrodialysis) or by the ratio of ionic conductivity to the permeability of some gases (crossover in fuel cells). However, in most cases there is a correlation: the higher the flux density of the target component through the membrane, the lower the selectivity of the process. This correlation has two aspects: first, it follows from the membrane material properties, often expressed as the trade-off between membrane permeability and permselectivity; and, second, it is due to the concentration polarization phenomenon, which increases with an increase in the applied driving force. In this review, both aspects are considered. Recent research and progress in the membrane selectivity improvement, mainly including a number of approaches as crosslinking, nanoparticle doping, surface modification, and the use of special synthetic methods (e.g., synthesis of grafted membranes or membranes with a fairly rigid three-dimensional matrix) are summarized. These approaches are promising for the ion-exchange membranes synthesis for electrodialysis, alternative energy, and the valuable component extraction from natural or waste-water. Perspectives on future development in this research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stenina
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Andrey Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Anionic multiblock copolymer membrane based on vinyl addition polymerization of norbornenes: Applications in anion-exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Liu L, Kohl PA. Anion conducting multiblock copolymers with different tethered cations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0100, Georgia Institute of technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Paul A. Kohl
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
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10
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Boonlai W, Tantishaiyakul V, Hirun N, Phaisan S, Uma T. The effect of the preservative methylparaben on the thermoresponsive gelation behavior of aqueous solutions of poloxamer 407. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Gierszewska M, Ostrowska-Czubenko J. Chitosan-based membranes with different ionic crosslinking density for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:501-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Beydaghi H, Javanbakht M. Aligned Nanocomposite Membranes Containing Sulfonated Graphene Oxide with Superior Ionic Conductivity for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Application. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Beydaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1599637111, Iran
| | - Mehran Javanbakht
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1599637111, Iran
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14
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Liao GM, Yang CC, Hu CC, Pai YL, Lue SJ. Novel quaternized polyvinyl alcohol/quaternized chitosan nano-composite as an effective hydroxide-conducting electrolyte. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Conductometric and computational study of cationic polymer membranes in H+ and Na+-forms at various hydration levels. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Lo CF, Wu JF, Li HY, Hung WS, Shih CM, Hu CC, Liu YL, Lue SJ. Novel polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites containing carbon nano-tubes with Fe3O4 pendants for alkaline fuel cell applications. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Wadsö L, Jannasch P. Water Vapor Sorption Thermodynamics of the Nafion Ionomer Membrane. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8561-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3089319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wadsö
- Building Materials, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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18
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Ostrowska-Czubenko J, Pieróg M, Gierszewska-Drużyńska M. Water state in chemically and physically crosslinked chitosan membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena Pieróg
- Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Gagarina 7; 87-100; Toruń; Poland
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19
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Huang CC, Liu YL, Pan WH, Chang CM, Shih CM, Chu HY, Chien CH, Juan CH, Lue SJ. Direct borohydride fuel cell performance using hydroxide-conducting polymeric nanocomposite electrolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chieh Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ling Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan 300 Republic of China
| | - Wen-Han Pan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology; Chung Yuan University; Chungli Taiwan 320 Republic of China
| | - Chao-Ming Shih
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Heng-Yi Chu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hui Chien
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hsin Juan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Shingjiang Jessie Lue
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
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20
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Embedding of Hollow Polymer Microspheres with Hydrophilic Shell in Nafion Matrix as Proton and Water Micro-Reservoir. Polymers (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/polym4031499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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21
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Si K, Dong D, Wycisk R, Litt M. Synthesis and characterization of poly(para-phenylene disulfonic acid), its copolymers and their n-alkylbenzene grafts as proton exchange membranes: high conductivity at low relative humidity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33066k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Performance enhancement of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators based on radiation-grafted Poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene). Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-1003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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24
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Lue SJ, Chen CH, Shih CM. Tuning of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) of Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide-co-Acrylic acid) Hydrogels. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222341003784550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingjiang Jessie Lue
- a Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , Chang Gung University , Kwei-shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hwa Chen
- a Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , Chang Gung University , Kwei-shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ming Shih
- a Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , Chang Gung University , Kwei-shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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25
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Allahyarov E, Taylor PL, Löwen H. Simulation study of sulfonate cluster swelling in ionomers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 80:061802. [PMID: 20365182 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.061802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have performed simulations to study how increasing humidity affects the structure of Nafion-like ionomers under conditions of low sulfonate concentration and low humidity. At the onset of membrane hydration, the clusters split into smaller parts. These subsequently swell, but then maintain constant the number of sulfonates per cluster. We find that the distribution of water in low-sulfonate membranes depends strongly on the sulfonate concentration. For a relatively low sulfonate concentration, nearly all the side-chain terminal groups are within cluster formations, and the average water loading per cluster matches the water content of membrane. However, for a relatively higher sulfonate concentration the water-to-sulfonate ratio becomes nonuniform. The clusters become wetter, while the intercluster bridges become drier. We note the formation of unusual shells of water-rich material that surround the sulfonate clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshad Allahyarov
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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