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Conner BC, Spomer AM, Bishe SSPA, Steele KM, Lerner ZF. Soleus H-reflex modulation in cerebral palsy and its relationship with neural control complexity: a pilot study. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2073-2084. [PMID: 35752662 PMCID: PMC10072969 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) display motor control patterns that suggest decreased supraspinal input, but it remains unknown if they are able to modulate lower-limb reflexes in response to more complex tasks, or whether global motor control patterns relate to reflex modulation capacity in this population. Eight ambulatory individuals with CP (12-18 years old) were recruited to complete a task complexity protocol, where soleus H-reflex excitability was compared between bilateral (baseline) and unilateral (complex) standing. We also investigated the relationship between each participant's ability to modulate soleus H-reflex excitability and the complexity of their walking neural control pattern determined from muscle synergy analysis. Finally, six of the eight participants completed an exoskeleton walking protocol, where soleus H-reflexes were collected during the stance phase of walking with and without stance-phase plantar flexor resistance. Participants displayed a significant reduction in soleus H-reflex excitability (- 26 ± 25%, p = 0.04) with unilateral standing, and a strong positive relationship was observed between more refined neural control during walking and an increased ability to modulate reflex excitability (R = 0.79, p = 0.04). There was no difference in neuromuscular outcome measures with and without the ankle exoskeleton (p values all > 0.05), with variable reflex responses to walking with ankle exoskeleton resistance. These findings provide evidence that ambulatory individuals with CP retain some capacity to modulate lower-limb reflexes in response to increased task complexity, and that less refined neural control during walking appears to be related to deficits in reflex modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Conner
- College of Medicine, Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Alyssa M Spomer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Safoura Sadegh Pour Aji Bishe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona University, 15600 S McConnell Drive, NAU EGRBldg 69, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Katherine M Steele
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary F Lerner
- College of Medicine, Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona University, 15600 S McConnell Drive, NAU EGRBldg 69, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
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Bustillo-Casero P, Cebrian-Bou S, Cruz-Montecinos C, Pardo A, García-Massó X. Effects of A Dual-Task Intervention in Postural Control and Cognitive Performance in Adolescents. J Mot Behav 2019; 52:187-195. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1600467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Bustillo-Casero
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Cebrian-Bou
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto Pardo
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Human Movement Analysis Group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Al-Yahya E, Mahmoud W, Meester D, Esser P, Dawes H. Neural Substrates of Cognitive Motor Interference During Walking; Peripheral and Central Mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 12:536. [PMID: 30687049 PMCID: PMC6333849 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current gait control models suggest that independent locomotion depends on central and peripheral mechanisms. However, less information is available on the integration of these mechanisms for adaptive walking. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated gait control mechanisms in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy older (HO) adults: at self-selected walking speed (SSWS) and at fast walking speed (FWS). We measured effect of additional cognitive task (DT) and increased speed on prefrontal (PFC) and motor cortex (M1) activation, and Soleus H-reflex gain. Under DT-conditions we observed increased activation in PFC and M1. Whilst H-reflex gain decreased with additional cognitive load for both groups and speeds, H-reflex gain was lower in PD compared to HO while walking under ST condition at SSWS. Attentional load in PFC excites M1, which in turn increases inhibition on H-reflex activity during walking and reduces activity and sensitivity of peripheral reflex during the stance phase of gait. Importantly this effect on sensitivity was greater in HO. We have previously observed that the PFC copes with increased attentional load in young adults with no impact on peripheral reflexes and we suggest that gait instability in PD may in part be due to altered sensorimotor functioning reducing the sensitivity of peripheral reflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Al-Yahya
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wala' Mahmoud
- Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daan Meester
- Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Esser
- Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, OxINMAHR, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Dawes
- Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, OxINMAHR, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Effects of dual task difficulty in motor and cognitive performance: Differences between adults and adolescents. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 55:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Does spinal excitability scale to the difficulty of the dual-task? Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1629-1640. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Solari G, Orsini P, Santarcangelo EL. Asymmetric Tactile Foot Stimulation: How Postural Studies May Suggest New Views of Hypnotizability. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2016; 64:305-17. [PMID: 27267675 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2016.1171092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown hypnotizability-related postural effects of visual suppression and of leg and neck proprioceptive alteration. This study completes this investigation by demonstrating the postural effects of asymmetric tactile foot stimulation in standing participants with different hypnotizability scores. During this stimulation, body sway changed in medium-to-high more than in low-to-medium hypnotizable participants. Findings support the view that high hypnotizability is associated with higher vulnerability of posture to sensory alteration; together with earlier results, they suggest a role of the cerebellum in the observed hypnotizability-related differences and prompt investigation of cerebral structures and factors potentially responsible for both the cognitive and physiological aspects of hypnotizability.
