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Zhang B, Sun SF, Luo WL, Li JX, Fang QE, Zhang DG, Hu GX. A new brood-pollination mutualism between Stellera chamaejasme and flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:562. [PMID: 34844558 PMCID: PMC8628443 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brood pollination mutualism is a special type of plant-pollinator interaction in which adult insects pollinate plants, and the plants provide breeding sites for the insects as a reward. To manifest such a mutualism between Stellera chamaejasme and flower thrips of Frankliniella intonsa, the study tested the mutualistic association of the thrips life cycle with the plant flowering phenology and determined the pollination effectiveness of adult thrips and their relative contribution to the host's fitness by experimental pollinator manipulation. RESULTS The adult thrips of F. intonsa, along with some long-tongue Lepidoptera, could serve as efficient pollinators of the host S. chamaejasme. The thrips preferentially foraged half-flowering inflorescences of the plants and oviposited in floral tubes. The floral longevity was 11.8 ± 0.55 (mean ± se) days, which might precisely accommodate the thrips life cycle from spawning to prepupation. The exclusion of adult thrips from foraging flowers led to a significant decrease in the fitness (i.e., seed set) of host plants, with a corresponding reduction in thrips fecundity (i.e., larva no.) in the flowers. CONCLUSIONS The thrips of F. intonsa and the host S. chamaejasme mutualistically interact to contribute to each other's fitness such that the thrips pollinate host plants and, as a reward, the plants provide the insects with brooding sites and food, indicating the coevolution of the thrips life cycle and the reproductive traits (e.g., floral longevity and morphology) of S. chamaejasme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Shu-Fan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wang-Long Luo
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Qiang-En Fang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - De-Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Gui-Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Shigeta K, Suetsugu K. Contribution of thrips to seed production in Habenaria radiata, an orchid morphologically adapted to hawkmoths. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:499-506. [PMID: 32468497 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The very high floral diversity of Orchidaceae has often been attributed to the intricate relationships between orchids and their pollinators. In particular, the interaction between long-spurred orchids and hawkmoths has been well-studied. However, several recent studies suggest that pollination is driven by complex factors, including floral syndromes and local pollinator availability. Here, we investigated contributions of thrips to seed production in the presumably hawkmoth-pollinated long-spurred orchid Habenaria radiata, using pollination experiments and floral visitor observations. These experiments and observations showed that H. radiata is pollinated by both hawkmoths and thrips. Thrips intrude into the pollen sac, causing several massulae to be shed onto the stigma of the same flower, which is located just below the pollen sac. The fruit set and seed set of flowers enclosed in mesh bags (which allow thrips in) and in flowers enclosed together with thrips in paper bags, were much higher than in flowers enclosed in paper bags without thrips. This suggests that thrips partially contribute to fruit and seed production in this species. It provides evidence that thrips can contribute to seed production in a long-spurred orchid that is morphologically adapted to lepidopteran visitors. Unlike the compact pollinia of typical orchid species, those of H. radiata are mealy and friable, and thrips can therefore dislodge the pollen grains in small clumps. We suggest that secondary pollination by thrips may be more common than previously recognized in orchids with granular pollinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Shigeta
- Food Technology Research Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, 12-70 Hijiyama-honmachi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 732-0816, Japan.
| | - Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Vlasáková B, Pinc J, Jůna F, Kotyková Varadínová Z. Pollination efficiency of cockroaches and other floral visitors of Clusia blattophila. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:753-761. [PMID: 30620429 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches have rarely been documented as pollinators. In this paper we examine whether this is because they might be inefficient at pollination compared to other pollinators. Clusia blattophila, a dioecious shrub growing on isolated rocky outcrops in French Guiana, is pollinated by Amazonina platystylata cockroaches and provides a valuable system for the study of cockroach pollination efficiency. We examined the species composition of the visitor guild and visitation rates by means of camcorder recordings and visitor sampling. Then, we investigated the capacity for pollen transfer of principal visitors and found correlations between visitation rates and pollen loads on stigmas. In an exclusion experiment we determined the contributions of individual species to pollination success. Amazonina platystylata, crickets and two species of Diptera transferred pollen, but the number of transferred pollen grains was only related to visitation rates in the case of cockroaches. Crickets visited and rarely carried pollen. Dipterans were as frequent as cockroaches, carried similar pollen loads, but transferred much less pollen. An estimated 41% and 17% of ovules were pollinated by cockroaches and dipterans, respectively. The remaining ovules were not pollinated. There was no spatial variation in pollinator guild composition, but cockroaches visited flowers less frequently at the smaller study site. We demonstrate that cockroaches pollinate a large proportion of ovules. Their pollination service is not confined to one study site and, unlike that provided by dipterans, is not limited to certain years. We suggest that cockroach pollination has been overlooked and that cockroach-pollinated plants, which share certain floral features, possess adaptations to pollination by cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vlasáková
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - J Pinc
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Jůna
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Kotyková Varadínová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
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Suetsugu K, Tetsu S, Hiraiwa MK, Tsutsumi T. Thrips as a supplementary pollinator in an orchid with granular pollinia: is this mutualism? Ecology 2018; 100:e02535. [PMID: 30307033 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Tetsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masayoshi K Hiraiwa
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima City, Fukushima Prefecture, 960-1296, Japan
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Fiala B, Wells K, Haubenreisser J, Pittroff A, Kaya-Zeeb S, Chung AYC, Bin Hashim R, Keller A. Monophyletic clades ofMacaranga-pollinating thrips show high specificity to taxonomic sections of host plants. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Fiala
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Konstans Wells
- Griffith School of Environment; Griffith University; Brisbane 4111 Australia
| | - Julia Haubenreisser
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Pittroff
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Sinan Kaya-Zeeb
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Arthur Y. C. Chung
- Forestry Department; Forest Research Center; PO Box 1407 90715 Sandakan Sabah Malaysia
| | - Rosli Bin Hashim
- Institute of Biological Sciences; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Alexander Keller
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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FIALA BRIGITTE, MEYER UTE, HASHIM ROSLI, MASCHWITZ ULRICH. Pollination systems in pioneer trees of the genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in Malaysian rainforests. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pollinators, pollination efficiency and fruiting success in a wild nutmeg, Myristica dactyloides. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467411000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:We investigated the pollinator assemblage in Myristica dactyloides, a dioecious tree species occupying the intermediate canopy stratum of the mid- and high-elevation wet evergreen forests and endemic to Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India. We surveyed two populations and, in one of them, marked four male and three female trees for observations on floral display and insect foraging, and two female trees for experimental pollination. Yellow sticky traps were used to sample insects in the canopy during the flowering season of December 2007 in addition to direct observations of insect activity in 2006. Myristicaceae members from other tropical areas have been reported to be specialized to beetle pollination, but our observations provide evidence of a generalist pollination system in M. dactyloides, composed of small, diverse insects: thysanopterans (thrips), coleopterans (beetles), halictid bees and dipterans (syrphid and phorid flies). Quantifying floral display, we found that female inflorescences were smaller, offered no reward and attracted significantly fewer pollinators in comparison to male inflorescences. Fruit set was low and could be attributed to a 29% flower abscission and abortion of young fruits, but a reasonably high natural pollination efficiency combined with pollination experiments established that there was no pollination limitation in the study population.
