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Hansen EA, Nøddelund E, Nielsen FS, Sørensen MP, Nielsen MØ, Johansen M, Andersen MH, Nielsen MD. Freely chosen cadence during ergometer cycling is dependent on pedalling history. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3041-3049. [PMID: 34286367 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE History dependence can refer to the fact that parts of the human physiology (e.g., one or a group of muscles, or the nervous system) as well as functional aspects of the human (e.g., motor behaviour, or performance) depend on prior muscle activation. In the present study, it was investigated whether initial cycling at relatively low and high preset target cadences affected a subsequent freely chosen cadence at the end of the same bout of submaximal ergometer cycling. METHODS Twenty-two participants performed a single test session, which consisted of separate bouts of submaximal ergometer cycling. In one bout, cycling at 50 rpm was followed by cycling at freely chosen cadence. In another bout, cycling at 90 rpm was followed by cycling at freely chosen cadence. In yet another bout (denoted reference), the cadence was freely chosen throughout. Behavioural (cadence), biomechanical (tangential pedal force), and physiological (heart rate) responses were measured. RESULTS Increased cadence resulted in decreased maximal tangential pedal force in accordance with existing knowledge. Initial cycling at 50 and 90 rpm caused freely chosen cadence to be about 5% lower and higher, respectively, than the freely chosen cadence (72.4 ± 2.4 rpm) at the end of the reference bout. These differences in cadence were not accompanied by statistically significant differences in heart rate. CONCLUSION The freely chosen cadence depended on the preset cadence applied at the beginning of the bout. This was denoted a phenomenon of motor behavioural history dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst A Hansen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Emma Nøddelund
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Frederikke S Nielsen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mads P Sørensen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Magnus Ø Nielsen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Maria Johansen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mathias H Andersen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten D Nielsen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
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Unprompted Alteration of Freely Chosen Movement Rate During Stereotyped Rhythmic Movement: Examples and Review. Motor Control 2021; 25:385-402. [PMID: 33883299 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of behavior and control of voluntary stereotyped rhythmic movement contribute to the enhancement of motor function and performance of disabled, sick, injured, healthy, and exercising humans. The present article presents examples of unprompted alteration of freely chosen movement rate during voluntary stereotyped rhythmic movements. The examples, in the form of both increases and decreases of movement rate, are taken from activities of cycling, finger tapping, and locomotion. It is described that, for example, strength training, changed power output, repeated bouts, and changed locomotion speed can elicit an unprompted alteration of freely chosen movement rate. The discussion of the examples is based on a tripartite interplay between descending drive, rhythm-generating spinal neural networks, and sensory feedback, as well as terminology from dynamic systems theory.
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Emanuelsen A, Voigt M, Madeleine P, Hansen EA. Effect of Tapping Bout Duration During Freely Chosen and Passive Finger Tapping on Rate Enhancement. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:351-363. [PMID: 32525455 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1779021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether the duration of the first tapping bout, which could also be considered 'the priming', would play a role for the occurrence of the behavioral phenomenon termed repeated bout rate enhancement. Eighty-eight healthy individuals were recruited. Sixty-three of these demonstrated repeated bout rate enhancement and they were assigned to two different groups, which performed either active or passive tapping as priming. The durations of the first tapping bouts, which acted as priming, were 20, 60, 120, and 180 s. Following the first bout there was a 10 min rest and a subsequent 180 s tapping bout performed at freely chosen tapping rate. Vertical displacement and tapping force data were recorded. Rate enhancement was elicited independently of the duration of the first bout in both groups. Rate enhancement occurred without concurrent changes of the magnitude of vertical displacement, time to peak force, and duration of finger contact phase. The peak force was reduced when 180 s of tapping had been performed as priming. The increased tapping rate following priming by as little as 20 s active or passive tapping, as observed here, is suggested to be a result of increased net excitability of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Emanuelsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Voigt
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ernst Albin Hansen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Emanuelsen A, Madeleine P, Voigt M, Hansen EA. Motor variability in elicited repeated bout rate enhancement is associated with higher sample entropy. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 68:102520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lorås H, Aune TK, Ingvaldsen R, Pedersen AV. Interpersonal and intrapersonal entrainment of self-paced tapping rate. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220505. [PMID: 31361779 PMCID: PMC6667207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Entrainment is a ubiquitous property not only of interacting non-linear dynamical systems but also of human movements. In the study reported here, two premises of entrainment theory were investigated in a tapping task conducted in both interpersonal (i.e. between individuals) and intrapersonal (i.e. between effectors) conditions. Hypothesis 1 was that interacting oscillatory systems should demonstrate synchronisation, which was predicted to emerge as in-phase tapping behaviour in both inter- and intrapersonal conditions. Support for Hypothesis 1 was observed in the in-phase synchronisation of tapping in both individual bimanual trials and uni-manual and bimanual tapping in dyads. By contrast, Hypothesis 2 was that the oscillatory system with the faster initial rate would decelerate, whereas the one with the slower initial rate would accelerate, as manifest in increased self-paced tapping rates amongst participants with initially slower rates and decreased rates amongst ones who initially tapped at faster rates. However, that pattern predicted in Hypothesis 2 was not observed; on the contrary, all participants increased their tapping rates in interpersonal conditions, which occurred significantly amongst participants with the lowest preferred tapping rates. Such an outcome indicates a novel aspect of synchronised movement in humans that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Lorås