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Ueta K, Okada Y, Nakano H, Osumi M, Morioka S. Effects of Voluntary and Automatic Control of Center of Pressure Sway During Quiet Standing. J Mot Behav 2014; 47:256-64. [PMID: 25425422 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2014.974496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Meester D, Al-Yahya E, Dawes H, Martin-Fagg P, Piñon C. Associations between prefrontal cortex activation and H-reflex modulation during dual task gait. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:78. [PMID: 24600375 PMCID: PMC3926984 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Walking, although a largely automatic process, is controlled by the cortex and the spinal cord with corrective reflexes modulated through integration of neural signals from central and peripheral inputs at supraspinal level throughout the gait cycle. In this study we used an additional cognitive task to interfere with the automatic processing during walking in order to explore the neural mechanisms involved in healthy young adults. Participants were asked to walk on a treadmill at two speeds, both with and without additional cognitive load. We evaluated the impact of speed and cognitive load by analyzing activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) alongside spinal cord reflex activity measured by soleus H-reflex amplitude and gait changes obtained by using an inertial measuring unit. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that fNIRS Oxy-Hb concentrations significantly increased in the PFC with dual task (walking while performing a cognitive task) compared to a single task (walking only; p < 0.05). PFC activity was unaffected by increases of walking speed. H-reflex amplitude and gait variables did not change in response to either dual task or increases in walking speed. When walking under additional cognitive load participants adapted by using greater activity in the PFC, but this adaptation did not detrimentally affect H-reflex amplitude or gait variables. Our findings suggest that in a healthy young population central mechanisms (PFC) are activated in response to cognitive loads but that H-reflex activity and gait performance can successfully be maintained. This study provides insights into the mechanisms behind healthy individuals safely performing dual task walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Meester
- Movement Science Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford UK
| | - Emad Al-Yahya
- Movement Science Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford UK ; Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, The University of Jordan Amman, Jordan
| | - Helen Dawes
- Movement Science Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford UK
| | - Penny Martin-Fagg
- Movement Science Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford UK
| | - Carmen Piñon
- Movement Science Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford UK
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Baudry S, Gaillard V. Cognitive demand does not influence the responsiveness of homonymous Ia afferents pathway during postural dual task in young and elderly adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:295-303. [PMID: 24248857 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the influence of a cognitive task on the responsiveness of the homonymous Ia afferents pathway during upright standing in young and elderly adults. METHODS Twelve young and twelve elderly adults stood upright on a foam surface positioned over a force platform, and performed a colour-naming test (cognitive task) with two cognitive loads: congruent and incongruent colour conditions. The rate of correct response in naming colour (accuracy) and associated reaction time (RT) were recorded for the cognitive task. The excursion of the centre of pressure and surface electromyogramme (EMG) of leg muscles were measured. Modulation in the efficacy of homonymous Ia afferents to discharge spinal motor neurones was assessed by means of the Hoffmann (H) reflex method. RESULTS The accuracy and RT were similar in the congruent condition between young and elderly adults (p > 0.05), and increased for both age groups in the incongruent condition, but more so for elderly adults (p = 0.014). In contrast, the H reflex amplitude did not change with the cognitive load. The excursions of the centre of pressure in the sagittal plane and muscle EMG did not vary with colour conditions in both groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study indicates a lack of modulation in the efficacy of group Ia afferent to activate soleus motor neurones with the cognitive demand of a concurrent task during upright standing in young and elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Research Unit in Neurophysiology, Faculty for Motor Sciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, route de Lennik, CP 640, 1070, Brussels, Belgium,
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