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Abstract
In basal angiosperms (including ANITA grade, magnoliids, Choranthaceae, Ceratophyllaceae) almost all bisexual flowers are dichogamous (with male and female functions more or less separated in time), and nearly 100 per cent of those are protogynous (with female function before male function). Movements of floral parts and differential early abscission of stamens in the male phase are variously associated with protogyny. Evolution of synchronous dichogamy based on the day/night rhythm and anthesis lasting 2 days is common. In a few clades in Magnoliales and Laurales heterodichogamy has also evolved. Beetles, flies and thrips are the major pollinators, with various degrees of specialization up to large beetles and special flies in some large-flowered Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae and Aristolochiaceae. Unusual structural specializations are involved in floral biological adaptations (calyptras, inner staminodes, synandria and food bodies, and secretory structures on tepals, stamens and staminodes). Numerous specializations that are common in monocots and eudicots are absent in basal angiosperms. Several families are poorly known in their floral biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Endress
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Cibrián-Jaramillo A, Bacon CD, Garwood NC, Bateman RM, Thomas MM, Russell S, Bailey CD, Hahn WJ, Bridgewater SGM, DeSalle R. Population genetics of the understory fishtail palm Chamaedorea ernesti-augusti in Belize: high genetic connectivity with local differentiation. BMC Genet 2009; 10:65. [PMID: 19818141 PMCID: PMC2770526 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Developing a greater understanding of population genetic structure in lowland tropical plant species is highly relevant to our knowledge of increasingly fragmented forests and to the conservation of threatened species. Specific studies are particularly needed for taxa whose population dynamics are further impacted by human harvesting practices. One such case is the fishtail or xaté palm (Chamaedorea ernesti-augusti) of Central America, whose wild-collected leaves are becoming progressively more important to the global ornamental industry. We use microsatellite markers to describe the population genetics of this species in Belize and test the effects of climate change and deforestation on its recent and historical effective population size. Results We found high levels of inbreeding coupled with moderate or high allelic diversity within populations. Overall high gene flow was observed, with a north and south gradient and ongoing differentiation at smaller spatial scales. Immigration rates among populations were more difficult to discern, with minimal evidence for isolation by distance. We infer a tenfold reduction in effective population size ca. 10,000 years ago, but fail to detect changes attributable to Mayan or contemporary deforestation. Conclusion Populations of C. ernesti-augusti are genetically heterogeneous demes at a local spatial scale, but are widely connected at a regional level in Belize. We suggest that the inferred patterns in population genetic structure are the result of the colonization of this species into Belize following expansion of humid forests in combination with demographic and mating patterns. Within populations, we hypothesize that low aggregated population density over large areas, short distance pollen dispersal via thrips, low adult survival, and low fruiting combined with early flowering may contribute towards local inbreeding via genetic drift. Relatively high levels of regional connectivity are likely the result of animal-mediated long-distance seed dispersal. The greatest present threat to the species is the potential onset of inbreeding depression as the result of increased human harvesting activities. Future genetic studies in understory palms should focus on both fine-scale and landscape-level genetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Cibrián-Jaramillo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, Mail Code 5557, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Ishida C, Kono M, Sakai S. A new pollination system: brood-site pollination by flower bugs in Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:39-44. [PMID: 18996950 PMCID: PMC2707287 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) is a large genus of dioecious trees with approx. 260 species. To date, only one pollination study of the genus has reported brood-site pollination by thrips in M. hullettii. In this study, the pollination system of Macaranga tanarius is reported. METHODS The study was conducted on Okinawa and Amami Islands, Japan. Flower visitors on M. tanarius were collected and their pollen load and behaviour on the flowers examined, as well as inflorescence structure and reward for the pollinators. KEY RESULTS The most abundant flower visitors found on the male and female inflorescences were Orius atratus (Anthocoridae, Hemiptera), followed by Decomioides schneirlai (Miridae, Hemiptera). Pollen load on O. atratus from flowering pistillate inflorescences was detected as well as from staminate flowers. Orius atratus and D. schneirlai are likely to use the enclosed chambers formed by floral bracts as breeding sites before and during flower anthesis, and feed on nectar on the adaxial surface of flower bracts. The extrafloral nectary has a ball-shaped structure and the contained nectar is not exposed; the hemipterans pierce the ball to suck out the nectar. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the plant is pollinated by flower bugs breeding on the inflorescences. This study may be the first report of pollination systems in which flower bugs are the main pollinators. Similarity of pollination systems between M. hullettii and M. tanarius indicates that the two brood-site pollination systems have the same origin. The pollinator species belongs to a predacious group, whose major prey includes thrips. The pollination system might represent a unique example of evolution from predatory flower visitors feeding on the pollinators (thrips) to the main pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
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Abstract
Published literature on thrips has been dominated by descriptive taxonomy, pest control work, and generalized synecology. The lack of studies examining the detailed biology or autecology of any species limits our understanding of how thrips live and the processes underlying their diversification. Similarly, the phylogenetic inadequacy of thrips classification limits our ability to examine the evolution of biological traits. The extent to which our knowledge of the biology of thrips has increased in recent years is reviewed, such as the behavior of particular species and their interactions with other organisms, including host plant associations, pollination, predation, and natural enemies--factors involved in driving diversification within this order of opportunistic insects.
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