- Department of Sport Science & Physical Education, Faculty of Teaching, Art and Culture, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Tore Kristian Aune
- Department of Sport Science & Physical Education, Faculty of Teaching, Art and Culture, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Rolf Ingvaldsen
- Department of Sport Science & Physical Education, Faculty of Teaching, Art and Culture, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Arve Vorland Pedersen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health science, Department of Neuroscience and Human Movement science, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Hansen EA, Bak S, Knudsen L, Seiferheld BE, Stevenson AJT, Emanuelsen A. Contralateral Transfer of the Phenomenon of Repeated Bout Rate Enhancement in Unilateral Index Finger Tapping. J Mot Behav 2019; 52:89-96. [PMID: 30924400 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1592101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
These hypotheses were tested: (1) Freely chosen frequency in unilateral index finger tapping is correlated between the two index fingers, and (2) A 3-min bout of unilateral index finger tapping followed by 10 min rest results in an increase of the freely chosen tapping frequency performed by the contralateral index finger in a second bout. Thirty-two adults participated. Freely chosen tapping frequencies from first bouts were 167.2 ± 79.0 and 161.5 ± 69.4 taps/min for the dominant and non-dominant hand, respectively (p=.434). These variables correlated (R=.86, p<.001). When bout one and two were performed with the dominant and non-dominant hand, respectively, the frequency increased by 8.1%±17.2% in bout two (p=.011). In opposite order, the frequency increased by 14.1%±17.5% (p<.001), which was not different from the ∼8% (p=.157).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst A Hansen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lasse Knudsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Bo E Seiferheld
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andrew J T Stevenson
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Emanuelsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Emanuelsen A, Voigt M, Madeleine P, Kjær P, Dam S, Koefoed N, Hansen EA. Repeated Bout Rate Enhancement Is Elicited by Various Forms of Finger Tapping. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:526. [PMID: 30108479 PMCID: PMC6079229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Voluntary rhythmic movements, such as, for example, locomotion and other cyclic tasks, are fundamental during everyday life. Patients with impaired neural or motor function often take part in rehabilitation programs, which include rhythmic movements. Therefore, it is imperative to have the best possible understanding of control and behaviour of human voluntary rhythmic movements. A behavioural phenomenon termed repeated bout rate enhancement has been established as an increase of the freely chosen index finger tapping frequency during the second of two consecutive tapping bouts. The present study investigated whether the phenomenon would be elicited when the first bout consisted of imposed passive finger tapping or air tapping. These two forms of tapping were applied since they can be performed without descending drive (passive tapping) and without afferent feedback related to impact (air tapping) – as compared to tapping on a surface. Healthy individuals (n = 33) performed 3-min tapping bouts separated by 10 min rest. Surface electromyographic, kinetic, and kinematic data were recorded. Supportive experiments were made to measure, for example, the cortical sensory evoked potential (SEP) response during the three different forms of tapping. Results showed that tapping frequencies in the second of two consecutive bouts increased by 12.9 ± 14.8% (p < 0.001), 9.9 ± 6.0% (p = 0.001), and 16.8 ± 13.6% (p = 0.005) when the first bout had consisted of tapping, passive tapping, and air tapping, respectively. Rate enhancement occurred without increase in muscle activation. Besides, the rate enhancements occurred despite that tapping, as compared with passive tapping and air tapping, resulted in different cortical SEP responses. Based on the present findings, it can be suggested that sensory feedback in an initial bout increases the excitability of the spinal central pattern generators involved in finger tapping. This can eventually explain the phenomenon of repeated bout rate enhancement seen after a consecutive bout of finger tapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Emanuelsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Voigt
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pia Kjær
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Dam
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Koefoed
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ernst A Hansen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Vertical Finger Displacement Is Reduced in Index Finger Tapping During Repeated Bout Rate Enhancement. Motor Control 2017; 21:457-467. [DOI: 10.1123/mc.2016-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sardroodian M, Madeleine P, Mora-Jensen MH, Hansen EA. Characteristics of Finger Tapping Are Not Affected by Heavy Strength Training. J Mot Behav 2015; 48:256-63. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2015.1089832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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