Direct Resinification of Two (1→3)-β-D-Glucans, Curdlan and Paramylon, via Hot-Press Compression Molding

Melt processing of paramylon using a water:ionic liquid mixture as plasticizer

Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan produced by the microalgae Euglena Gracilis. Due to its native crystalline structure, involving hexagonally packed triple helices, paramylon is neither water soluble nor thermoplastic. While such properties are generally obtained by chemical modification of paramylon, the present work demonstrates that using ionic liquid/water mixtures as solvents or plasticizers may be an alternative: A mixture of water with cholinium glycinate (40:60) allowed: i) obtaining paramylon solutions at 80 °C, that form reversible ionogels upon cooling at 20 °C, when used as a solvent, and ii) the thermomechanical processing of paramylon below 100 °C by extrusion and hot-press into transparent films, when used as a plasticizer. The thermoplastic paramylon obtained consists of an amorphous matrix, self-reinforced by oriented triple helices packed as nanofibers. This results in a storage modulus ranging from 300 to 450 MPa at 25 °C, depending on the plasticizer content, and in a tensile strain at break of 27 %. For storage times larger than 1 month, a recrystallization of paramylon is observed, with an unidentified crystalline structure different from the native one. Recrystallized samples can be reprocessed into amorphous films by hot pressing.

A review of paramylon processing routes from microalga biomass to non-derivatized and chemically modified products

Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan, similar to curdlan, produced as intracellular granules by the microalga Euglena gracilis, a highly versatile and robust strain, able to grow under various trophic conditions, with valorization of CO_2, wastewaters, or food byproducts as nutrients. This review focuses in particular on the various processing routes leading to new potential paramylon based products. Due to its crystalline structure, involving triple helices stabilized by internal intermolecular hydrogen bonds, paramylon is neither water-soluble nor thermoplastic. The few solvents able to disrupt the triple helices, and to fully solubilize the polymer as random coils, allow non derivatizing shaping into films, fibers, and even nanofibers by a specific self-assembly mechanism. Chemical modification in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions is also possible. The non-selective or regioselective substitution of the hydroxyl groups of glucosidic units leads to water-soluble ionic derivatives and thermoplastic paramylon esters with foreseen applications ranging from health to bioplastics.